At Mach 2, Business Executive’s Jet,
Continental Flight Across the South
Pole
Jet flying at 460 knots< Mach, route most over the continental South America and the Antarctic
Pole to reach Australia distances and flight time.
The same route flying at Mach 2 shows some advantages over traditional Pacific Ocean route
mostly over the ocean . Considered risk factor, weather, wind and diversionary airports.
It reveals metric used and basic recommendations
Ing. Luis A. Riesco, IEEE-AESS Life Senior Member
Region 9 South America AESS International Director
riesco@ieee.org
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1
Executive Summary
• Flying at Mach 2, the business jet will still be the business executive’s
preferred/primary means of travel by 2020.
• Following routes along recognized major International Airports used
modern facilities for passengers plane/deplane, cargo, refueling,
communications, and services for eventual diverted flights.
Flight management system enables smooth business jet flight in 40 mph
cross winds.
• 2 Pilots remain the least expensive aspect of business jet operations.
• Enhance the allure of business jet capability and flight safety
• Alternate Airports, Available SAR
2
Background Information
Mach number is a dimensionless quantity representing the speed of an object moving through air or other fluid divided by
the local speed of sound. M=V/a where M=Mach number V=velocity and a=sound velocity
M varies by the composition medium and also by local conditions, especially temperature and pressure (altitude dependent)
Mile=1609.3 m
NM= 1852 m Kts= NM/hr
NM/Mile=1852/1609.3=1.15
The speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium through which it travels. In dry air at 59°F (15°C) at the sea level
it is equal to 1 M = 1225km/h = 761mph= 573kts
.9M = 955.5km/h= 594 mph=515.7kts
Regime
Subsonic
Mach
<1.0
Transonic
Sonic
Supersonic
Hypersonic
High-hypersonic
0.8–1.2 1.0 1.2–5.0 5.0–10.0
>10.0
• Presently some business jets fly faster, and many fly higher, than airliners at Subsonic speed (ie A340-300 494 Kts)
• By 2020 business jets and airliners will have similar flying Mach Speed close to M2 or higher
• Business Executive’s Jets selected conservatively max range about 2 trip leg length.
• Fastest executive jets speeds available from .90 to .985 shown under “Subsonic Jets near M1” slide
3
GOALS
•
Identify routes and evaluate risk between Subsonic flights and faster
Supersonic flights
•
Give recommendations as to the expectation of south pole passengers
•
Aircraft best suited for these flights
(Slides 9-11)
4
Goals Tree
Virtual Executive business Jet Flight Routes
Determine shortest Routes
Passengers value to reach remote areas
South America Continental
Subsonic
Sonic
Pacific Oceanic
Subsonic
Sonic
Both Routes
Supersonic
5
Goals Normative Scenarios
• Booming business opportunities as we are entering in a Global economy.
• Companies want to increase international business.
• Corporate Business Manufacturers racing to offer better, faster Aircrafts.
• Companies can continue to make a profit.
• Continue the high safety standards for air travel which exist today given
current/projected increased volume and other special scenarios
• Improve private jet aircraft to best benefiting from fastest flight
6
Out Scooping
•Who is concerned?
FAA, Aircraft manufacturers and Insurance Companies
•Why are they concerned? Expensive
aircrafts owners and passengers travel cost
Maintenance of Airports able to host modern jets
Pollution of a pristine continent during refueling and “chemtrails”
•What are their concerns?
•What is the threshold of concern where change becomes unacceptable?
Difficulty in identifying adequate benefits and if safety is at risk and pollution
flying and using Antarctic airports and refueling at freezing polar temperatures.
7
Stakeholders
•
•
•
•
•
•
International Company Executives
Passengers along the travel route
Tourists
Jet Charter Services
Antarctic Based Personnel
Emergency Medical Services
8
Subsonic Jets <M1
Bombardier
Mfg
Model
Passengers
Bombardier
Global 8000
Rolls-Royce Deutschland BR725A1-12
GE CF34-10E7-B
GE Passport engines
Embraer
Range
Gulfstream
Cruise
Kts
Eng.
