SOL Tutorial
Topic #1
Scientific Investigation/Biochemistry
Scientific Method
•
•
•
•
•
Ash a question/Research
Form a Hypothesis
Set up/Conduct Experiment
Record/Analyze Data
Form a Conclusion
Variables in an Experiment
• Independent Variable: What changes in the
experiment.
• Dependent Variable: What you are measuring
or what you expect to result from the change.
• Controls/Constants: Things that stay the same.
Types of Data
Quantitative Data
• Data that contains numbers.
• Example: the plant grew 3
inches.
Qualitative Data
• Data that contains
characteristics.
• Example: Plant A grew taller
than Plant B.
Redi’s Experiment
Disproved the theory of Spontaneous
Generation
Pasteur’s Experiment
Key Vocabulary
Dependent Variable:
Independent Variable:
Controlled Experiment:
Scientists
Draw and Explain Redi’s experiment on
spontaneous generation.
Quantitative Data:
Essential Skills
Calculate the average
number of chirps for the
following data points.
Temp.
(°C)
12
15
18
21
# of
Chirps
28
40
48
59
Qualitative Data:
Hypothesis:
Questions
1. A student wanted to look at plant growth in five
2. Identify the following as quantitative or
different soil samples. He planted the same type
qualitative data.
of seed in identical containers and left them
together in full sunlight. He gave each plant the
a) The pencil has a mass of 4.56 g.
same amount of water and charted the growth
b) The pencil is blue.
of each plant stem. What is the independent
variable in this experiment?
c) The pencil is round.
A. Soil
d) The pencil is 14.3 cm long.
B. Light
C. Container
D. Seeds
3. Why is Redi’s experiment a good example of a
controlled experiment?
Scientific Method
Step 1: Ask a Question
Step 2: Form a Hypothesis
Step 3: Set up/Conduct an
Experiment
Step 4: Record/Analyze Data
Step 5: State your conclusion
Create an mnemonic to help
you remember the steps in
order.
A
F
S
R
C
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
6. A student hypothesizes that green algae will grow fastest when exposed to
blue light. To test this hypothesis, the student should design an experiment
with which independent variable?
A Color of algae
B Rate of algae growth
C Color of light that algae are exposed to
D Amount of time per day that algae are exposed to light
8. Which of these would be the best resource to
research the symptoms and treatment of
hypoglycemia?
A. New England Journal of Medicine
4. According to the graph, how many mice
will be born in week 5 if the trend
continues?
B. Natural History Magazine
C. Daily television news
A. 160
D. Journal of Zoology
B. 140
C. 100
D. 90
5. A student’s experiment showed that
earthworms move away from light. This
statement should be classified as —
7. Which data point on the graph is
probably invalid?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
A. an inference
B. a hypothesis
C. a prediction
D. a conclusion
D. 4
9. A biology class wanted to develop a research
project to predict the effects of a new highway on
wildflower species found in the Piedmont region of
Virginia. The class could best conduct such a study
by sampling flowers found in the highway
construction area —
A. one year before highway construction begins
B. both before and after highway construction is
completed
C. immediately after highway construction is
finished
D. during the time highway construction is taking
place
What type of measurements would you make using
these pieces of lab equipment?
Beaker
Yard Stick
1. In an experiment, the height of several
plants was recorded daily in millimeters.
Which tool would be the most accurate and
appropriate for this measurement?
A. Digital scale
B. Graduated cylinder
C. Yardstick
D. Metric ruler
Create an mnemonic for the
levels of organization
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism/Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
Graduated Cylinder
Label the parts of the microscope using the
back of your book.
What are the 8
characteristics of living
things?
Test Tube
1.
Forceps
2.
3.
4.
Microscope Slide
5.
6.
7.
Balance
8.
My Biology
Thermometers
Biology SOL Review Packet
Organic Compounds
• Different compounds our body needs that are
made of Carbon
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins
Carbohydrates
• Used to make energy within the cell during
the process of cellular respiration.
• This part takes place within the mitochondria.
• Examples: Breads, Pasta, etc.
Lipids
• Source stored energy, protect, and insulate
the body.
• Also used in the cell membrane
• Fats
Nucleic Acids
• DNA & RNA
• Used to store and transmit heritable
information.
Proteins
• Used for growth and repair in the body. As
well as running reactions.
• Make proteins in the ribosomes.
• Type of protein is an Enzymes.
• Enzymes are used to speed up chemical
reactions in our body to they require less
energy.
Key Vocabulary
Protons: positively charged
Water!
Water Molecules are Polar!
Greatest solvent in the world
Define
-Cohesion: Attraction between molecules of the same
substance
Neutrons: No charge
•
•
•
Electrons: Negatively Charged
4 Organic Compounds:
Explain their functions
Carbohydrates
Hydrogen Bonds: Weak bonds that old DNA together.
Covalent bond: Sharing of Elections
-Adhesion: Attraction between molecules of a
different substance
Lipids
Ionic bond: Transferring of Electrongs
Nucleic Acids
1. What is the function of enzymes in biological systems?
2.Proteins are formed from
monomers (subunits) called
A. Enzymes act as substrates when the necessary proteins are unavailable
A. amino acids
B. Enzymes act as products to create new chemical reactions.
B. fatty acids
C. Enzymes act as catalysts to drive chemical reactions forward.
C. nucleic acids
D. Enzymes bond with substrates to create the new reaction products.
D. nucleotides
3. Which of the following
macromolecules are a prominent
part of animal tissues that
function in insulation, helping
animals conserve heat?
5. Some insects can stand on
the surface of water because
water —
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic acids
4. Most cellular activities are
processes regulated by the action of
A. carbohydrates
B. enzymes
C. lipids
D. polysaccharides
A. has a high specific heat
B. has a high boiling point
C. is a good evaporative
coolant
D. is cohesive and adhesive
Protins
Enzymes
• Enzymes are proteins that
act as a biological
catalysts. Meaning they
lower the amount of
energy need to start a
reaction.
