Chapter 2: Environmental History: Learning from the Past
Human History
Three Cultural Changes
What are some effects of these
cultural changes?
Hunter-Gatherers
Agricultural Revolution
Industrial/Medical Revolution
Information and Global Revolution
What are the 4 eras of US History?


__________________________ have been on the Earth 160,000 years
Until 12,000 years ago we were ___________________________ moving
as we needed for food
1) _________________________________
Began 10-12,000 years ago
2) _________________________________
150 years ago
3) _________________________________
50 years ago
Have increased our impact on the environment in several ways
1)
2)
3)
4)
Most of our existence
1)
2)
3)
 Population grew ____________________
 _________________ environmental impact
Due to:
 Understanding of ____________________________________
 Low ________________________
 Low _________________________ use
 Migration to allow reparation
 Lack of ______________________________
Began 10-12,000 years ago
Hunter-gatherers  _________________ and created
____________________________________
Plant cultivation developed
 ______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
 Grew food for __________________________________________
 Little ____________________ on the environment (NO machinery)
Began in England in 1700s and US in 1800s—HUGE shift in culture!
Cultural Shifts:
 ________________________  ____________________________
 Localized goods_________________________________________
 Rural  _______________________________________
 Increased ______________________________________________
 Population ____________________ sharply
 Environmental impact ___________________
1950s New technology to gain rapid access to global information
1)
2)
3)
4)
Tribal Era
Frontier Era
Early Conservation Era








________________________________________________
10,000 years before European settlement
Hunter Gatherers
_________________________________________________________
_________________ population
_______________ environmental impact
Early 1600s—European Settlement
_____________________________________________-vast and
inexhaustible resources
 Tribes and lands conquered
 Government declared frontier officially closed in 1890
Early Conservation Era (1870-1930)
 Alarm at _____________________________________
 Urged part of unspoiled wilderness to be protected as legacy to future
generations
 _____________ and other writers addressed issues
 Active role of __________________ increases
 ***Environmental change within democracies involves voicing opinions
through ___________________________, __________________,
______________________ and _________________________________
1891-Forest Reserve Act
1892-John Muir
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1908)





Established _________________________ and _______________ size of
national reserve
Given power to designate public land as ___________________________
1905: ______________________________________________
1906: ______________________________________________
Golden Age of Conservation
1916: National Park Service Act
President Herbert Hoover
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
1960s
1970s
 1933: ________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________
1940s and 50s had little change
Environmental Era
Citizen began _______________________________________________
 1962:

1963:

1964:

1968:

1969:
Environmental Decade
 1970:
Nixon
 1970:
 1973:
1970s cont.

1978:
Jimmy Carter
 1977:


1980s
1990-2012
Types of Environmental Laws
1977:
1980:
Tripled land in __________________________________________ and
doubled land in ________________________________________
 ANTI-____________________ movement formed to laws in the 60s and
70s
Ronald Reagan:
 __________________ private energy, mineral development & timber
 Funding for environmental resources __________________
 “______________” movement formed to weaken government over
environmental issues
George Bush Sr.
 Weakened protections on lots of public land
 Passage of ________________________________________________
Bill Clinton
 Protected lots of public lands and national monuments
 1997: _______________________ Met to negotiate a treaty to
decrease emissions and slow climate change
George Bush Jr.
 Withdrew US from Kyoto Treaty
 Similar to dad’s policies
Barack Obama
 Still in progress…
1)______________________________________________________________
Ex)
2) _____________________________________________________________
Ex)
3) _____________________________________________________________
Ex)
4) _____________________________________________________________
Ex)
5) _____________________________________________________________
Ex)
6) _____________________________________________________________
Ex)
Environmental Groups
Nature Conservancy
Sierra Club
National Wildlife Federation, etc.