Thrust
Lbs
TOFF
m
Landing
LR NM
Kg Max
Landing
Kg Max
Fuel/Cost
$/NM
Price
Approx
M
2+19
7900
488
16500
1740
843
48194
38590
5.55
65
Embraer
Lineage
1000
2+19
4550
454
18500
1870
812
55000
43000
9.81
43
Gulfstream
G500
2+14+19
5800
m
TOFF
(2008)
488
15385
1570
844
38600
34200
5.48
55
(2004)
9
Subsonic Jets Very close toM1(yr 2012)
Cessna Citation X
Falcon 7X
Mfg
Model
M
Passenger
s
Range
Cruis
e
Kts
Eng.
Thrust
Lbs
TOFF
m
Landing
LR NM
Cessna
Citation X
.92
2+12
3216
525
16500
1567
Dassault
.90
2+8-14
5950 (8)
446
19966
.985
2+14-19
5800
508
15385
Aviation
Falcon 7X
Gulfstream
G500
Kg Max
Landing
Kg Max
Fuel
Cost
$/NM
Price
Approx
M
1036
16374
14437
4.24
22(1996)
1678
2392
at 5k ft
628
31298
28304
5.55
50 (2008)
1570
844
38600
34200
5.48
55
m
TOFF
10
Supersonic Jets
SonicStar 4.5M
•Futuristic SonicStar up to 20 people at speeds of 2740 mph, M 4.15 at 40000 ft.
•Mfg. HyperMach claims SonicStar will be 30% more efficient than Concorde.
•Hull and wings will be largely built from super lightweight composites or titanium.
•SonicStar’s propulsion new concept the S-MAGJET.
•A hybrid system in which a generator unit, provides electric energy used by highly
efficient propulsion fans.
•This totally new concept would result in 70% more operational efficiency and
significantly reduced carbon footprint chemtrail.
•In fact, you wouldn’t hear any supersonic boom from the ground.
•Such ground-breaking technology takes time have to wait another decade or more
11
Business Reality
•Supersonic aircrafts creates a sonic boom
•More major noise disturbance over close-by areas.
•Currently there's no cost-effective market for supersonic business Jets
•Need a lot more fuel, and are more noisy (including sonic booms)
•Appears that the increase in speed just doesn't compensate
disadvantages in the current aviation business climate.
•Present fastest designs now in use, are subsonic.
•Continue with present jets under present business conditions
• On an improving economy, acquire Mach 2 Jet Aircrafts.
12
Assumptions
•A few key factors that were not included for the virtual flight between
JFK and SYD were:
• Airports over the selected routes may increase over time
•Good weather conditions or use diversionary airport
• All pilots with in route experience
•Aircraft and pilots need to be capable of landing on grass, gravel, ice
or snow, as some are no paved runways
•Don't operate planes in blizzard conditions any were
•Out of 28 airport landing facilities and all 37 Antarctic stations have helipads.
•All flight data are Great Circle used only as a guide
13
Engines
Bombardier Global 8000 aircraft's GE Passport engines, designed for this aircraft
With their lower fuel burn and significantly lower emission, they combine new levels of efficiency
and responsibility with tremendous power, performance and reliability.
Thrust: 16,500 lb
75.55 kn Flat Rated: ISA+20°C (95°F)
Embraer Lineage 1000 aircraft powered by two General Electric GE CF34-10E7-B podded
engines mounted below the wings, providing a thrust of 89.0kN. The engines are equipped with
Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) and thrust reversers.
19966 lbs
A Hamilton Sundstrand auxiliary power unit (APU) is mounted in the tailcone.
Gulfstream G650 is powered by two Rolls-Royce Deutschland BR725A1-12 turbofan engines,
which together generate 143.2kN of thrust at take-off. Manufactured in Germany, the engine has
been principally developed for ultra-long range business jets. It offers high thrust, a large payload,
better fuel efficiency, clean and quieter operation and longer maintenance intervals. It is equipped
with a 50in swept fan composed of 24 titanium blades for enhancing aerodynamic flow and
efficiency and reducing noise and emissions.