• Speed up chemical
reactions
• Lock & Key Design
Define
• Activation energy:
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Topic #2
Cells/ Cell Division
Discovered Cells
• Robert Hooke
• Looking At Cork
Cell Theory
• All Living things are made of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things.
• All new cells come from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic
-
No Nucleus
Circle of DNA
Cell Membrane/Cell Wall
Ribosomes
- Examples Bacteria
Eukaryotic
-Nucleus
- DNA in the nucleus
- Other Organelles: Cell Wall, Cell
Membrane, Smooth & Rough E.R.,
Centrioles, Ribosomes, Etc.
- Two Types: Plant vs. Animal Cells
Plant vs. Animal Cells
Plant
Both
Animal
• Chloroplast
• Central Vacuole
• Cell Wall
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Centrioles
• Lysosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Smooth E.R.
Rough E.R.
Golgi Body
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane
*Phospholipid Bilayer
Passive Transport
• Does not require Energy
• Movement of Molecules
from areas of high to low
concentration
• Diffusion: Molecules Moves
• Osmosis: Water Moves
• Facilitated Diffusion:
Molecules move through
protein channels.
*Selectively Permeable
Active Transport
• Requires Energy
• Movement from low to high
concentration
Cell Organelle Review
Key Vocabulary
Active Transport: Movement of molecules from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration. Requires
Energy
Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from an area of
high concentration to Low concentration. No energy Required
Robert Hooke
• Discovered Cells by looking at a piece of
Cork
1. All Living things are made
of cells
Prokaryotic: Cells that do not have a nucleus. Ex Bacteria
2. Cells are the basic unit of
structure and Function in
living things.
Eukaryotic: Cells that do have a nucleus.
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
e.r.
Golgi
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Cell membrane
Brains
Generator
Factory
Storage shed
Air
Lysol
Highway
Post office
Fence
Generator
Fence
Holds DNA
Makes energy
Makes protein
Stores stuff
Holds organelles
Breaks down waste
Transports material
Packages/modifies
ONLY IN PLANTS
ONLY IN PLANTS
Plants/animals
Place a check in the box if the organelle is
present in that cell.
Plant Cell
A. cholesterol C. lipids
B. proteins
D. carbohydrates
Animal Cell
Nucleus
x
Chloroplast
X
Mitochondria
X
X
Ribosomes
X
X
Central
Vacuole
X
Cell Membrane
X
Cell Wall
X
Lysosomes
1. In the cell membrane model shown above, the molecules
which move large molecules into and out of the cell are known
as —
What are the three parts of
the cell theory?
Golgi Body
Diffusion: Movement of molecules
from areas of high concentration
to low concentration.
X
X
Osmosis: Movement of water
from high concentration to low
concentration through a
selectively permeable membrane.
X
X
Centrioles
E.R.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
X
X
X
X
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Cell Cycle
• Series of events a cell
goes through as it grows
and divides.
• Interphase:
• G1: Cell Grows
• S: DNA Replication
• G2: Prepares for Mitosis
• Then Mitosis Continues
Mitosis
• Division of Body (Somatic)
Cells.
• Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase
• Cytokinesis: Division of
the Cytoplasm.
Results of Mitosis
• 2 New Daughter Cells
• Genetically Identical to Parents
• Diploid (Humans 46
Chromosomes)
Meiosis
• Production of Sex Cells
Results of Meiosis
(Gametes).
• 4 New Daughter Cells
• Meiosis I & Meiosis II
• Genetically Unique
• There is only 1
• Haploid (23 Chromosomes)
interphase.
• Crossing over during
Prophase 1
Key Vocabulary
Cell Cycle: Series of events a cell goes through as it grows
and divides
Diploid: Full Set of Chromosomes (46 for Us)
Haploid: Half Set of Chromosomes (23 for Us)
Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material to make
unique cells
Gametes: Sex Cells
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meiosis
Meiosis is the division of gametes (sex
cells).
Mother cell  4 Daughter Cells
Egg & Sperm
Daughter Cell: 23 Chromosomes (Haploid #)
Mother Cell: 46 Chromosomes (Diploid #)
Produces genetically unique cells
Crossing over during Prophase 1 gives
genetic diversity.
1. The reduction of the chromosome number during meiosis is most
important for —
Explain what happens during
each step of mitosis.
Interphase: Cell Grows and
Replicates the DNA
Prophase: Nuclear
Membrane Breaks down,
Chromatin condenses into
chromosomes, Centrioles
Separate.
A. preventing the nucleus from becoming larger with each cell division
B. maintaining the chromosome number during sexual reproduction
C. keeping the amount of DNA in the cell at a minimum level
D. allowing the growth of the cell without increasing the DNA content
Metaphase: Chromosomes
line up across the middle of
the cell
2. Which of these reduces the
number of chromosomes in
sex cells to one half?
Anaphase: Sister
chromosomes separate.
A. Chemosynthesis
B. Cytokinesis
C. Meiosis
D. Metamorphism
3. Why does sexual reproduction result
in greater diversity among offspring than
does asexual reproduction?
A. Only mitosis must occur in sexual
reproduction.
B. New combinations of genes result
from sexual reproduction.
C. Sexual reproduction may occur at a
faster rate.
D . Mutations are more likely to occur in
asexual reproduction.
4. What is the correct
sequence for plant cell
mitosis?
A. A, B, D, C
B. C, B, A, D
C. B, A, D, C
D. D, C, B, A
Telophase: 2 New Cells Form,
Nuclear Membrane comes
back. Chromosomes Uncoil
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
DNA
• Who is known for
discovering the shape
of DNA?
• Watson
• Franklin
• Crick
Topic #3
DNA/Protein Synthesis
Structure of DNA
• Backbone: Sugar
(Orange) &
Phosphate (Green)
• Middle: Nitrogenous
Bases
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
Base pairing Rules: Adenine = Thymine and
Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Replication
• During S phase of Interphase
• Produces New DNA strand that is one new
strand and one original strand.
