Inorganic chemical nomenclature
(textbook: 12 - 25)
Noble gases
Alkaline earth
Alkalimetals
metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
METALS
Electronegativity
Oxidation state (oxidation number)
Valence
Ionic charge - "real electric charge"
cations: Na+
Ca2+ Al3+
anions: Cl- SO42-
Chemical formulas
We have several types of formulas:
(according to the information they contain)
1) Empirical formula
2) Molecular formula
3) "Condensed formula"
4) Structural formula
5) Structural formula showing unshared electrons
1) EMPIRICAL
- relative number of each type of atom (ratio of the elements)
- e.g.
H2SO4
Al2O3
CH2O
2) MOLECULAR
- real number of atoms in the molecule
- e.g.
H2SO4
3) "CONDENSED"
Al2O3
C6H12O6
(functional groups)
- characteristic groups of atoms (=functional groups)
- e.g.
Mg(OH)2
(NH4)2SO4
K4[Fe(CN)6]
4) STRUCTURAL
- types and arrangement of bonds between atoms
5) STRUCTURAL with unshared electrons
- shows also unshared (non-bonding) electron pairs
Latin nomenclature (INN)
INN = International Nonproprietary Names
- intended to be used worldwide for the identification of a given
pharmaceutical substance
- free of any protection of rights of ownership
- recommendations come from World Health Organization (WHO)
"Drug names"
TRADE NAME - registered to pharmaceutical company
- protection of rights of ownership
CHEMICAL NAME - long, difficult
GENERIC NAME (INN) – "free"
e.g.
simvastatinum
- trade names in the Czech republic: Zocor, Simgal, Simvor, Vasilip,
Simvastatin AL, APO-Simva, ...
... - statinum  drug for lowering cholesterol
Symbols of chemical elements
- derived from LATIN name
K
Kalium
N
Nitrogenium
Na
Natrium
B
Borum
Br
Bromum
Ag
Argentum
Ar
Argonum
English name - - - > symbol
lead
L
Le
As
?
Plumbum
Pb
Arsenum
Trip to linguistics (morphology)
PREFIX
STEM of the word
SUFFIX
(ending)
hypo - chlor - ate
Latin is a highly inflected language.
nouns - six cases
- many declensions
1. nominative
2. genitive
3. dative
4. accusative
5. vocative
6. ablative
Natrium
Natrii
Natrio
Natrium
Natrium
Natrio
Genitive forms
element names - usual ending:
- UM
Lithium, Ferrum, Cuprum, Calcium
genitive form
-I
Lithii, Ferri, Cupri, Calcii
Plumbum
-->
Plumbi
Natrium
-->
Natrii
Elements with different names in English and in Latin !!!
Sb
Cu
Au
Fe
Pb
Hg
Ni
K
Si
Ag
Na
Sn
W
antimony
copper
gold
iron
lead
mercury
nickel
potassium
silicon
silver
sodium
tin
tungsten
Stibium
Cuprum
Aurum
Ferrum
Plumbum
Hydrargyrum
Niccolum
Kalium
Silicium
Argentum
Natrium
Stannum
Wolframium
Numerical prefixes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
mono
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona
deca
11
12
13
undeca
dodeca
trideca
20
100
eicosa
hecta
1/2
3/2
hemi
sesqui
Names of oxides
1) Oxides of NONMETALS
CO
CO2
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
SO2
SO3
sulfur dioxide
sulfur trioxide
As2O3
As2O5
diarsenic trioxide
diarsenic pentoxide
- numerical prefixes
Names of oxides
1) Oxides of METALS
Only one oxid. state:
CaO
Al2O3
calcium oxide
aluminum oxide
More oxid. states:
FeO
Fe2O3
iron (II) oxide
iron (III) oxide
Names of oxides (INN)
Genitive form of the name for the element + OXIDUM
(numerical prefixes are employed)
K2O
CaO
Al2O3
SnO2
Sb2O5
SO3
Dikalii oxidum
Calcii oxidum
Dialuminii trioxidum
Stanni dioxidum
Distibii pentaoxidum
Sulfuris trioxidum ! ( sulfur, -is ) 3rd decl.