Cessna Citation X two dual channel FADEC controlled Rolls-Royce AE3007C1 turbofan
engines. It features two spools with a 14-stage axial flow compressor, two-stage high pressure
turbine and a three-stage low pressure turbine. The engine has a bypass ratio of 5:1 and a static
takeoff thrust at sea level of 6,764 pounds (30.09 kN) flat rated up to 86°F (30°C).
Hydraulically actuated, target-type thrust reversers are attached to each engine.
Auxiliary power unit (APU) is incorporated for engine start and other benefits.
Dessault Falcon 7X three Pratt & Whitney Canada PW307A turbofans each rated at 6,402 lb
thrust (SL ISA+17°C)
14
Avionics
Bombardier Global 8000 Flight Deck. Four Large (LCD) screens
Head-Up Display System (HUD),
Enhanced Vision System (EVS) and Synthetic Vision System (SVS) Graphical Flight Planning
Weather Radar with enhanced functionality like wind shear detection
Performance Based Navigation: Wide Area Augmentation (WAAS)-LPV Approach- RNAV,
En-route RNP & RNP AR Approaches
Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC)
Onboard Maintenance System (OMS)
Datalink, High Speed SATCOM Next Generation Cabin Management System (CMS)
Embraer Lineage 1000 Honeywell Primus Epic electronic flight information system and avionics suite is
highly intuitive, simplifying procedures, improving safety and allowing the pilot to concentrate on the successful
completion of the flight. The Primus Epic avionics suite provides five multifunction liquid crystal display screens.
A finger-on-touchpad cursor control allows the pilot to direct and query avionics functions.
A computerised aircraft flight manual and class II electronic flight bag create a paperless cockpit, further reducing
the pilot workload. The avionics system includes a Thales integrated electronic standby system.
The aircraft is equipped with radar Honeywell Primus colour weather,dual distance measuring equipment
(DME), global positioning system and automatic direction finder, VHF omnidirectional radio range localiser (VOR
/ LOC), traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) and microwave landing system (MLS).
Gulfstream G500 aircraft has a "PlaneView" cockpit, with 4 Honeywell DU-1310 EFIS screens
And a Gulfstream-designed cursor control system and Enhanced Vision System (EVS).
EVS is an infrared camera that displays an image of the view in front of the camera on a Head up display
The system permits to land in lower-visibility instrument meteorological conditions.
Cessna Citation X Honeywell provides the avionics system for the glass cockpit
The Honeywell Primus 2000 EFIS flight director system is composed of five 7"x8" CRT screens.Dual flight
management systems with GPS are standard.
Falcon 7X Advanced EASy flight deck with side stick, Digital FlightControl System, Honeywell Primus Epic
system, autothrottleand optional Collins Head-up Display and Enhanced FlightVision System
15
Antarctic
16
Antarctic
Terrain
17
Distances & Flight time .8M 460Kts
•
1 Depart John F Kennedy Intl, New York, USA
Arrive
•
2 Depart Ezeiza Intl - Ministro Pistarini, Buenos Aires, Argentina EZE
Arrive
•
Ezeiza Intl - Ministro Pistarini, Buenos Aires, Argentina EZE
Distance 4,589.80 (NM) / 5,282.98 (MI) / 8,500.31 (KM)
10:14 Hrs (includes 15 minute bias and air speed at 460Kts)
•
•
•
JFK
Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB
Distance 1,768.29 (NM) / 2,035.34 (MI) / 3,274.87 (KM)
4:06 Hrs (includes 15 minute bias and air speed at 460Kts)
ATLANTIC OCEAN
South Polar ice
•
3 Depart Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB
•
Arrive WILKINS Antartida Australia, YWKS
•
•
•