Key Vocabulary
DNA Replication: Making a Copy of DNA during S phase of
Interphase
Karyotype: Diagram that shows the chromosomes pairs.
•
Structure of DNA
S phase of Interphase
•
Pedigree: Like a family Tree
When during cell division does DNA Replication
occur?
Why is it important to make an extra copy of DNA
before the cell divides?
So the new cells have the correct number of
chromosomes
List the scientist known for discovering the shape of
DNA.
1. Scientists can use genetic information to identify
people because it is unique to each person. Which
specific characteristic is unique to an individual?
A. The shape of the DNA molecules in cells
B. The number of chromosomes in each cell
C. The sequence of DNA nucleotides in cells
D . The size of each chromosome in a cell
2. One strand of DNA could be as long as a football field if
it were stretched out lengthwise. One of the factors
allowing DNA to fit inside the nucleus of a cell is its ability
to —
A. break apart into separate genes
B. extend to form very long, thin molecules
C. coil tightly around associated proteins
D. denature from the effect of an enzyme
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
ACGAT
• Backbone of DNA is made
of Sugar and Phosphate.
3. The base sequence of an RNA strand that
complements this DNA base sequence is —
A –TGCTA
B-ACGAT
C-ACGAU
D-UGCUA
• Nucleotide Bases
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine
4. The process of DNA replication is necessary
before a cell —
Helpful Hints
When pairing DNA to DNA
use the following base
pairing rules.
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
A. makes a protein
B. codes for RNA molecules
C. divides into two cells
D. modifies lysosome enzymes
Apple Tart Go Cart
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Types of RNA
• mRNA: Use during protein synthesis to take
the information from DNA to the Ribosome to
make the proteins. Contains Codons
• tRNA: Brings the corresponding Amino Acids
to the Ribosomes to assemble the proteins.
• rRNA: Makes up the Ribosome
Protein Synthesis
• Process of Making Proteins
• Location: Ribosome
• Step 1: Transcription: Making an mRNA strand
from the DNA molecule.
• Step 2: Translation: Assembling the Amino
Acids according to the codons on the mRNA
Strand.
Steps for Protein synthesis
Transcription: Takes place in the nucleus. Process of
making mRNA from DNA. Takes instruction for making
proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
Translation: Ribosome reads mRNA and Brings
complementary tRNA molecule that contains matching
amino acid.
1. What is protein synthesis?
What explain the function of
the following three types of
RNA.
2. Where does protein synthesis take place in
the cell?
(Messenger) mRNA:
(Transfer) tRNA:
1. Which of these is most
responsible for carrying coded
information from the nucleus?
A. The cell membrane
B. The ribosomes
C. mRNA
D. ATP
3. The triplet code of bases for
RNA may be represented by all of
the following except —
A. CGT
B. CGA
C. CGG
D. CGU
(Ribosomal) rRNA:
Helpful Hints
When pairing DNA to RNA
use the following base
pairing rules.
A pairs with U
T pairs with A
G pairs with C
C pairs with G.
4. Amino acids link together by
peptide bonds to form proteins. In
which cellular organelle would
this process occur?
2. Which of these will complete
the mRNA strand matched to
DNA?
A. CAG
B. AUG
C. GUC
D. UAC
A. Mitochondrion
B. Ribosome
C. Lysosome
D. Golgi body
5. According to this table, a codon
AGC is the code for which amino
acid?
A. Cysteine (Cys)
B. Leucine (Leu)
C. Serine (Ser)
D. Tyrosine (Tyr)
*Remember DNA does not
have Uracil*
Proteins are made of Amino
Acids
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Key Vocabulary
Recombinant DNA: Incorporating new DNA into another
organism.
Genetic Engineering: Modifying an organism’s DNA to reach
desired outcomes.
Restriction Enzymes: Enzyme used to cut DNA
1. In order to form recombinant DNA, scientists have found a
way to cut a DNA segment using an enzyme named EcoRI. This
enzyme cuts DNA wherever the sequence C-T-T-A-A-G occurs
between the A and the G base. Which of these would result if
EcoRI were used on the DNA in the diagram above?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2. DNA that is derived from the DNA of two or more different
species is called —
A. recombinant DNA
B. mitochondrial DNA
C. chloroplast DNA
D. plasmid
3. This chart compares the base
sequences of homologous segments
of DNA from three primates. Based
on this information, how many
differences in the resulting amino
acid sequences would you expect to
find between humans and
chimpanzees?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 6
4. Which of the following is an
example of a genetically engineered
organism?
A. A plant that received external DNA
to produce natural insecticides
B. A new plant variety created by
cross-pollination
C. Seedless fruits resulting from
grafting of one plant onto another
D. A plant that naturally possesses
medicinal properties
5. The DNA fingerprints were made
from blood samples taken from a
puppy and four possible sires of this
puppy in an effort to determine the
puppy’s pedigree. According to this
information, which sire was probably
the father of this puppy?
A
B
C
D
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Topic #4
Evolution/History of the Earth
History of the Earth
• Earth is said to be about
4.5 Billions Years Old.
• We use the Geologic
time Scale to divide the
time periods according
to their most important
characteristics.
Relative Dating
• Looking at fossils in
layers and
determining their
approximate age.
• We use index fossils
to help determine
this age. .
• Older at the bottom,
younger at the top
Radioactive Dating
• Determining the age of a fossil based on the
half-life.
Reproductive Isolation
• Temporal Isolation: Organisms do not interbreed
because they have different mating seasons.
• Geographic Isolation: Organisms do not
interbreed because they are separated by
different geographic barriers (islands, rivers,
mountains, etc.)
• Behavioral Isolations: Organisms do not
interbreed because they have differences in
courtship rituals.
1. The diagram shows undisturbed sedimentary rock strata
containing fossils. Which statement best summarizes the
history of this area?
A. The area was once a forest and
was replaced by a freshwater lake.
B. The area was once a
saltwater sea and later was
replaced by a forest.
