Systems Analysis & Design
7th Edition
Chapter 1
1
Chapter Objectives
 Discuss the impact of information technology
on business strategy and success
 Define an information system and describe its
components
 Explain how profiles and models can represent
business functions and operations
 Explain how the Internet has affected business
strategies and relationships
 Identify various types of information systems
and explain who uses them
2
Chapter Objectives
 Explain modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools
 Distinguish between structured analysis and
object-oriented analysis
 Compare the systems development life cycle
waterfall model to adaptive models
 Discuss the role of the information technology
department and the systems analysts who
work there
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Introduction
 Companies use information
as a weapon in the battle to
increase productivity,
deliver quality products
and services, maintain
customer loyalty, and make
sound decisions
 Information technology can
mean the difference
between success and
failure
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The Impact of Information
Technology
 Information Technology
– Combination of hardware and software
products and services that companies
use to manage, access, communicate,
and share information
– A vital asset that must be used
effectively, updated constantly, and
safeguarded carefully
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The Impact of Information
Technology
 The Future of IT
– Accounts for almost 30 percent of
America’s economic growth, and the
wage gaps between IT workers and all
other workers will continue to widen
– Global online population skyrocketed
between 2000 and 2005
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The Impact of Information
Technology
 The Role of Systems Analysis and
Design
– Systems Analysis and Design
• Step-by-step process for developing highquality information systems
– Systems Analyst
• Plan, develop, and maintain information
systems
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The Impact of Information
Technology
 Who develops Information Systems?
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–
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–
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In-house applications
Software packages
Internet-based application services
Outsourcing
Custom solutions from IT consultants.
Enterprise-wide software strategies
How versus What
• Grater risk if company tries
To decide how system works
Versus what system does
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Information System Components
 A system is a set of related
components that produces
specific results
 A mission-critical system is
one that is vital to a
company’s operations
 Data consists of basic facts
that are the system’s raw
material
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Information System Components
 Hardware
– Moore’s Law
 Software
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System software
Application software
Enterprise applications
Horizontal system
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Information System Components
 Software
– Vertical system
– Legacy systems
 Data
– Tables
– Linking
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Information System Components
 Processes
– Define the tasks and business functions that
users, managers, and IT staff members
perform to achieve specific results
– An analyst must understand and document
processes to build a successful information
system.
 People
– Users, or end users, are the people who
interact with an information system, both inside
and outside the company.
– The success of a system usually depends on
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user satisfaction.
Understanding The Business
– A system produces specific results.
– To design any successful system, it is
important to recognize the results desired and
the processes needed to produce those results.
– IT professionals must understand a company’s
business operations in order to design a
successful system.
– Note that different businesses have different
requirements Business process
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Understanding The Business
 Business Process Modeling
 Business Profile
 Business Models
– Business model
– Business process
– Business process reengineering (BPR)
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Understanding The Business
 New Kinds of Companies
– Production-oriented
– Service-oriented
– Internet-dependent
– Dot-com (.com)
– Brick-and-mortar
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CASE IN POINT 1.1: Cloud Nine Financial
Advisors
 Cloud Nine provides its clients with a monthly
newsletter that offers recommendations about
stocks to buy or sell. Doug Layton, Cloud Nine’s
president, has asked your opinion on whether dotcom stocks might be good investments for the
future. He specifically mentioned Google, eBay,
Amazon.com, and Yahoo!, but he said you could
suggest other companies. Doug wants you to do
some Internet research to learn more about these
Web-based companies and their future prospects.
You can use a search engine, or start by visiting
the Web sites of publications such as Forbes,
Fortune Magazine, Business Week, or The Wall
Street Journal, among others.
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Impact of the Internet

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E-Commerce or I-Commerce
C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)
B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
B2B (Business-to-Business)
– Company to company data sharing over internet to look
for inventory or Electronic data interchange (EDI)
– Extensible markup language (XML)
• A flexible data description language that allows web-based
communication between different hardware and software
environment.
– Supplier relationship management (SRM)
• A B2B sites where buyers, sellers, distributors can offer products,
submit specifications and transact businesses.
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Impact of the Internet
 Web-Based System Development
– WebSphere
• ( web development strategy
used by IBM more detail on Chapter 6)
– .NET
• ( used by Microsoft)
– Web services
• like mortgage
calculator offered by
real sate web sites)
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How Business Uses Information
Systems
 In past, IT managers divided systems
into categories based on the user group
the system served
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Office systems
Operational systems
Decision support systems
Executive information systems
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How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Today, it makes more sense to identify a
system by its functions, rather than by
users
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–
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–
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Enterprise computing systems
Transaction processing systems
Business support systems
Knowledge management systems
User productivity systems
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How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Enterprise computing
systems
– Support company-wide operations
and data management
requirements (Wal-Mart, Boeing and
American airline use it for their inventory
management )
 Transaction processing
systems (TP)
– Efficient because they process a
set of transaction-related
commands as a group rather than
individually( shown in figure)
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How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Business support
systems
– Provide job-related
information to users at all
levels of a company
– Management information
systems (MIS)
– Radio frequency identification
(RFID)
– What-if
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How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Knowledge management systems
– Called expert systems
– Simulate human reasoning by combining a
knowledge base and inference rules
– Many use fuzzy logic
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How Business Uses Information
Systems
 User productivity systems
– Technology that improves productivity
• Email, voice mail, fax, video conferencing.
– Groupware
• run in the intranet and enable users to share data, collaborate on
project and work in teams.