Distance 2,940.51 (NM) / 3,384.60 (MI) / 5,445.83 (KM)
6:39 Hrs (includes 15 minute bias and air speed at 460Kts)
Polar Flight
South PACIFIC Ocean
4 Depart WILKINS Antartida Australia, YWKS
Arrive Sydney Intl. Australia, SYD
Distance 2,407.07 (NM) / 2,770.60 (MI) / 4,457.90 (KM)
5:29 Hrs (includes 15 minute bias and air speed at 460Kts)
18
Route .8M 460 Kts diversionary airports
1 John F Kennedy Intl, New York, USA to Ezeiza Intl - Ministro Pistarini, Buenos Aires, Argentina EZE
Continent well know alternate, diversionary airport facilities…………………………………………………………………………4589.80 NM
10:14 Hr
2 Ezeiza Intl - Ministro Pistarini, Buenos Aires, Argentina EZE to Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB
I will consider Continental Flight as is near the visible coast with excellent diversionary airports and facilities as follows:
Mar Del Plata, Aeropuerto Internacional de Mar del Plata "Ástor Piazzolla" MDP
Bahía Blanca, Comandante Espora BHI/SAZB,
Trelew, Rio Negro Aeropuerto Almirante Marcos A. Zar REL
Rio Gallegos, Chubut, RGL ……Reference point…………………………………………………………………………………………1109.70 NM
4:06 Hr
3. Flight over the ATLANTIC OCEAN
from Rio Gallegos, RGL to Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB ……………………………………. 857.80 NM
4. Flight over the Antarctic Continental ice Polar Flight
2.07 Hr
from Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB to to WILKINS Australia Antarctic, YWKS ………………2940.51 NM
Alternate Airport McMurdo Station NZWD and other listed in worldaerodata.com/antarctic
6:39 Hr
5. Flight over the South PACIFIC Ocean to Sydney Intl.Australia, SYD………………………………………..2407.07 NM
5:29 Hr
Flight over Oceans…………………………3264.00 NM …………...27.42%……..Hrs 7:36
Flight Over Continents…………………….8640.88 NM……………72.28%.……. Hrs 20:59
Flight JFK, NY to SYD Australia………. 11904.88NM………………………………28:35 Hr
19
Route .8M 460 Kts Flying Pacific
1 John F Kennedy Intl, New York, JFK to Los Angeles La. LAX …………………………………..2150.62 NM
well know alternate, diversionary airport facilities
4:56 Hr
Flight over the Pacific OCEAN
2 Los Angeles, La LAX to Honolulu HNL……………………………………………………………….2220.96 NM
5.05 Hr
3 Honolulu Int HNL to Fiji Island Nadi Int. NAN…………………………………………………………2748.06 NM
6.13 Hr
4. Fiji Island Nadi Int. NAN to Sydney Intl.Australia, SYD…………………………………………….1711.54 NM
3:58 Hr
Flight Over Continents……………………2150.62 NM……………%.……. Hrs 4:56
Flight over Oceans……………………….. 6680.56 NM …………...%……..Hrs 15:16
Flight JFK, NY to SYD Australia 8831.18 NM…………………………… 20:12 Hr
20
Route .9M 516 Kts
same div Airports
1 John F Kennedy Intl, New York, USA to Ezeiza Intl - Ministro Pistarini, Buenos Aires, Argentina EZE
Continent well know alternate, diversionary airport facilities…………………………………………………………………… 4589.80 NM
9:09 Hr
2 Ezeiza Intl - Ministro Pistarini, Buenos Aires, Argentina EZE to Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB
I will consider Continental Flight as is near the visible coast with excellent diversionary airports and facilities as follows:
Rio Gallegos, Chubut, RGL ……Reference point…………………………………………………………………………………………1109.70 NM
3:41 Hr
3. Flight over the ATLANTIC OCEAN
from Rio Gallegos, RGL to Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB ……………………………………. 857.80 NM
4. Flight over the Antarctic Continental ice Polar Flight
5:57 Hr
from Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB to to WILKINS Australia Antarctic, YWKS ………………2940.51 NM
5. Flight over the South PACIFIC Ocean to Sydney Intl.Australia, SYD………………………………………..2407.07 NM
Flight over Oceans…………………………3264.00 NM …………...27.42%……..
Flight Over Continents…………………….8640.88 NM……………72.28%.…….