C. The area was once a saltwater
sea and later was replaced by a
coniferous forest.
D. The area was once a freshwater
lake and was replaced by a saltwater sea.
2. The picture shows three columns of exposed rock that
are within a three-kilometer area. According to this
information, the dominant past environment of this area
has been
Speciation: Formation of a new species
• Behavior Isolation: Cannot breed
because of different courtship rituals
• Geographic Isolation: Cannot breed
because of Geographic barriers (Rivers,
Islands, etc)
• Temporal Isolation: Cannot breed
because of different mating season.
3. Scientists found the fossilized
remains of a canine’s jaw and leg.
What information must first be
obtained before the scientists can
place the fossils in the ancestral
time line of the dog?
A. The rest of the skeleton
B. The continent where the
fossils were found
C. The age of the fossils
D. The population trends for the
species
Dating Fossils
Define:
Relative Dating: Comparing
to the fossil record.
Radioactive Dating: Using
half-life to tell age of fossil
Half-life: Amount of time it
takes for half the radioactive
elements in a fossil to decay.
A. arctic tundra
B. shallow marine
C. deciduous forest
D. tropical desert
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Father of Genetics
• Charles Darwin
• Collected most of his evidence on the
Galapagos Islands.
• Used fossil record as well as living organisms
to develop is theory of Evolution.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Survival of the Fittest/Natural Selection
– Organisms that are the best suited for their
environment will survive to reproduce.
• Common Decent: All organisms have derived
from a common ancestor.
• Fitness: Organisms will survive long enough to
reproduce
Artificial Selections
• When humans breed
organisms for desired traits.
• Ex.: Livestock, Dogs, Racing
Horses, etc.
Natural Variation
• When organisms vary
genetically.
• Ex.: Some cows just produce
more milk than other cows.
Does mean they will have a
better chance of survival.
Types of Selection
•
Directional : Individuals at
one end have higher fitness
than individuals in the
middle or the other end.
•
Disruptive: Individuals at
both ends have higher fitness
than individuals in the
middle.
•
Stabilizing: Individuals in
the middle have higher
fitness than individuals at
either end.
Evidence of Evolution
Evidence of Evolution
Key Vocabulary
Artificial Selection: When humans breed for desired traits.
Natural Selection: Those organisms that are the most well
adapted will survive to reproduce.
FATHER OF EVOLUTION
• Charles Darwin
• Studied on the Galapagos Islands
• What were the different animals
he studied on these islands?
Define the sources of genetic
variations in a population.
Mutation: changes in DNA
Natural Variation: Differences in the genetics or organisms.
Survival of the Fittest: survive to reproduce
1. The 14 different species of
finches in the Galapagos Islands
originated from a single ancestral
species. What is it about these
islands that is responsible for the
diversity of finch species?
A. The islands are made of
volcanic peaks.
B. Each island has different food
sources.
C. Each island has a different
climate.
D. The islands are clustered near
each other.
Gene Shuffling: Randomly
assorted genes.
2. Some snake embryos have small buds resembling limbs. These buds
disappear at later stages of embryo development. These findings
suggest that these snakes —
A. had a parent with limbs
B. have functional limbs as adults
C . will have offspring with limbs
D. evolved from an ancestor that had limbs
3. Animals that are the least
specialized generally stand the
best chance of survival when
the environment suddenly and
drastically changes because
they are able to —
4. The nonpoisonous eastern scarlet
snake has colored bands that closely
resemble the poisonous coral snake.
This selective adaptation provides
the eastern scarlet snake with —
A. increased breeding opportunities
A. adapt to different conditions
B. mutate rapidly
C. move from place to place
D. reproduce abundantly
Homologous Structures
Same embryonic tissue but
different mature forms.
B. a method of avoiding predation.
C. the ability to attract prey
D. increased feeding opportunities
Vestigial Organs: No longer
used (Example Appendix)
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
7. Change in species is described as a
process that usually occurs over long
periods of time. Yet, even though
antibiotics have only been widely used
for fifty years, scientists recognize that
overuse of antibiotics has led to
antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
The reason this can occur in a relatively
short span of time is that —
A. bacteria are very small
5. Charles Darwin proposed his theory of
evolution based on observations of nature.
Which observation that contributed to his theory
is illustrated by this population of beetles?
A Environmental resources are limited.
B Populations remain stable over time.
C Individuals within a population may vary
widely.
D Species produce more offspring than can
survive.
B. bacteria reproduce rapidly
C. there are many different types of
bacteria
D. travelers carry bacteria around the
world
6. These feet belong to different birds. Three of the birds spend most of their time on the
ground, while one bird rarely walks on the ground. Which foot belongs to the bird that is best
adapted for grasping branches?
A
B
C
D
8. Which statement is best supported by the
phylogenetic tree shown?
A. Species V is still alive today and is the
oldest species.
B. Species W is still developing from a prior
species.
C. Species X, Y, and Z became extinct 20
million years ago.
D. Species W first came into existence 10
million years ago
Topic #5
Genetics
Gregor Mendel’s Peas
• Crossed pea plants for different traits.
– Seed Shape, Color, Pod Shape & Color, Flower
Position, etc.
– True-breeding: self-pollination; making offspring
identical to parent.
• Fertilization is the union
of the male and female
reproductive cells.
• Father of Genetics
Genes and Dominance
• A trait is a specific characteristic, such as seed
color or plant height, that varies from one
individual to another.
• The offspring of crosses between parents with
different traits are called hybrids.
– Example: Hybrid vehicles
• Genes: Chemical factors that determine traits.
– Alleles are different forms of genes:
Dominant/Recessive
Dominant/Recessive
• Dominant traits: frequently expressed traits
– Represented by a Upper case letter
– Example: Round Seed Shape, Yellow Seed Color
• Recessive traits: less frequently expressed traits
– Represented by a lower case letter
– Example: Wrinkled Seed Shape, Green Seed Color
Punnett Squares
• Punnett squares can be used to predict and
compare the genetic variations that will result from
a cross.
