Systems Analysis & Design
Seventh Edition
1
CHAP1: INTRO TO SAD
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Discuss the impact of information technology on
business strategy and success
 Define and describe an information system
components
 Use profiles and models to understand business
functions and operations
 Explain how the Internet has affected business
strategies and relationships
 Identify various types of information systems and
explain who uses them

2
2
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Explain systems development tools, including
modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools
 Distinguish between structured analysis and
object-oriented methodology
 Describe the systems development life cycle
 Discuss the role of the information technology
department and the systems analysts who work
there

3
3
INTRODUCTION

The use of information


as a weapon in the battle
increase productivity,
deliver quality products and services,
maintain customer loyalty
make correct/strong decisions
IT can mean the difference between success and
failure
4
4
THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

Definition: Information Technology (IT)
Combination of hardware and software products
and services that companies use to manage, access,
communicate, and share information
 A vital asset that must be

used effectively,
 updated constantly
 safeguarded carefully

5
5
THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

The Future of IT
Accounted for almost 30 percent of economic growth
in 2003
 Online population worldwide increased 106 percent
between 2000-2004
 305.5% usage growth 2000-2008

Note: http://www.internetworldstats.com/
6
6
THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

The Role of Systems Analysis and Design

Definition: Systems Analysis and Design


Step-by-step process for developing high-quality
information systems
Systems Analyst (SA)

Plan, develop, and maintain information systems
7
7
THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

Who Develops Information Systems?
In-house applications
 Software packages
 Internet-based application services
 Outsourcing
 Custom solutions
 Enterprise-wide software strategies
 How versus What – how the system will be
implemented before determining what the system is
supposed to do = high risk

8
8
INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
A system is a set of
related components that
produces specific results
 A mission-critical system
is one that is vital to a
company’s operations


Business cannot be done
without it
9
9
INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1) Hardware – consist of everything in the physical
layer of the information system


Servers, workstations, networks, telecommunications
equipment, etc
2) Software – program that control the h/ware and
produce the desired result
System software – manage h/ware component (e.g. Win
XP)
 Network operating system – (e.g. Win 2003 Server,
Unix, etc)

10
10
INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Application software – consist of program that support
day-to-day business functions
 Enterprise applications – order process system, payroll
system, financial system
 Horizontal system – inventory or payroll application
(e.g. standard payroll system that able to use by all
companies)
 Vertical system – design to meet unique req. of a
business (e.g. special IS that serves to meet unique
business req.)

11
11
INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

3) Data
Is the raw material that an information system
transforms into useful information
 Tables
 Linking

12
12
INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

4) Processes


Define the tasks and business functions that users,
managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve
specific results
5) People (Stakeholder)

Users, or end users, are the people who interact with
an information system, both inside and outside the
company
13
13
UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS

Business Profile – describe company overall
function
Organization, processes, services,
products, customers, suppliers,
competitors, constraints, future direction
 SA investigates company’s products,
services, Internet opportunities

14
14
UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS

Business Models – purpose: make it easier for
manager and system analyst to understand day-today business operation
 Business models – a framework in creating
value (e.g. selling computer – Dell)
 Business process – specific (tasks|processes)
that involved in creating value
 BPR (business process reengineering) –
trying to simplify current processes or reduce
cost
15
15
UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS
16
16
UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS

New Kinds of Companies
 Product-oriented – routers,
microchips
 Service-oriented – resellers and
providers of information
 Brick-and-mortar – conduct business
from physical locations (have
premises)
 Dot-com (.com) or Internetdependent

Amazon.com, Google, eBay, Yahoo!
17
17
IMPACT OF THE INTERNET

E-Commerce (I-Commerce)
B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
 B2B (Business-to-Business)



Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), XML, HTML
Web-Based Development Solutions
IBM WebSphere Modeler, Microsoft .NET
 Web services


Developed by 3rd party developer but included as part of the
IS
18
18
HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION
SYSTEMS

IT managers divided systems into categories
based on the user group the system served
Office systems
 Operational systems
 Decision support systems
 Executive information systems

19
19
HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION
SYSTEMS (TYPE OF IS)

Today, it makes more sense to identify a system by
its functions, rather than by users
 Enterprise computing systems – support
company-wide operation and data mgt req.
 Transaction processing systems – data generated
by day-to-day operations
 Business support systems – provide job-related
information to users at all levels of a company
 Knowledge management systems – expert
system, combine knowledge base and inference
rule
 User productivity systems – email, voice mail,
20
fax, etc
20
HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION
SYSTEMS (TYPE OF IS)

Enterprise computing systems
Support company-wide operations and data
management requirements
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

21
21
HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION
SYSTEMS (TYPE OF IS)

Transaction processing systems (TPS)

Efficient because they process a set of transactionrelated commands as a group rather than individually
22
22
HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION SYSTEMS
(TYPE OF IS)

Business support systems




Provide job-related information to users at all levels
of a company
Management information systems (MIS)
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
What-if analysis

e.g: What will happen if fuel price continues decreasing?
Ads:
FTMSK offers CS224 program which focus on Business
Computing area.
23
23
HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION SYSTEMS
(TYPE OF IS)

Knowledge management systems
Called expert systems
 Simulate human reasoning by combining a
knowledge base and inference rules
 Many use fuzzy logic and neural network

Ads:
FTMSK offers CS223 program which focus on AI area.
24
24
HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION SYSTEMS
(TYPE OF IS)

User productivity systems
Technology that improves productivity
 Groupware


Information systems integration

Most large companies require systems that combine
transaction processing, business support, knowledge
management, and user productivity features

Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)
25
25
INFORMATION SYSTEM USERS AND
THEIR NEEDS