Flight JFK, NY to SYD Australia………. 11904.88NM………………………………..23:42 Hr
21
Route .9M 516 Kts Flying Pacific
1 John F Kennedy Intl, New York, JFK to Los Angeles La. LAX …………………………………..2150.62 NM
well know alternate, diversionary airport facilities
4:25 Hr
Flight over the Pacific OCEAN
2 Los Angeles, La LAX to Honolulu HNL……………………………………………………………….2220.96 NM
4.33 Hr
3 Honolulu Int HNL to Fiji Island Nadi Int. NAN…………………………………………………………2748.06 NM
5:35 Hr
4. Fiji Island Nadi Int. NAN to Sydney Intl.Australia, SYD…………………………………………….1711.54 NM
3:34 Hr
Flight Over Continents……………………2150.62 NM……………%
Flight over Oceans……………………….. 6680.56 NM …………...%
Flight JFK, NY to SYD Australia 8831.18 NM……………………………….18:07Hr
22
Route M1573Kts same diver. Airports
1 John F Kennedy Intl, New York, USA to Ezeiza Intl - Ministro Pistarini, Buenos Aires, Argentina EZE
Continent well know alternate, diversionary airport facilities…………………………………………………………………… 4589.80 NM
10:14 Hr
8:16 Hr
2 Ezeiza Intl - Ministro Pistarini, Buenos Aires, Argentina EZE to Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB
I will consider Continental Flight as is near the visible coast with excellent diversionary airports and facilities as follows:
Rio Gallegos, Chubut, RGL ……Reference point…………………………………………………………………………………………1109.70 NM
4:06 Hr
3. Flight over the ATLANTIC OCEAN
from Rio Gallegos, RGL to Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB ……………………………………. 857.80 NM
4. Flight over the Antarctic Continental ice Polar Flight
2.07 Hr
3:20 Hr
from Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB to to WILKINS Australia Antarctic, YWKS ………………2940.51 NM
A5. Flight over the South PACIFIC Ocean to Sydney Intl.Australia, SYD………………………………………..2407.07 NM
5:29 Hr
4:27 Hr
Flight over Oceans…………………………3264.00 NM …………...27.42%……..Hrs 7:36
Flight Over Continents…………………….8640.88 NM……………72.28%.……. Hrs 20:59
Flight JFK, NY to SYD Australia………. 11904.88NM………………28:35 Hr
21:26 Hr
23
Route M1 573 Kts Flying Pacific
1 John F Kennedy Intl, New York, JFK to Los Angeles La. LAX …………………………………..2150.62 NM
well know alternate, diversionary airport facilities
4:56 Hr
4:00 Hr
Flight over the Pacific OCEAN
2 Los Angeles, La LAX to Honolulu HNL……………………………………………………………….2220.96 NM
5.05 Hr
4:08 Hr
3 Honolulu Int HNL to Fiji Island Nadi Int. NAN…………………………………………………………2748.06 NM
6.13 Hr
5:03 Hr
4. Fiji Island Nadi Int. NAN to Sydney Intl.Australia, SYD…………………………………………….1711.54 NM
3:58 Hr
3:14 Hr
Flight Over Continents……………………2150.62 NM……………%.……. Hrs 4:56
Flight over Oceans……………………….. 6680.56 NM …………...%……..Hrs 15:16
Flight JFK, NY to SYD Australia 8831.18 NM……………………20:12 Hr
16:25 Hr
24
Route M2 1148 Kts
same diver. Airports
1 John F Kennedy Intl, New York, USA to Ezeiza Intl - Ministro Pistarini, Buenos Aires, Argentina EZE
Continent well know alternate, diversionary airport facilities…………………………………………………………………………4589.80 NM
4:15 Hr
2 Ezeiza Intl - Ministro Pistarini, Buenos Aires, Argentina EZE to Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB
I will consider Continental Flight as is near the visible coast with excellent diversionary airports and facilities as follows:
Mar Del Plata, Aeropuerto Internacional de Mar del Plata "Ástor Piazzolla" MDP
Bahía Blanca, Comandante Espora BHI/SAZB,
Trelew, Rio Negro Aeropuerto Almirante Marcos A. Zar REL