• Homozygous: same trait
– Homozygous Dominant: TT
– Homozygous Recessive: tt
• Heterozygous: Different Traits
– Heterozygous: Tt
• Phenotype: Physical Traits
• Genotype: Genetic Traits- the letters
Independent Assortment
• Independent assortment: alleles sort
independently of one another.
– Example: the alleles for seed shape segregated
independently of those for seed color
• The principle of independent assortment
states that genes for different traits can
segregate independently during the
formation of gametes. Independent
assortment helps account for the many
genetic variations observed in plants,
animals. And other organisms.
Incomplete Dominance
• One allele is not
completely dominant
over another .
– The heterozygous
phenotype is
somewhere in between
the two homozygous
phenotypes.
– Example: Snap Dragons
• Codominance: when both alleles contribute to
a phenotype.
• Multiple Alleles: More than two alleles.
– Example: coat color in rabbits
• Polygenic Traits: two or more genes are
controlling traits.
– Example: eye color in fruit flies
Key Vocabulary
Homozygous: Two of the same alleles for a trait
Heterozygous: Two Different Alleles for a trait
Phenotype: The physical trait ( What you see)
FATHER OF GENETICS
• Gregor Mendel
• Studied Pea Plants
• His principles of genetics
applies to all organisms.
• Monohybrid cross: One
trait at a time.
• Dihybrid Cross: Two Traits
at a time.
Genotype: The genetic make up (What letters you have)
Use FOIL: FfJj  FJ, Fj, fJ, fj
(First, outer, inner, last)
1. Timothy has attached earlobes like his maternal grandfather. His
mother and father both have free earlobes, which are dominant.
Which statement best explains how Timothy inherited attached
earlobes?
A. He received a recessive allele from each parent.
B. He received a dominant allele from each parent.
C. He received a recessive allele from his mother and a dominant
allele from his father.
D. He received a dominant allele from his mother and a recessive
allele from his father.
3. Albino individuals lack all pigmentation so that their hair and skin are
white. This family tree shows that albinism —
A. is carried only by females in this family
B. is a recessive genetic trait
C. is a sex-linked gene
D. requires both parents to be albinos
2. In squash plants, yellow fruit
(Y) is dominant to white fruit (y).
If two plants heterozygous for
yellow fruit are crossed, what are
the possible genotypes of the
offspring?
A. Yy only
B. YY, yy only
C. Yy, yy only
D. YY, Yy, yy only
4. The chances of developing
cancer, diabetes, or sickle-cell
anemia are higher if a family
member also has the disorder
because they are —
A. highly infectious
B. passed through blood contact
C. genetically based
D. related to diet
Helpful Hints
•
•
•
•
Homo- Same (HH & hh)
Hetero- Different (Hh)
Phenotype: What you see
Genotype: What letters
you have
• Sex-linked disorders are
found on the X
chromosome.
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
7. What conclusion can be drawn from the genetic information above?
A. The white parent carried a dominant allele.
B. All the F1 rabbits carried a recessive allele.
C. All the white rabbits are heterozygous.
D. All the black rabbits in the F2 generation are homozygous.
5. In 1910, Thomas Morgan discovered traits linked to sex
chromosomes in the fruit fly. The Punnett square above shows
the cross between red-eyed females and white-eyed males.
Fruit flies usually have red eyes. If a female and male offspring
from the cross shown above are allowed to mate, what would
the offspring probably look like?
A. 2 red-eyed females; 2 white-eyed males
B. 2 red-eyed females; 1 red-eyed male, 1 white-eyed male
C. 1 red-eyed female and 1 white-eyed female; 2 red-eyed
males
D. 2 white-eyed females; 1 white-eyed male and 1 red-eyed
male
6. A genetic pedigree showing that only males are affected by a
certain disorder is evidence of what type of inheritance?
A. Dominant
B. Sex-linked
C. Recessive
D. Passive
8. . In cows, long hair is
dominant to short hair. In a
cow that is heterozygous
for long hair, what
percentage of the cells
undergoing meiosis will
carry the dominant allele?
A. 25%
C. 75%
B. 50%
D. 100%
9. External sources, such as radiation or
chemicals, can cause mutations in genes or
entire chromosomes. For a mutation to pass
on to offspring, it must occur in a —
A. brain cell
B. muscle cell
C. sex cell
D. bone cell
10. In corn plants, green (G) is dominant to albino (g). According to the
Punnett square, what is the chance of this heterozygous cross producing
albino corn plants?
A. One in four
B. Two in four
C. Three in four
D. Four in four
Topic #6
Energy Transfer
Photosynthesis
• Location : Chloroplast
• Two Steps:
• Step 1: light dependent reaction: Light and
Water goes in and oxygen comes out.
• Step 2: light independent reaction/Calvin
cycle: Carbon Dioxide goes in Sugars come
out.
Cellular Respiration
• Mitochondria
• Breakdown food to make energy (ATP)
• Aerobic Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle,
Electron Transport Chain……LOTS of ATP!!!
• Anaerobic Respiration:
Glycolysis…Fermentation
Fermentation
• Alcoholic Fermentation: Takes the sugar and
makes energy without oxygen present.
– Used to make beer, wine, bread, etc.
• Lactic Acid Fermentation: Takes the sugar and
makes energy without oxygen present.
– Takes over during vigorous exercise when oxygen
can’t get to your muscles fast enough.
Define the following Terms:
Photosynthesis: process autotrophs use to capture
sunlight to produce high energy carbohydrates.
Write the equations for photosynthesis and
cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration: breaking down carbohydrates to
produce energy in the form of ATP.
State the location of the following
processes in the cell.
Photosynthesis: Chloroplast
Why do we consider
photosynthesis and cellular
respiration a cycle?
Because the products of one
are the reactants for the
other.
1. The process of photosynthesis ultimately converts light
energy into —
A. mechanical energy
B. electrical energy
C. chemical energy
D. nuclear energy
Cellular Respiration: Mitochondria
2. Which pair of structures best shows that plant cells have
functions different from animal cells?