Names of peroxides
element + PEROXIDE
H2O2
Na2O2
BaO2
hydrogen peroxide
sodium peroxide
barium peroxide
Names of peroxides (INN)
Genitive form of the name for the element + PEROXIDUM
H2O2
Na2O2
BaO2
Hydrogenii peroxidum
Natrii peroxidum
Barii peroxidum
Names of hydroxides
element + HYDROXIDE
( if element forms more hydroxides – specify it ! )
NaOH
Ca(OH)2
Mg(OH)2
sodium hydroxide
calcium hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
iron (II) hydroxide
iron (III) hydroxide
Names of hydroxides (INN)
Genitive form of the name for element + HYDROXIDUM
( numerical prefix: if element forms more hydroxides )
NaOH
Ca(OH)2
Mg(OH)2
Natrii hydroxidum
Calcii hydroxidum
Magnesii hydroxidum
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
Ferri dihydroxidum
Ferri trihydroxidum
Names of acids
1. Acids not containing oxygen ("binary acids")
HYDRO.... -IC ACID
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
H2S
HCN
or
hydrofluoric acid
hydrochloric acid
hydrobromic acid
hydroiodic acid
hydrogen sulfide
hydrogen cyanide
HYDROGEN
.... -IDE
2. Oxyacids
How many oxyacids can the element form ?
a) only one
H2CO3
H3BO3
H2SiO3
H2MoO4
.... -IC ACID
carbonic acid
boric acid
silicic acid
molybdic acid !!!
a) two
Lower oxidation n.
Higher oxidation n.
.... -OUS ACID
.... -IC ACID
H2SO3
H2SO4
sulfurous acid
sulfuric acid
HNO2
HNO3
nitrous acid
nitric acid
H3PO3
H3PO4
phosphorous acid
phosphoric acid
a) more than two
HClO
HClO2
HClO3
HClO4
The same way:
H2MnO4
HMnO4
the halogens
Cl, Br, I
hypochlorous acid
chlorous acid
chloric acid
perchloric acid
"traditional"
manganic acid
permanganic acid
Names of acids (INN)
1. Acids not containing oxygen ("binary acids")
ACIDUM HYDRO …… -ICUM
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
H2S
HCN
Acidum hydrofluoricum
Acidum hydrochloricum
Acidum hydrobromicum
Acidum hydroiodicum
Acidum hydrosulfuricum
Acidum hydrocyanicum
2. Oxyacids
How many oxyacids can the element form ?
a) only one
H2CO3
H3BO3
H2SiO3
H2MoO4
ACIDUM ……-ICUM
Acidum carbonicum
Acidum boricum
Acidum silicicum
Acidum molybdaenicum
a) two
Lower oxidation n.
Higher oxidation n.
ACIDUM ……-OSUM
ACIDUM ……-ICUM
H2SO3
H2SO4
Acidum sulfurosum
Acidum sulfuricum
HNO2
HNO3
Acidum nitrosum
Acidum nitricum
H3PO3
H3PO4
Acidum phosphorosum
Acidum phosphoricum
a) more than two
HClO
HClO2
HClO3
HClO4
The same way:
H2MnO4
HMnO4
the halogens
Cl, Br, I
Acidum hypochlorosum
Acidum chlorosum
Acidum chloricum
Acidum hyperchloricum
( perchloricum )
"traditional"
Acidum manganicum
Acidum hypermanganicum
Names of salts
1. Salts of binary acids
(acids not containing oxygen)
cation +
……- IDE
more oxidation states of cation: specify it ! e.g. iron (II)
NaCl
AgI
KCN
ZnS
sodium chloride
silver iodide
potassium cyanide
zinc sulfide
Common elements with two oxidation states in cations
FeII
iron (II)
ferrous
FeIII
iron (III)
ferric
CuI
copper (I)
cuprous
CuII
copper (II)
cupric
HgI
mercury (I) mercurous
HgII
mercury (II) mercuric
AuI
gold (I)
AuIII
gold (III)
SnII
tin (II)
SnIV
tin (IV)
TlI
thallium (I)
TlIII
thallium (III)
PbII
lead (II)
PbIV
lead (IV)
stannous
plumbous
stannic
plumbic
Salts of elements with more oxidation states
FeCl2
FeCl3
iron (II) chloride
iron (III) chloride
CuI
CuI2
copper (I) iodide
copper (II) iodide
Hg2Cl2
HgCl2
mercury (I) chloride
mercury (II) chloride
2. Salts of oxyacids
cation
according to acid also:
Na2CO3
K2SO3
NaClO
FeSO4
NH4BrO2
+
… -ATE ( if acid -ic )
… - ITE ( if acid -ous )
HYPO-
sodium carbonate
potassium sulfite
sodium hypochlorite
iron (II) sulfate
Ammonium bromite
PER-
Names of salts (INN)
1. Salts of binary acids
(acids not containing oxygen)
genitive form of the cation + ……- IDUM
more oxidation states of cation:
NaCl
AgI
KCN
ZnS
Natrii chloridum
Argenti iodidum
Kalii cyanidum
Zinci sulfuridum !!!