Rio Gallegos, Chubut, RGL
Estimated to Rio Gallegos area ……………………………………………………………………………..1000 NM
1:00 Hr
Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB ……………………………………………………………………………768.29NM
0:47 Hr
Direct tot
1768.29 NM
3. Flight over the Antarctic Continental ice Polar Flight
1:47Hr
from Base Marambio, Antartida Argentina, SAWB to to WILKINS Australia Antarctic, YWKS ………………2940.51 NM
Alternate Airport McMurdo Station NZWD and other listed in worldaerodata.com/antarctic
2:49 Hr
Flight over the South PACIFIC Ocean to Sydney Intl. Australia, SYD………………………………………………2407.07 NM
2:21 Hr
Flight over Oceans…………………………2407.07 NM …………...22.00 %……..Hrs 3:08
Flight Over Continents…………………….8530.21 NM……………78.00 %.……. Hrs 8:04
Flight JFK, NY to SYD Australia…… 10937.38 NM…………………………..…… Hr11:12
25
Route M2 1148 Kts Flying Pacific
1 John F Kennedy Intl, New York, JFK to Los Angeles La. LAX …………………………………..2150.62 NM
well know alternate, diversionary airport facilities
2:07 Hr
Flight over the Pacific OCEAN
2 Los Angeles, La LAX to Honolulu HNL………………………………………………………………..2202.96 NM
5:05 Hr
3 Honolulu Int HNL to Fiji Island Nadi Int. NAN…………………………………………………………2748.06 NM
2:39 Hr
4. Fiji Island Nadi Int. NAN to Sydney Intl.Australia, SYD…………………………………………….1711.54 NM
1:44 Hr
Flight Over Continents……………………2150.62 NM……………%.……. Hrs 2:07
Flight over Oceans……………………….. 6680.56 NM …………...%……..Hrs
Flight JFK, NY to SYD Australia 8831.18 NM…………………………… Hr 11:35
26
Graphic comparison
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
460
Kts
1114
Kts
2896
Kts
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
460 Kts=.8M Subsonic
(573Kts=1M)
Polar flight 28:35 Hr 11904.88 NM
Pacific flight 20:32 Hr 8831.18 NM
•
•
•
•
•
2896 Kts=4.5 M Supersonic
Direct Flight 3:14 Hr
8646.25 NM
1114 Kts=2 M Supersonic
Polar flight 11:12Hr 10937.38 NM
Pacific flight 11:35Hr 8831.18 NM
These values are great circle distances
Intended data use as a guide only.
27
Metric of assessments at different M speeds flight JFK to SYD
Flight
Speed
M/Kts
Hr
Differential
Hr between
Routes
NM
Polar
.8/460
28:35
8:23
11904.
88
8640.88
3264.00
.8/460
20:12
8:23
8831.1
8
2150.62
.9/516
23:42
5:37
11904.
88
.9/516
18:07
5:37
1/573
21:26
1/573
Polar
Ocean
Risk
Alternate
Airports
Over all
Risk
Temp
Related
Std.Airlines
& Pole
Minimum
Moderate
6680.56
Normal Over
Water
Std.Airlines
Moderate
8640.88
3264.00
Temp
Related
Std.Airlines
& Pole
Minimum
Moderate
8831.1
8
2150.62
6680.56
Normal Over
Water
Std.Airlines
Moderate
5:01
11904.
88
8640.88
3264.00
Temp
Related
Std.Airlines
& Pole
Minimum
Moderate
16:25
5:01
8831.1
8
2150.62
6680.56
Normal Over
Water
Std.Airlines
Moderate
2/1114
11:12
-0:23
10937.
38
8530.21
2407.07
Temp
Related
Std.Airlines
& Pole
Minimum
Moderate
Pacific
2/1114
11:35
-0:23
8831.1
8
2150.62
6680.56
Normal Over
Water
Std.Airlines
Moderate
Both
Routes
4.5/2896
3:14
8646.2
5
Passenger &
Weather
dependent
Passenger
&
Weather
dependent
Normal Over
Water
Std.Airlines
& Pole
Minimum
Lower+
Subsonic
Pacific
Subsonic
Polar
Subsonic
Pacific
Subsonic
Polar
Sonic
Pacific
Sonic
Supersonic
Supersonic
Supersonic
Land
28
Conclusion Best Route
•Flights at M4.5 now moves along the 75⁰ meridian circle path over the Pacific Ocean,
along the west side of the Andes flying over costal waters with short distance to land
At M2 Kts the flying time are about the same.