A. Cytoplasm and mitochondria
B. Chloroplasts and cell walls
C. Nuclei and centrioles
D. Ribosomes and cell membranes
3. The energy in the food produced by autotrophs or taken
into the bodies of heterotrophs must be changed into a form
that cells can use. The energy-transferring molecule used by
cells is —
A. DNA
C. ATP
B. RNA
D. CO2
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Topic #6
Ecology
•Species: Group of similar organisms that can breed
and produce fertile offspring.
•Population: Group of individuals of the same
species that live in the same area.
•Community: Different populations that live together in
a defined area.
•Ecosystem: Collection of all the organisms that live in
a particular place, together with their nonliving environment..
Biome: Group of ecosystems that
have the same climate and dominant.
Energy Flow (Section 3-2)
Producers: AUTOTROPHS
-Chemosynthesis: chemical
energy to produce carbohydrates.
(NO SUN)
Ex: Bacteria
-Photosynthesis: use sunlight to make
carbohydrates.
Ex: Plants, Flowers, Mosses, Ferns
Consumers: HETEROTROPHS
Herbivore: Organism that obtains energy
by eating only plants; also known as a 1st order
consumer
Carnivore: Organism that obtains energy
by eating animals; also known as a 2nd or 3rd
order consumer
Omnivore: Organism that obtains energy
by eating both plants and animals; also known
as a 3rd order consumer
Detritivore: Organism that feeds on (or engulfs)
plant and animal remains and other dead
Decomposer: Organism that breaks down
and obtains (or absorbs) energy from dead
organic matter
matter
Food chain
Series of steps in an ecosystem in which
organisms transfer energy by eating and
being eaten; always begins with the sun
then a producer followed by consumers
•Ecological Pyramids
-Trophic level: Step in a food chain
or food web; could be
a producer or consumer
-Ecological pyramid: Diagram that shows the relative
amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in
a food chain or food web; 3 main types (energy, biomass,
numbers)
-Biomass: Total amount of living tissue
within a given trophic level; decreases
at each successive
level (as you go up)
Cycles of Matter (Section 3-3)
The Water Cycle
Water enters the atmosphere through
evaporation/transpiration and returns to the earth
through precipitation; repeated movement of water
b/w surface & atmosphere
Carbon Cycle
Biogeochemical process mixed with human
activities. 1) photosynthesis, 2) burning of
fossil fuels, 3) decomposition of plants &
animals
Nitrogen Cycle
The atmosphere is the main reservoir of
nitrogen; also cycles through the soil and
through tissues of living organisms; nitrogen
fixation is carried out mainly by bacteria
Phosphorous Cycle
Phosphorous is found in
rock and soil
minerals and in ocean
sediments; cycles
among the land, ocean
sediments, and living
organisms.
What Shapes an Ecosystem? 4-2
• Biotic factor – biological influences on organisms
within an ecosystem (living)
– Plants & Animals
• Abiotic factor – physical factors that shape an
ecosystem (non-living)
– Water, Soil, Light, Temperature
• Niche – how it uses its range (physically &
biologically); it’s role/job
– A Spider catches insects ☺
– No 2 species can occupy the same niche
EX. Many warblers in same tree = diff
niches
Community Interactions
• Competition:
– Attempt by organisms to use the same resource
• Predation:
– One organism captures (predator) & feeds on another (prey)
• Symbiosis: 2 species live closely together
– Commensalism - one organism benefits, the other is
unaffected
• Ex: Shark and remora fish
– Mutualism - Both organisms benefit
• Ex: Bees and flowers
– Parasitism - One organism is helped the other is usually
harmed
• Ex: Hookworm
Ecological Succession
• Ecological Succession = 1 community replaces
another
– Series of changes in a community over time
– Lichens, moss, grass, shrub, pine, & maple
Primary vs. Secondary Succession
• Primary Succession ex. after lava flow
– Begins where there is no soil (bare rocks)
– Pioneer species :1st species
to populate the area
• Secondary Succession
– Begins as a result of destruction; soil
present
– Natural: forest fire from lightening
– Humans: logging
– Faster than Primary
(no need to form soil)
Characteristics of Populations
• Geographic distribution
– The area inhabited by a population
• Density
– Population density
• The number of individuals per unit area.
• Population Growth
– 3 factors
– Number of births, number of deaths, number of
individuals that enter or leave the population.
– Immigration- movement of individuals into
– Emigration- movement of individuals out
– Population Density=
»
Number of individuals
Unit area
Logical growth
• Occurs when a population’s growth slows
or stops following a period of
exponential growth.
• Carrying Capacity is the
largest number of
individuals one area
can support.
Limiting Factors
• The factor that causes population
growth to decrease.
• Example is the limiting nutrient
Density-Dependent Factors
• Is a limiting factor that depends on
population size.
• Become limiting only when the population
density reaches a certain level.
• Four density-dependent limiting factors
include: competition, predation, parasitism,
disease.
Density-Independent Factors
• Limiting factors that affects all
populations in similar ways, regardless
of population size.
• Most populations can adapt to a certain
amount of change.
• Examples include: weather, natural
disasters, and seasonal cycles
Key Vocabulary
Niche: Organisms Role in an environment.
Autotroph: Make their own food
Ecological Pyramids
• Pass on only 10% of energy with each
trophic level
Heterotroph: get food by eating others
Tertiary Consumer
Symbiosis: Relationship between two organisms
Producer
1. Some plant roots grow with mycorrhizal fungi. The fungi absorb
water and minerals and pass them on to the plant and receive
carbohydrates from the plant. This is an example of —
A. predation
What is a limiting factor?
List the two types of limiting
factors and give examples of
each.
