Objectives
• Students will demonstrate understanding of and
be able to use major reference lines on a map
such as: Lattitude, Longitude, Prime Meridian,
Equator.
• Students will demonstrate understanding of and
be able to use Time Zones.
• Students will demonstrate understanding of and
be able to use the Scale on a map.
• Students will be able to identify the symbols on,
and use Topographic maps.
Latitude and Longitude
Objectives
• Compare and contrast latitude and longitude.
• Describe how time zones vary.
Vocabulary
– cartography
– topographic map
– equator
– contour line
– latitude
– contour interval
– longitude
– map legend
– prime meridian
– map scale
– International Date Line
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude and Longitude
• Cartography is the science of mapmaking.
Typical Graph
• This is an example
of a typical graph we
are all familiar with.
• The graph is made
up of different
“points” with lines
that connect
the points.
Typical Graph
• Each point has two
values:
Y axis
• The “X” value that
runs along the
horizontal “X”
axis
• The “Y” value that
runs along the
vertical “Y” axis
X axis
Typical Graph
Y
(0,0)
(3,8)
• X value is always
stated first
(9,5)
• Followed by the Y
value
• The “origin” is the
point where
the 2 axes
Xintersect with a
value of (0,0)
• A point can also
have negative
(-) values
Typical Graph
Y
(-X,+Y)
• Negative X values
are to the left
of the origin (0,0)
(+X,+Y)
(0,0)
X
(-X,-Y)
(+X,-Y)
• Negative Y values
are below the
origin
East West, North South on The Earth
• Let the X axis be the
Equator.
Y
• Let the Y axis be the
Prime Meridian that
runs through
X
Greenwich outside of
London.
• Lat/Long are the 2
grid points by which
you can locate any
point on Earth.
East West, North South on the Earth
N
W
S
• Let each of
the four
E quarters then
be designated
by North or
South and
East or West.
East West, North South on the Earth
(N, W)
(S, W)
(N, E)
(S, E)
• The N tells us we’re
north of the Equator.
The S tells us we’re
south of the Equator.
• The E tells us that
we’re east of the
Prime Meridian. The
W tells us that we’re
west of the Prime
Meridian.
East West, North South on the Earth
(N, W)
Prime Meridian
• That means all
points in North
America will have
a North latitude and
a West longitude
because it is North
of the Equator and
West of the Prime
Meridian.
East West, North South on the Earth
• What would be
the latitude and
longitude
directions in
Australia?
Prime Meridian
If you said South and East , you’re right!
What is Latitude?
90°N
Y
• Latitude is the distance
from the
equator along the Y
axis.
• All points along the
equator have a value of
X 0 degrees latitude.
• North pole = 90°N
• South pole = 90°S
90°S
• Values are expressed in
terms of degrees.
What is Latitude?
90°N
Y
X
90°S
• Each degree of
latitude is
divided into
60 minutes.
• Each minute is
divided into 60
seconds.
This is also true of longitude.
What is Latitude?
• For Example:
90°N
• 37°, 02’,51’’N
Y
X
90°S
• This is close to
the latitude
where you live.
What is Longitude?
Y
• Longitude is the
distance from the
prime meridian along
the X axis.
• All points along the
prime meridian have a
value of 0 degrees
X
longitude.
180°W
180°E
• The earth is divided
into two parts, or
hemispheres, of
east and west
longitude.
What is Longitude?
Y
X
180°W
180°E
• The earth is
divided into 360
equal slices
(meridians)
• 180 west and 180
east of the prime
meridian
Latitude and Longitude
Longitude
– Lines of longitude are not parallel like latitude lines
– semicircles extending from pole to pole.
– Distances covered by
degrees of longitude
vary with location.
– One degree of
longitude equals
– 111 km at equator
– 0km at the poles.
What is Latitude?
90°N
• Our latitude and
longitude might
be:
Y
X
• 37°, 03’,13’’N
• 76°, 29’, 45’’W
90°S
So Where is (0,0)?
• The origin point
(0,0) is where
the equator
intersects the
prime
meridian.
• (0,0) is off the
western coast
of Africa in the
Atlantic Ocean.