lower:
higher
-osi
-i
Common elements with two oxidation states in cations
FeII
Ferrosi
FeIII
Ferri
CuI
Cuprosi
CuII
Cupri
HgI
Hydrargyrosi
HgII
Hydrargyri
AuI
Aurosi
AuIII
Auri
SnII
Stannosi
SnIV
Stanni
TlI
Thallosi
TlIII
Thallii
Salts of elements with more oxidation states
FeCl2
FeCl3
Ferrosi chloridum
Ferri chloridum
CuI
CuI2
Cuprosi iodidum
Cupri iodidum
Hg2Cl2
HgCl2
Hydrargyrosi chloridum
Hydrargyri chloridum
2. Salts of oxyacids
cation in genitive + … -AS
( -osi, -i )
… - IS
according to acid also:
Na2CO3
K2SO3
NaClO
FeSO4
NH4BrO2
HYPO-
Natrii carbonas
Kalii sulfis
Natrii hypochloris
Ferrosi sulfas
Ammonii bromis
( if acid -icum )
( if acid -osum )
HYPER-
Names of hydrogensalts
HYDROGEN
(numerical prefix if needed)
NaHS
NaHCO3
KHSO3
sodium hydrogen sulfide
sodium hydrogen carbonate
potassium hydrogen sulfite
Na3PO4
Na2HPO4
NaH2PO4
sodium phosphate
sodium hydrogen phosphate
sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Names of hydrogensalts (INN)
prefix:
HYDROGENO(numerical prefix if needed)
NaHS
NaHCO3
KHSO3
Natrii hydrogenosulfuridum
Natrii hydrogenocarbonas
Kalii hydrogenosulfis
Na3PO4
Na2HPO4
NaH2PO4
Natrii phosphas
Natrii hydrogenophosphas
Natrii dihydrogenophosphas
Names of basic salts
Mg(OH)Cl
Cd(OH)I
Al(OH)CO3
Magnesium chloride hydroxide
Cadmium iodide hydroxide
Aluminum carbonate hydroxide
Names of basic salts (INN)
prefix:
Mg(OH)Cl
Cd(OH)I
Al(OH)CO3
SUB-
Magnesii subchloridum
Cadmii subiodidum
Aluminii subcarbonas
Names of hydrates
….. HYDRATE
numerical prefix
CuSO4 . 5 H2O copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
MgCl2 . 6 H2O
magnesium chloride hexahydrate
CaSO4 . 1/2 H2O calcium sulfate hemihydrate
anhydrous:
Na2CO3
(Only if you want to point out this.)
sodium carbonate anhydrous
Names of hydrates (INN)
….. HYDRICUS ( -UM)
numerical prefix
CuSO4 . 5 H2O Cupri sulfas pentahydricus
MgCl2 . 6 H2O
Magnesii chloridum hexahydricum
CaSO4 . 1/2 H2O Calcii sulfas hemihydricus
anhydrous:
Na2CO3
(Only if you want to point out this.)
Natrii carbonas anhydricus
Names of polyacids and their salts
(Number of central atoms is expressed by numerical prefix)
H2B4O7
Na2B4O7
tetraboric acid
sodium tetraborate
H2Cr2O7
K2Cr2O7
dichromic acid
potassium dichromate
Names of polyacids and their salts (INN)
(Number of central atoms is expressed by numerical prefix)
H2B4O7
Na2B4O7
Acidum tetraboricum
Natrii tetraboras
H2Cr2O7
K2Cr2O7
Acidum dichromicum
Kalii dichromas
"Functional replacement" derivatives of oxyacids
Peroxyacids
-O-H group replaced by -O-O-H
(HOO)NO2
(HOO)2CO
peroxynitric acid
diperoxycarbonic acid
Thioacids
oxygen is replaced by sulfur
H2S2O3
H2CS3
( -O-H replaced by -S-H )
=O replaced by =S
thiosulfuric acid
trithiocarbonic acid
"Functional replacement" derivatives of oxyacids (INN)
Peroxyacids
-O-H group replaced by -O-O-H
(HOO)NO2
(HOO)2CO
Acidum peroxonitricum
Acidum diperoxocarbonicum
Thioacids
oxygen is replaced by sulfur
H2S2O3
H2CS3
( -O-H replaced by -S-H )
=O replaced by =S
Acidum thiosulfuricum
Acidum trithiocarbonicum
Double salts
(salts containing more than one cation or anion)
AlK(SO4)2
CaMg(CO3)2
Aluminum potassium sulfate
ZnBrF
Cu3(CO3)2F2
Zinc bromide fluoride
Calcium magnesium carbonate
Copper (II) carbonate fluoride
Double salts (INN)
(salts containing more than one cation or anion)
AlK(SO4)2
CaMg(CO3)2
Aluminii kalii sulfas
ZnBrF
Cu3(CO3)2F2
Zinci bromidum fluoridum
Calcii magnesii carbonas
Cupri carbonas fluoridum