B. mutualism
C. competition
D. parasitism
2. A symbiotic relationship in
which one organism benefits
while one organism is harmed is
known as —
A. antagonism
B. commensalism
C. mutualism
D. parasitism
3. The organisms in a typical
backyard are likely to include
bacteria, grass, shrubs, trees,
insects, spiders, birds, and small
mammals. Together, all these
organisms make up —
A. a kingdom
B. a community
C. a population
D. an experimental group
Mutualism: both benefit
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
trophic level: Each step in a food chain
Symbiosis
What are the three types of
symbiotic relationships?
1. Density Dependent: based on
size of population: Competition,
Parasitism , and Disease
Commensalism: one helped, one
not affected
Parasitism one helped, one
harmed
Explain the two types of
ecological succession.
Primary: New ecosystem
grows where nothing was
before
Secondary: New ecosystems
grows after natural disaster.
2. Density Independent:
Happens to all ecosystems.:
Natural disasters.
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
8. Organisms reproduce following several
patterns. Some organisms produce few
offspring and provide parental care. Other
organisms produce many offspring but
provide little or no parental care. Which of
the following organisms has the greatest
risk of losing a population due to the death
of only a few individuals?
A. Bacteria
B. Flies
C. Elephants
D. Rats
4. According to this simplified water cycle,
the process of transpiration is the process
that —
6. Which order of diagrams would show
primary succession in an area that had
never before been occupied by living
organisms?
A. causes photosynthesis in plants
B. releases water vapor from plants
C. speeds the evaporation of water
D. increases the rate of the water cycle
A. A, C, B, D
B. C, A, B, D
C. D, B, C, A
D. B, A, C, D
5. Algae and multicellular plants are
autotrophs because they —
7. Based on the method by which they get
food, organisms are classified as autotrophs
or heterotrophs. Which organism listed
below is correctly paired with its
metabolism?
A. Mushroom-autotroph
B. Human-heterotroph
C. Grass-heterotroph
D. Fish-autotroph
A. decompose dead organisms
B. absorb nutrients from soil
C. break down starches to glucose
D. capture sunlight to produce sugars
9. Food webs are models used to show
energy flow in ecosystems. In the above
food web, what is the main source of
energy for the copepods?
A. Parrotfish
B. Corals
C. Algae
D. Shrimp
Topic #7
Classification
Binomial Nomenclature
• Carolus Linnaeus,
– a Swedish botanist, 1700s
• binomial nomenclature = classification system in
which each species is assigned a two-part
scientific name
– written in italics
– first word is capitalized, the second word is lower
case
92
Scientific Names
• grizzly bear is called Ursus arctos
– Ursus — is the genus
• Genus = group of closely related species
– arctos – is the species
• unique to each species within the genus
• Often a Latinized description of some important trait of
the organism or an indication of where the organism
lives
– Ursus maritimus, the polar bear
• maritimus, referring to the sea
93
Key Vocabulary
Binomial Nomenclature: two-part naming system.
Taxonomy: study of classifying organisms.
FATHER OF TAXONOMY
•Carlos Linnaeus
•Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Made of the Genus and Species
Phylogeny: Study of evolutionary relationships between
organisms.
1. A biologist has just discovered a new life form.
The newly described organism is multicellular,
does not carry on photosynthesis, and absorbs
nutrients from the environment. It is composed
of eukaryotic cells with cell walls. In which
kingdom would the organism be classified?
A. Bacteria
B. Animal
C. Plant
D. Fungi
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class = Mammalia
Order = Primates
Family = Hominidae
Genus = Homo
Species: Sapiens
species = sapiens
3. According to this chart, the insects that are most
closely related are the —
Helpful Hints
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
2. One important feature of modern classification
systems is that they —
A. can incorporate new scientific discoveries
B. apply only to organisms that are alive today
C. can predict the discovery of new species
D. group organisms that live in the same habitat
Kings
Play
Chess
On
Fine
Green
Squares
Scientific Name: Genus and
Species
A. dragonflies and proturans
B. springtails and bristletails
C. bristletails and mayflies
D. springtails and proturans
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Topic #8
Kingdoms
Eubacteria
• They include a wide
range of organisms with
different lifestyles.
• Live almost
everywhere.
• Most common bacteria
that we know.
• They have cell walls
with peptidoglycan.
Archaebacteria
• Lack peptidoglycan in their cell
walls.
• Also, the DNA sequences of key
archaebacterial genes are more like
those of eukaryotes than those of
eubacteria
• Many archaebacteria live in
extremely harsh environments
Shapes
• Bacilli – rod shaped
• Cocci – spherical shaped
• Spirilla – spiral and corkscrew
shaped
Eubacteria
•
•
•
•
•
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Autotroph or heterotroph
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Examples: E. coli, Streptococcus, Staph
100
Archaebacteria
• unicellular
• prokaryotic
• extreme environments
– volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic
mud totally devoid of oxygen
• Auto or heterotroph
• cell walls lack
peptidoglycan
101
Protista
•
•
•
•
•
eukaryotic
greatest variety
Most single-celled, some multi
photosynthetic or heterotrophic
Ex: kelp, amebas, slime mold, paramecium,
euglena
102
103
Fungi
• heterotrophs
– feed on dead or decaying
organic matter
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotic
Most multicellular, some uni
Cell walls of chitin
EX: mushroom, yeast
104
Plantae
•
•
•
•
multicellular
photosynthetic autotrophs
Eukaryotic
Cells walls of cellulose
105
Animalia
•
•
•
•
multicellular
heterotrophic
Eukaryotic
No cell walls
106
Key Vocabulary
Conjugation:
Binary Fission:
Lytic Infection:
Lysogenic Infections:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bacteria Classification
2 Kingdoms of Bacteria: LIVING
Archaebacteria: Live in harsh environments
Eubacteria: Most common on Earth
All bacteria are PROKARYOTIC
Kill bacteria with ANTIBIOTICS
Virus Classification
NON-LIVING
Can’t reproduce without a host
Cannot be killed with Antibiotics
2. Which of the following choices is not a method of preventing
bacterial illnesses from spreading in a meat-processing plant?