As we increase the speed flying hours are reduced as we approach M1 flying .9 M
with faster business executives jets in the market the polar route is the best route.
Polar routes offer the opportunity for SA Countries, Patagonia and Antarctic far away
population Reach Australia and the myriad of South Pacific islands.
Returning to LA and JFK round trip.
The use of these southern routes is overdue as present jets almost at M1
technology speed are available for more than one decade.
A disclosed air-refueling can allow for XLRange flights to reach oriental
countries.
29
Important early South Pole Flights
• Byrd’s American explorerFlight over the Pole,
• Armada Argentina first flight to the Pole, with descent, made from SA,
• Quantas Airlines Sightseeing Flights from Australia,
1929
1962
1994
30
Byrd’s Flight over the Pole, 1929
They jettisoned empty fuel cans and
food to lighten the load.
Cleared the terrain by about 600 feet. Just
after 1200 UTC (local midnight) on Friday,
29 November 1929.
TheFloyd Bennett and its crew flew over
the Earth’s South Pole then, the aircraft
headed back to Little America base at
1225 UTC.
Balchen landed the airplane to take on 200
gallons of fuel that had been pre-positioned
at the base of the Liv Glacier. TheFloyd
Bennett took-off again and landed back
at Little America around 21:10 UTC. Total
mission time was nearly 19 hours.
The Floyd Bennett (Ford S/N NX4542) flew the epic polar air journey.
All-metal aircraft with 50-ft in length and wing span of 76-ft.. Weight about 6,500 pounds.
Powered by a single 520-HP Wright Cyclone and a pair of 200-HP Wright Whirlwind radial engines
Crew pilot Brent Balchen, co-pilot Harold June, navigator American explorer Richard E. Byrd, and radio
operator Ashley McKinley.
Following departure from Little America at 02:39 UTC, headed for the South Pole via sun compass.
Myriad glaciers, massifs, plateaus, and crevasses marked the stark, rugged landscape unfolding under
flight path.
The most imposing were the Queen Maud Mountains that towered more than 11,000 feet above sea level.
31
ARA South Pole Flight, 1962
Douglas C-47
From Rio Gallegos 12/8/1961 three transports of unit UT-8 flew to a track semi-prep, the
Larsen ice barrier airfield, Jorge A. Campbell.
The two Douglas C-47, under Commander Hermes QUIJADA “anevizaron” traveling the
1500 Km flight at 8:17 pm, while the Douglas DC-4 returned to Rio Gallegos .
Then at 09:00 pm 12/26/1961 flew 1700 Km to Ellsworth Research Station.
On 01/06/1962 at 13:00 pm both took off from Ellsworth Douglas C-47 aircraft and flew
the 1350 miles that separated them from the U.S. base (Amundsen-Scott South Pole
Station), and “anevizaron” at 21:10 hours.
It was the first flight to the Geographic South Pole, with descent, made from the
Americas. The next day, the two aircraft started back.
32
Quantas South Pole Flights, 1994
Since 1994, Antarctica Sightseeing Flights, in conjunction with Qantas, has taken
thousands of passengers on memorable sightseeing flights over East Antarctica, Australian
Antarctic Territory and New Zealand’s Ross Dependency. We invite you to join us this
southern summer for an unforgettable and rare travel experience to this magnificent
continent departing from Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth.
•What to expect
•Inclusions
•Price and Seat Rotation
•Flights
•Incredible Sightseeing
•Full Antarctic Experience
•Qantas Service
•New Year's Eve Party Flight
Flights aboard a privately chartered Qantas 747 are included and last approximately 12.5 hours. This is not
classed as an international flight so it is not necessary for you to have a passport, however you will be
required to provide government approved identification at check-in.
33
Route to Pole ARA, 1962
http://www.marambio.aq/galeria/displayimage.php?album=142&pid=83 - top_display_media
34
FAA's policy letter Guidance for Polar Operations (3/5/2001
•
•
•
•
Special requirements for polar flight.
Two cold-weather suits, special communication capability.
Designation of arctic diversion airports and firm recovery plans for passengers.