See If You Can Tell In Which
Quarter These Lon/Lats Are
Located
A
B
C
D
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. 41°N, 21°E
2. 37°N, 76°W
3. 72°S, 141°W
4. 7°S, 23°W
5. 15°N, 29°E
6. 34°S, 151°E
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. D
Positioning on the Earth’s Surface
East is the direction of
rotation of the Earth
North Pole
Prime Meridian
Latitude: (90oN to 90oS)
Longitude: (180oE to 180oW)
0o Longitude
Tropic of Cancer
21st June
22nd Sept
20th March
Equator
22nd December
Tropic of Capricorn
Longitude 90o West
Longitude 60o West
Longitude 30o West
Latitude 23½o North
oE
90
60o90
30
30
60
90
Wo
o
66½23½
o
900
23½o
Latitude 0o
Latitude 23½o South
Longitude 90oEast
Longitude 60o East
Longitude 30o East
South Pole
Latitude and Longitude together enable the fixing of position on the Earth’s surface.
Now you’re ready to find some
locations on a map!
Latitude and Longitude
Time Zones
• Earth is divided into 24 times zones
• The International Date Line, or 180° meridian, serves
as the transition line for calendar days
Latitude and Longitude
Time Zones
• Each time zone is 15° wide, corresponding
roughly to lines of longitude.
• Time zone boundaries have been adjusted in
local areas for convenience.
Latitude and Longitude
Time Zones
• 6 zones in the
United States.
Latitude and Longitude
Section Assessment
1. Match the following terms with their definitions.
___
D latitude
___
B longitude
___
A prime meridian
___
C equator
A. the reference point for
longitude
B. the distance in degrees
east or west of 0°
C. the reference point for latitude
D. the distance in degrees
north or south of 0°
Latitude and Longitude
Section Assessment
2. If it is 10 A.M. in Madagascar, what time is it in
Washington, D.C.?
It is 2 A.M. in Washington, D.C.
Latitude and Longitude
Section Assessment
3. Identify whether the following statements are
true or false.
_______
false A degree of longitude always represents the
same distance.
_______
true
If you travel west across the International Date
Line, you advance your calendar one day.
_______
false Lines of latitude are not perfectly parallel to
each other.
_______
true
When referencing a specific place on Earth by
its coordinates, latitude always comes first.
Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
• detailed maps showing
changes in the
elevation of terrain.
– Elevation
– distance above or
below sea level.
– Elevation on a topo map is
shown with contour lines.
– A contour line connects
points of equal elevation.
Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
Contour Intervals
– The difference in elevation between
two side-by-side contour lines.
– The contour
interval is
dependent
on terrain.
– The steeper
the slope
the closer
the contour
lines
Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
Index Contours
– Index contours are bold
contour lines marked by
numbers representing
their elevations.
Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
Depression Contour Lines
– Depression contour lines are used to represent
features that are lower than the surrounding area.
– On a map, depression
contour lines have hachures,
or short lines at right angles
to the contour line that point
toward the lower elevation,
to indicate depressions.
Types of Maps
Map Legends
• Topographic maps and most
other maps include both humanmade and natural features that
are located on Earth’s surface.
• These features are represented
by different symbols.
• A map legend explains what
the symbols represent.
Types of Maps
Map Scales
• the ratio between distances on a map and actual
distances on the surface of Earth.
3 Types of Map Scales
– A verbal scale expresses distance as a statement,
such as “One centimeter is equal to one kilometer.”
– A graphic scale consists
of a line that represents
a certain distance, such
as 5 km or 5 miles.
– A fractional scale
expresses distance as a
ratio, such as 1:63,500.
Types of Maps
Section Assessment
1. Match the following terms with their definitions.
___
C projection
___
A contour interval
___
D map legend
___
B map scale
A. the difference in elevation
between two side-by-side
contour lines
B. a diagram that explains
what the symbols on a
map represent
C. a map made by transferring
points and lines on a globe’s
surface onto a sheet of paper
D. the ratio between distances on
a map and actual distances on
the surface of Earth
Types of Maps
Section Assessment
2. Which type of map would be best suited for the
following applications?
C An aviator is trying to identify the
___
shortest route between New York
and London.
B A cartographer for the state
___
department of transportation
has been tasked with making a
new state road map.
D A group of friends is planning on
___
hiking in the back country of Idaho.
A A sailor is sailing up the coast from
___
South America to North America.
A. Mercator
projection
B. conic
projection
C. gnomonic
projection
D. topographic
Types of Maps
Section Assessment
3. What does it mean if a map says
“Scale 1:100 000”?
