10
CHAPTER
Wireless, Mobile
Computing, and
Mobile Commerce
1. Mobile Computing and Mobile
Commerce
2. Pervasive Computing普及運算
3. Wireless Security
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1. Provide a specific example of how each of the
five major m-commerce applications can
benefit a business.
2. Describe technologies that underlie pervasive
computing, providing examples of how
businesses can utilize each one.
3. Explain how the four major threats主要威脅
to wireless networks can damage a business.
10.3 Mobile Computing and
Mobile Commerce
• Mobile Computing, Mobility, and Broad
Reach
– Mobile Computing: a real-time connection between a
mobile device and other computing environments, such
as the Internet or an intranet.
– Mobility流動性: means that users carry a device with
them and can initiate a real-time contact啟動實時聯繫with
other systems from wherever they happen to be.
– Broad Reach廣泛的覆蓋範圍: when users carry an open
mobile device, they can be reached instantly,瞬間達到
even across great distances.
• Mobile Commerce
• Mobile Commerce Applications
Mobility and Broad Reach
Mobility and Broad Reach Create Five
Value-added Attributes:
1. Ubiquity無處不在
– can get information and comm. from anywhere
2. Convenience
3. Instant connectivity連接
- Without booting up a PC
4. Personalization
- Company sends customize SMS to consumer
5. Localization本土化of products and services
(in Ad)
Mobile Commerce
• Mobile commerce (m-commerce)
– E-commerce transaction conducted in a wireless
environment, esp. via the Internet
Development of M-Commerce is Driven by:
– Widespread availability廣泛的可用性of mobile
devices
– Declining prices (wireless device)
– Bandwidth improvement頻寬的改善
• Bandwidth for transmitting text, voice, video, and
multimedia.
• Wi-Fi, 4G cellular technology, and WiMAX all provide
the necessary bandwidth
Mobile Commerce
Applications
• Location-Based Applications and
Services
• Financial Services
• Intrabusiness Applications
• Accessing Information
• Telemetry Applications
Location-Based Applications
and Services基於位置的應用程
序和服務
• Location-Based Applications and
Services: M-commerce B2C
applications include:
– location-based applications and
location-based services.
• Location-Based Commerce (LCommerce): (is) Location-based
mobile commerce.
Benefits of Location-Based
Services for Users:
• Request the nearest business or
service (ATM, restaurant)
• Receive alerts接收警報 (traffic jam,
accident)
• Find a friend
• Locating taxis, service personnel服
務人員, doctors, and rental
equipment租用設備
Benefits of Location-Based
Services for Service Providers
服務提供商
• Schedule fleets調動車隊
• Tracking objects such as packages and
train boxcars包裹和火車貨車車廂
• Find information such as navigation導
航, weather, traffic, and room
schedules房間時間表
• Targeting advertising定位/目標廣告
• Automating airport check-ins報到
Mobile Commerce
Applications: Financial
Services
• Banking
– Offer access to financial and account information
• Money Transfers匯款
• Micropayments小額支付
– Use mobile to pay (taxi driver)
– Very small purchase amounts (generally less than $10)
are called micropayments
• Wireless Mobile Wallets (M-Wallets)
– Helpful for increasing the volume of (micropayment
transactions)
– Enable cardholders to make purchases with a single click
from their mobile devices
• Bill Payment繳費Services (in China for companies –
www.172.com, launched by Smartpay for paying
phone bills and utilities bills, etc.)
Intrabusiness企業內部
Applications
Intrabusiness Applications: Although
business-to-consumer (B2C) m-commerce
receives considerable publicity相當宣傳, most
of today’s m-commerce applications actually
are used within organizations.
Mobile Computing For Employee Support:
• Workflow工作流程Applications
• Dispatch Functions調度功能
Target Areas目標領域for Mobile
Delivery and Dispatch輸送和調
度Services:
• Employee job assignment任務分配
• Transportation(delivery of food, oil, newspapers,
cargo; courier services; tow trucks; taxis)
• Utilities公用設施 (gas, electricity, phone, water)
• Field service現場服務(computers, office
equipment, home repair)
• Healthcare衛生保健(visiting nurses上門服務護士,
doctors, social services)
• Security (patrols巡邏, alarm installation警報器設置)
Mobile Computing
Applications: Telemetry
• Telemetry Applications: the wireless transmission無
線傳輸and receipt of data gathered from remote
sensors遠端傳感器.