Fuel freeze strategy and monitoring requirements
•
•
Jet fuel freeze temperatures range between -40 and -50 °C.
These temperatures are frequently encountered at cruise altitude throughout the
world with no effect since the fuel retains heat from lower elevations, but the intense
cold and extended duration of polar flights may cause fuel temperature to approach
its freezing point.
•
Modern long-distance airliners are equipped to alert flight crew when fuel
temperatures reach these levels. The crew must then change altitude, though in
some cases due to the low stratosphere over polar regions and its inversion
properties the air may actually be somewhat warmer at higher altitudes Slide 38
3/10/2016
35
Super Long Range Polar Flight Fully Loaded With Aerial Refueling
• Business Jets flying in an FAA NextGen mode
• Air Refueling air stations on designated limited air spaces.
• Location near costal polar areas or costal airport diversionary facilities
• Presently max speed and range with reduced passengers count, extended
• as per aircraft manufacturer specifications and service maintenance requirements
• Aircraft manufactures need to install refueling coupling and provide adequate certifications
• Flying with Full Passenger’s seat count will increase revenues and competiveness
• Aircraft investors will benefit of faster ROI and will allow to reinvest in new Jets.
• In flight fuel cost will be the normal ground plus the added cost of the service
• Further fuel saving using with fuel from local oil wells refined at local facilities.
• Integration of air and ground services and oil industry.
• Ground financing as automotive gas station finance model
• A wealth of air refueling experience by Boeing and Embraer’s materialized in the Boeing
new KC-46 and Embraer KC-390 refueling s available before 2020.
3/10/2016
36
Consulted Sources
•
•
•
ETOPS, Extended Operations, and En Route Alternate Airports Brad Bachtel,
C.M.Airport Technology Boeing Commercial Airplanes FAA / AAAE Basic Airport Safety
Operatins Specialists School 22 October, 2003
•
FAA’s Ne tGen Air Traffic Control Group II-ATEAM II Third AESS Chapter
Submmit18August 2011, San Francisco, CA by: Ing. Luis A. Riesco, Senior Life
•
•
IEEE AES/TMS Chair/Treasurer, New Jersey Coast Section
Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast NJIT
Ing. Luis A. Riesco IEEE-AESS Life Senior Member
Time Distance Flight Calculator (Great Circle) used in my calculations
http://www.airrouting.com/content/TimeDistanceForm.aspx
“Great Circle Maps” For Polar routes use JFK-EZE and EZE-SYD (or will show the Pacific route)
http://gc.kls2.com/ A lot of useful info. But a poor description of Antarctic facilities.
http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/mision/base_marambio.html#actualidad
Actualidad then down to down to 10. Public Airport description and services
http://www.flap152.com/ recommended for up to date info of SA airports, free subscription
Devoted to flaying safety.
37
Atmosphere Temperature °C/Km Height
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38
Table of Content
1. At M2 South Pole Continental Flight
21. Route.9 516 Kts same div Airports
2. Executive Summary
22. Route.9M 516 Kts Pacific
3. Background Information
23.Route M1 573 Kts same div Airports
4. Goals
24.Route M1 573 Kts Pacific
5. Goals Tree
25.Route M2 1148 Kts same div. Airports
6. Goals Goals Normative Scenario
26. Route M2 1148 Kts Pacific
7. Out Scooping
27. Graphic Comparison
8. Stakeholders
28. Metrics JFK to SYD vs. M speed
9. Subsonic Jets <M1
29. Conclusion Best Route
10. Subsonic Jets near M1
30. Important early SP Flights
11. Supersonic Jets
31. Byrd’s Flight over the Pole, 1929
12. Business Reality
32. ARA SP Flight, 1962
13. Assumptions
33. Quantas SP Flights, 1994
14. Engines
34. Route to the Pole ARA 1962
15. Avionics
35. FAA’s policy letter polar flights
16. Antarctic Continent
36. XLR fully loaded with refueling
17. Antarctic Terrain
37. Consulted Sources
18. Distance and Flight times
38. Atmosphere temp. profile
19. Route .8M 460 Kts div Airports
39. Table of Content
20. Route .8M 460 Kts Pacific
3/10/2016
35.
39