This fractional scale means that one unit on the
map represents 100 000 units on Earth’s
surface. For example, one inch on the map
would equal 100 000 inches on Earth’s surface.
Chapter Resources Menu
Study Guide
Section 2.1
Section 2.2
Section 2.3
Chapter Assessment
Image Bank
Section 2.1 Study Guide
Section 2.1 Main Ideas
• Cartographers use a grid system to locate exact
positions on Earth. Lines of latitude refer to distances
north and south of the equator. Lines of longitude refer to
distances east and west of the prime meridian.
• Earth is divided into 24 time zones. Each zone
represents a different hour. The International Date Line,
or 180° meridian, is the transition line for calendar days.
The calendar advances to the next day in each time
zone at midnight.
Section 2.2 Study Guide
Section 2.2 Main Ideas
• Maps are flat models of Earth’s surface. All maps
contain some sort of distortion in the shapes or areas
of landmasses.
• Maps are made by transferring points and lines on a
globe onto paper. Mercator projections and gnomonic
projections are commonly used for navigation by ships
and planes. Conic projections are best suited for
mapping small areas.
• Topographic maps show changes in elevation of Earth’s
surface. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation.
A map legend explains the symbols on a map. A map
scale shows the relationship between distances on a
map and actual distances on Earth.
Section 2.3 Study Guide
Section 2.3 Main Ideas
• The process of gathering data about Earth from far
above the planet is called remote sensing. The
electromagnetic spectrum shows the arrangement of
electromagnetic radiation, which is often used by
remote-sensing devices to map Earth.
• Landsat satellites use visible light and infrared radiation
to map Earth’s surface. The Topex/Poseidon satellite
uses radar to map features on the ocean floor.
• The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based
navigation system that allows a user to pinpoint his or
her exact location on Earth.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is NOT true about
lines of latitude.
a. They are parallel to each other.
b. They connect the north and south poles.
c. They are either referenced as north or south.
d. Latitude is measured from 0º to 90º.
Lines of latitude are parallel to the equator. The equator
is 0º and each pole is 90º. Lines of longitude connect
the north and south pole.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
2. What is the reference point for lines of longitude?
a. the equator
b. the International Date Line
c. the prime meridian
d. Earth’s center
The prime meridian, which runs through Greenwich,
England, is 0º longitude. The equator is the reference for
latitude. The International Date Line, which is 180º E or
W, is opposite the prime meridian. Earth’s center is used
to find the line of latitude but it is not a reference point.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
3. What represents equal elevation on a
topographical map?
a. great circles
c. hachures
b. a map scale
d. contour lines
Great circles represent the shortest distance between
two points on a sphere. A map scale is the ratio between
distances on a map and actual distances on the surface
of Earth. Hachures are short lines at right angles to the
contour line, to indicate depressions.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
4. What is the distance between one
degree of longitude?
a. 111 km
b. 48 km
c. 2 km
d. all of the above
Remember the lines of longitude are not parallel. The
distance between lines of longitude ranges from 111 km
to essentially the distance covered by a point at
the poles.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
5. The Topex/Poseidon satellite uses _____ to
map features on the ocean floor.
a. radar
c. gamma rays
b. sonar
d. GPS
Sea Beam uses sonar, which is the use of sound waves
to detect and measure objects underwater. Gamma rays
are at the high end of the electromagnetic spectrum,
beyond the frequency that radar uses. GPS is the global
positioning system which is a navigation system.
Chapter Assessment
Short Answer
6. What characteristic do all electromagnetic
waves share?
All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed
of 300 000 km/s in a vacuum, a value
commonly referred to as the speed of light.
Chapter Assessment
Short Answer
7. If it is 6:00 P.M. on July 4 in Los Angeles,
California, what day and time is it in
Tokyo, Japan?
It would be 10:00 A.M. on July 5.
Chapter Assessment
True or False
8. Identify whether the following statements are
true or false.
______
false Contour lines can cross each other.
______
true There are 3600 seconds in a degree.
______
true By connecting points on a gnomonic projection,
navigators can plot great-circle routes.
______
false The United States has six time zones.
______
true If you travel east across the International Date
Line, you would move your calendar back
one day.
Image Bank
Chapter 2 Images
Image Bank
Chapter 2 Images
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Chapter 2 Images
Image Bank
Chapter 2 Images