A. Using antibiotics to treat persons with food poisoning
B. Use of gloves when handling raw meat products
C. Treatment of work areas with chemical disinfectants
D. Washing hands and utensils with hot soapy water
1. Which one of the above
pictures is not considered a
virus?
A. F
B. G
C. H
D. J
Identify the three shapes of
Bacteria.
____________
___________
___________
What is the germ theory of
infectious disease?
3. Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Many years ago, streptomycin easily controlled the bacterium. Now
streptomycin is much less effective against the resistant M.
tuberculosis. The increasing resistance of M. tuberculosis to
streptomycin is most likely due to the increased —
A. use of streptomycin for bacterial infections
B. early detection of bacterial infections
C. numbers of alternatives to streptomycin
D. artificial production of streptomycin
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Key Vocabulary
Pseudopod:
Are Protists Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
What are the three different
groups of Protists?
Phytoplankton:
Why are phytoplankton so important to aquatic ecosystems?
1. What is the purpose of the
flagellum?
A. Circulation
B. Catching prey
C. Movement
D. Attachment
2. A student wanted to study the
effect of temperature on algae
levels in a local stream. Which
items are most useful for
gathering data and most
appropriate for communicating
the results of her observations?
A. Research on the Internet and
videotapes of water samples
B. Microscopes and written
descriptions of weather patterns
C. pH strips and written
observations of stream water
D. Test tubes, thermometers, and
graphs of
results
3. Escherichia coli is the scientific
name of a bacterium. What
category of classification is
Escherichia?
How do we classify Protists?
A. Order
B. Genus
C. Phylum
D. Species
4. Which of these species is most
closely related to Felis rufus?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Acer rubrum
Selasphorus rufus
Felis concolor
Canis rufus
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Key Vocabulary
Hyphae:
What types of symbiotic relationships do fungi
form with other organisms?
Mycelium:
Lichen:
What are the four groups of
fungi?
1.
2.
3.
Fungal Spore:
4.
1. Unlike plants, fungi cannot
make their
own food because they do not
have —
A. roots
B. hyphae
C. spores
D. chlorophyll
3. A biologist has just discovered
a new life form. The newly
described organism is
multicellular, does not carry on
photosynthesis, and absorbs
nutrients from the environment.
It is composed of eukaryotic cells
with cell walls. In which kingdom
would the organism be
classified?
4. What characteristic do all
living things share?
A. They contain DNA.
B. They are made up of many
parts.
C. They reproduce by mitosis.
D. They need oxygen to survive.
A. Plant
2. Fungi obtain nutrients by —
B. Animal
C. Bacteria
A. photosynthesis
B. chemosynthesis
C. absorption
D. ingestion
D. Fungi
5. A symbiotic relationship in
which one organism benefits
while one organism is harmed is
known as —
A. Antagonism
B. commensalism
C. mutualism
D. parasitism
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
1. Tall land plants have requirements different from those
of aquatic plants. Which of these must the tall land
plants have that aquatic plants do not need?
What are the four groups of plants?
Key Vocabulary
Angiosperm:
A. Photosynthetic abilities
B. Organelles for respiration
Gymnosperm:
C. A means of reproduction
D. Thick-celled walls
Chlorophyll:
2. What do phototropism and geotropism enable
plants to do?
Photosynthesis:
A. Grow toward needed resources
Autotroph:
B. Prevent invasion by insect colonies
C. Defend themselves against herbivores
D. Develop pesticide resistance by exchanging DNA
What do plant cells have
that animal cells do not?
3. A flower with this shape would use what type of
pollinator?
A. Wind
B. Mammal
C. Rain
D. Hummingbird
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
Identify the type of symmetry demonstrated by the following
pictures.
Vertebrates –
“BARF M”
(birds, amphibians, reptiles,
fishes, mammals)
Key Terms
Coelem:
Invertebrates –
Vertebrates:
A. _____________ B. ______________ C. ______________
1. In order to maintain
homeostasis, it is most
important for an animal to be
able to —
A. respond to its environment
B. hide from its predators
C. change its habitat
D. increase its prey population
•
•
•
•
Invertebrates:
3. Which of these types of
reproduction provides the most
protection to developing
offspring of land-dwelling
animals?
A. An egg in a mass of jelly
B. An egg with a leathery shel
l
C. An egg in an eggshell
D. An egg carried internally
4. The body of which of these
organisms has the least
specialized organization?
A. Jellyfish
B. Sea urchin
C. Starfish
D. Sponge
•
•
•
•
Cnidarians – “I dare you”
Porifera – Porous
Echinoderm – spiny skin
Annelids – repetitive body
parts
Arthropoda – jointed legs
Mollusca – Hard shell,
soft body
Nematoda – Round worms
Platyhelmenthes – Flat
worm
2. Which skull belongs to a herbivore?
A.
B.
C.
D.
My Biology
Biology SOL Review Packet
1. Meiosis is the process by which
gametes are produced. In which of the
following human organs does meiosis
occur?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Testis
D. Skin
4. In conditions of stress or fear, the
human adrenal gland may produce
adrenaline. Which of the following is an
effect adrenaline can have on the body?
Identify the function of the following systems of
the human body.
Integumentary System:
A. Decreased heart rate
B. Increased production of red blood cells
Respirator System:
C. Increased blood pressure
2. What is the major function of the
valves found in human veins?
D. Decreased rate of breathing
Cardiovascular System:
A. Adding oxygen to blood plasma
B. Preventing movement of blood clots
C. Slowing the red blood cells
D. Reducing the back flow of blood
Digestive System:
5. What is the body’s first line of defense
against disease?
A. Antibodies
B. Enzymes
C. Skin
D. Blood
Urinary System:
Endocrine System:
Lymphatic System:
3. Human red blood cells that lack
sufficient hemoglobin would have a low
amount of what substance?
A. Nitrogen
B. Hydrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Calcium
6. Bones do all of the following EXCEPT —
A. make nerve cells
B. make blood cells
C. protect organs
D. store calcium
My Biology
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