• Application areas:
– Car manufacturer: Identify maintenance problems in
equipment (www.onstar.com)
– Monitor medical patients病人
– Control medical equipment醫療設備remotely
– Remote vehicle diagnosis & preventive maintenance汽車診
斷和預防性維護
– Find My iPhone (app)
(https://www.apple.com/icloud/find-my-iphone.html)
• You can immediately lock your device and send it a message
with a contact number. Then whoever finds it can call you from
the Lock screen without accessing the rest of the information on
your device
10.4 Pervasive Computing
• Radio-Frequency
Identification
(RFID)
• Wireless Sensor
• Networks
• The Internet of Things
Radio-Frequency
Identification (RFID)
• RFID
• Bar Codes
• QR Codes
RFID
• Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID): technology
that allows manufacturers to attach tags with antennas
and computer chips on goods and then track their
movement through radio signals. RFID was developed to
replace bar codes.
• RFID Systems: tags have embedded microchips, which
contain data, and antennas to transmit radio signals over
a short distance to RFID readers including information
that uniquely identifies an item (location and when it was
made).
• Two Basic Types of RFID Tags
– Active RFID: tags that use internal batteries for power, and
they broadcast radio waves to a reader.
– Passive RFID: tags rely entirely on readers for their power,
less expensive than active tags, and can be read only up to
20 feet.
Bar Codes
Universal Product Code (UPC): A typical bar code
made up of 12 digits that are batched in various groups.
The first digit identifies the item type, the next five digits
identify the manufacturer, and the next five identify the
product. The last digit is a check digit for error detection.
Limitations of Bar Codes:
• Requires line of sight from scanning device
• Pose substantial problems in manufacturing plants,
warehouses and shipping/receiving docks
• Paper bar codes are easily damaged
• Identifies the manufacturer and product but not the
actual item
QR Codes:
Advantages Over Bar Codes
(QR code: a two-dimensional code, readable by
dedicated QR readers and camera phones)
• Store more information
• Data types stored include numbers, text,
URLs, and even Japanese characters.
• Smaller because they store information both
horizontally and vertically.
• Read from any direction or angle
• More resistant to damage
Wireless Sensor Networks
• Motes
• Capability of Wireless Sensor
Networks
• Applications of Wireless Sensor
Networks
Capability of Wireless
Sensor Networks
• If one mote fails the gap is covered by
nearby motes
• Provides data on activities from
different angles
• Determine direction of movement
• Weight of a vehicle
• Amount of rainfall over a field of crops
Applications of Wireless
Sensor Networks
• Digital thermostats for energy
efficiency
• Repair alerts on bridges and oil rigs
• Real time operating performance
reporting in jet engines
• Warning of produce spoilage
• Improve a city’s use of utilities
• Smart/digital water meters
• Smart electrical meters
The Internet of Things (IoT)
Internet of Things (IoT): a scenario in
which objects, animals, and people are
provided with unique identifiers and the
ability to automatically transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human
or human-to-computer interaction.
• Capabilities of IoT
• Examples of IoT Use
Capabilities of IoT
• Reducing waste, loss, and cost
• Identifying the need for repair,
replacement, or recall
• Tracking expiration data on
perishable items
Examples of IoT Use
• Coke machines
• A heart monitor implant
• A farm animal with a biochip
transmitter
• An automobile tire pressure
10.5 Wireless Security (1)
Four Major Threats to Wireless Networks
• Rogue Access Point (Evil Twin)
– An unauthorized access point connected to a
wireless network.
– Evil Twin Attack:
• the attacker is in the vicinity with a Wi-Fi-enabled
computer and a separate connection to the Internet.
Using a hotspotter—a device that detects wireless
networks and provides information on them the
attacker simulates a wireless access point with the
same wireless network name, or SSID, as the one that
authorized users expect. If the signal is strong enough,
users will connect to the attacker’s system instead of
the real access point.
10.5 Wireless Security (2)
• War Driving:
– The act of locating WLANs while driving
(or walking) around a city or elsewhere.
• Eavesdropping:
– Efforts by unauthorized users to access
data that are traveling over wireless
networks.
• Radio-Frequency (RF) Jamming:
– A person or a device intentionally or
unintentionally interferes with your
wireless network transmissions.