 Information systems integration
– Most large companies require systems that
combine transaction processing, business
support, knowledge management, and user
productivity features (Example in below)
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Information System Users and Their
Needs
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Information System Users and Their
Needs
 Top managers
 Middle Managers and Knowledge
Workers
 Supervisors and Team Leaders
 Operational Employees
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Systems Development Tools and
Techniques
 Modeling
– Business model or Requirements model,
•
describes the information that system must provide
– Data model
• Describes data structures and design
– Object model
• Describes objects, which combine data and structures and design
– Network model
• Describes the design and protocol of telecommunications link
– Process model
• Describes the logic that programmers use to write cod module
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Systems Development Tools and
Techniques
 Prototyping
– Prototype
– Speeds up the development process
significantly
– Important decisions might be made too early,
before business or IT issues are thoroughly
understood
– Can be an extremely valuable tool
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Systems Development Tools and
Techniques
 Computer-Aided Systems Engineering
(CASE) Tools
– Also called computer-aided software
engineering
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Systems Development Methods
 Structured Analysis
– Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
– Predictive approach
• Since it is based on a detailed plan, similar to a blueprint for
constructing a building
– Uses a set of process models to describe a
system graphically
– Process-centered technique
• Because it focuses on process that transform data into useful
information
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Systems Development Methods
 Object-oriented Analysis
– O-O analysis combines data & processes into
objects
– Object is a member of a class
– Objects possess properties
– Methods change an object’s properties
– A message requests specific behavior or
information from another object
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Planning and Modeling a Systems
Development Project
 In addition to selecting a development
method, system developers also must
create a plan or model for the many
tasks that will be required
 Typically, the development team will use
project management tools to help
achieve the end result
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Planning and Modeling a Systems
Development Project
 Comparison of Predictive and Adaptive
Models
– The SDLC usually is referred to as the waterfall
model
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Planning and Modeling a Systems
Development Project
 The SDLC Waterfall Model
– Disadvantage in the built-in structure of the
SDLC, because the waterfall model does not
emphasize interactivity among the phases
– This criticism can be valid if the SDLC phases
are followed too rigidly
– However, adjacent phases usually interact
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Planning and Modeling a Systems
Development Project
 The SDLC Waterfall Model
– Usually includes five steps
• Systems planning
• Systems analysis
• Systems design
• Systems implementation
• Systems operation, support, and security
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Planning and Modeling a Systems
Development Project
 Systems planning
– Systems request
– Purpose of this phase is to perform a
preliminary investigation whose key part is a
feasibility study
 Systems Analysis
– First step is requirements modeling
– End product is the System requirements
document
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Planning and Modeling a Systems
Development Project
 Systems Design
– Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes
– End product is system design specification
 Systems Implementation
– New system is constructed
– Users, managers, IT staff trained to operate
and support the system
– System evaluation performed
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Planning and Modeling a Systems
Development Project
 Systems Operation, Support, and
Security
– A well-designed system must be secure,
reliable, maintainable, and scalable
– After several years of operation, systems need
extensive changes
– SDLC ends with system replacement
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Planning and Modeling a Systems
Development Project
 Adaptive Methods and Models
– Attempt to develop a system incrementally, by
building a series of prototypes and constantly
adjusting them to user requirements
– Extreme Programming (XP)
– Analysts should recognize that these
approaches have advantages and
disadvantages
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Planning and Modeling a Systems
Development Project
 Joint Application Development and
Rapid Application Development
Methods and Models
– Joint application development (JAD)
– Rapid application development (RAD)
 Other Development Methods and
Models
– Rational Unified Process (RUP®)
– Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)
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Planning and Modeling a Systems
Development Project
 The Importance of Project Management
– Regardless of the development strategy,
people, tasks, timetables, and expenses must
be managed effectively
– Complex projects can involve dozens of
people, hundreds of tasks, and many
thousands of dollars
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Systems Development Guidelines
 Stick to a plan
 Involve the users throughout the
development process
 Listening is very important
 Use project management tools to
identify tasks and milestones
 Remain flexible
 Develop accurate cost and benefit
information
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Information Technology Department
 The information technology (IT)
department develops and maintains a
company’s information systems
 The IT group provides technical support
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Information Technology Department
 Application Development
– Team may include users, managers and IT
Staff members
 Systems Support and Security
– Deployment team
 User Support
– Help desk or information center (IC)
• Train users and managers on application
software.
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Information Technology Department
 Database Administration
– Database design, management, security,
backup, and user access
 Network Administration
– Includes hardware and software maintenance,
support, and security
 Web Support
– Webmasters
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Information Technology Department
 Quality Assurance (QA)
– Reviews and tests all applications and systems
changes to verify specifications and software
quality standards
– Is a separate unit that reports directly to IT
management
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The Systems Analyst Position
 A systems analyst investigates,
analyzes, designs, develops, installs,
evaluates, and maintains a company’s
information systems
 On large projects, the analyst works as
a member of an IT department team
 Smaller companies often use
consultants to perform the work
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The Systems Analyst Position
 Responsibilities
– Translate business requirements into practical
IT projects to meet needs
 Required Skills and Background
– Solid communication skills and analytic ability
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The Systems Analyst Position
 Certification
 Career Opportunities
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Job titles
Company organization
Company size
Corporate culture
Salary, location, and future growth
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Chapter Summary
 IT is a combination of hardware, software, and
telecommunications systems that support
business
 The essential components of an information
system are hardware, software, data,
processes, and people
 Companies are production oriented, service
oriented, or a combination of the two
 Organization structure usually includes levels
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Chapter Summary
 Systems analyst use modeling, prototyping,
and CASE tools
 Various development methodologies exist
 Regardless of the development model, it is
important to use project management tools
necessary to manage people, tasks, timetables,
and expenses
 An IT department develops, maintains and
operates a company’s information systems
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Chapter Summary
 Systems analysts need a combination of
technical and business knowledge, analytical
ability, and communication
 Chapter 1 complete
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