A SA must understand the company’s
organizational model in order to recognize who is
responsible for specific processes and decisions
and to be aware of what information is required
by whom
26
26
27
27
INFORMATION SYSTEM USERS AND
THEIR NEEDS
Top managers – develop long range plans called
strategic plans, define the company overall
mission and goals (SISP)
 Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
- just below the top level, provide direction,
resources and performance feedback to teams
and supervisors
 Supervisors and Team Leaders – carry out dayto-day functions and oversee operational
employees
 Operational Employees – users who rely on TPS
to enter and receive data

28
28
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES
SA must know how to use a variety of techniques
such as modeling, prototyping, and computeraided systems engineering tools to plan, design,
and implement information systems
 SA work with these tools in a team environment

29
29
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES

Modeling
 Used to describe and simplify an IS:
 Business or requirements model – information
that a system must provide
 Data model – data structures and design
 Object model – consist of data and process
 Network model – design and protocols of
telecomm. links
 Process model – logic that programmers use to
write code modules
30
30
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES

Prototyping
Definition: an early working version of an IS
 Adv: Speeds up the development process
 Disadv: Important decisions might be made too early,
before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood
 Can be an extremely valuable tool

31
31
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES

Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE)
Tools
Framework for systems development and support a
wide variety of design methodologies
 CASE tools – make easier to built an information
system, boost IT productivity and improve the quality
of the finished product.
 Upper CASE – (conceptual|logical) design
 Lower CASE – physical design

32
32
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT METHODS
Structured analysis and object-oriented analysis
are both popular methodologies for developing
computer-based information systems
 A SA should understand the alternative
methodologies and their individual strengths and
weaknesses

33
33
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT METHODS

Structured Analysis
Uses a set of process models to describe a system
graphically
 Systems development life cycle (SDLC)

34
34
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT METHODS

Object-oriented (O-O) analysis






O-O analysis combines data & processes into objects
Object is a member of a class
Class is a collection of similar objects
Objects possess properties
Methods change an object’s properties
Messages request specific behavior or information
from another object
35
35
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT METHODS

Joint Application Development and Rapid
Application Development
JAD – Team based fact finding
 RAD – compressed version of the entire process


Other development methodologies
Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)
 Spiral Model
 Extreme Programming
 RUP

36
36
THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
SDLC used to plan and manage the systems
development process
 It includes the following steps:
 Systems planning phase
 Systems analysis phase
 Systems design phase
 Systems implementation phase
 Systems operation, support, and security
phase
 Deliverable or end product

37
37
THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE

Traditionally pictured as a waterfall model, but
is also presented as an interactive model
depicting real world practice and the constant
dialog among users, managers, and systems
developers
38
38
THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE

Systems Planning
To identify the nature and scope of the business
opportunity or problem
 Systems request – begins the process & describes
problems or desired changes
 Systems planning includes preliminary investigation
whose key part is a feasibility study
 End product: Preliminary Investigation Document,
Software Development Plan (SDP)

39
39
THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE

Systems Analysis
To build a logical model of the new system
 First step is requirements modeling, where you
investigate business processes and document what
the new system must do
 End product: system requirements document

40
40
THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE

Systems Design
Purpose is to create a blueprint that will satisfy all
documented requirements
 Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes
 Avoid misunderstanding through manager and user
involvement
 End product: systems design specification

41
41
THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE

Systems Implementation





New system is constructed
Write, test, & document programs
File conversion occurs
Users, managers, IT staff trained to operate and
support the system
Systems evaluation performed
42
42
THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE

Systems operation, support, and security





New system supports operations
Maintenance changes correct errors or meet
requirements
Enhancements increase system capability
Well-designed system will be secure, reliable,
maintainable, and scalable
SDLC ends with system replacement
43
43
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES







Planning
Involve users throughout the development
process
Listening is very important
Create a time table with major milestones
Identify interim checkpoints
Remain flexible
Develop accurate cost and benefit information
44
44
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
The information technology (IT) department
develops and maintains a company’s information
systems
 The IT group provides technical support

45
45
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT

Application Development


Systems Support and Security


Team may include users, managers and IT staff
members
Provides hardware and software support
User Support
Provides users with technical information, training,
and productivity support
 Help desk

46
46
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT

Database Administration


Network Administration


Database design, management, security, backup, and
user access
Includes hardware and software maintenance,
support, and security
Web Support
Design and construction of Web pages and presence
 Important for e-commerce
 Webmaster

47
47
THE SYSTEMS ANALYST POSITION
A systems analyst investigates, analyzes,
designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and
maintains a company’s information systems
 On large projects, the analyst works as a member
of an IT department team
 Smaller companies often use consultants to
perform the work

48
48
THE SYSTEMS ANALYST POSITION

Responsibilities


Translate business requirements into practical IT
projects to meet needs
Required Skills and Background

Solid communication skills and analytical ability
49
49
THE SYSTEMS ANALYST POSITION

Certification


Professional credential
Career Opportunities





Job titles
Company organization
Company size
Corporate culture
Salary, location, and future growth
50
50
CHAPTER SUMMARY
IT is a combination of hardware and software
that support business
 The essential components of an information
system are hardware, software, data, processes,
and people
 Companies are product-oriented, serviceoriented, or a combination of the two

51
51
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Organization structure usually includes levels.
Each level has different responsibilities and
information needs
 Systems analysts use modeling, prototyping, and
CASE tools. Modeling produces a graphical
representation of the process, prototyping
involves creation of an early working model, and
CASE tools assist in various systems
development tasks

52
52
CHAPTER SUMMARY
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
consists of five phases: systems planning, systems
analysis, systems design, systems implementation,
and systems operation, support, and security
 Systems analysts need a combination of technical
and business knowledge, analytical ability, and
communication skills


Chapter 1 Complete
53
53