WILBUR WRIGHT
1867-1912
ORVILLE WRIGHT
1871-1948
Question:
As you ride in a jet airplane, the clouds are
passing you at 600 mph. The air just in front
of one of the huge jet engine intake ducts is
traveling
• much faster than 600 mph.
• much slower than 600 mph.
• about 600 mph.
Observations About Airplanes
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They support themselves in the air
They seem to follow their tilt, up or down
They need airspeed to fly
They can rise only so quickly
Their wings often change shape in flight
They have various propulsion systems
OVERVIEW
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AIRPLANES
(PIONEERS OF AIRPLANES)
BRILLIANT IDEA OF WRIGHT BROTHERS
WRIGHT BROTHERS-INVENTING THE PLANE
PIONEERS OF AVIATION
SIR GEORGE CAYLEY
OTTO LILIENTHAL
SAMUEL LANGLEY
OCTAVE CHANUTE
SIR GEORGE CAYLEY
The Father of AVIATION
OTTO LILIENTHAL
The German Glider King
OCTAVE CHANUTE
Successfully Developed
Man-Carrying Gliders
SAMUEL LANGLEY
Developed Aerodrome No-5
Powered by Steam-Engine
Positive Effect
Airplanes make it easier for people to travel.
Safe way to travel long distances.
Quick way to travel from one place to another.
Lets people see countries that they have never seen
before. It’s a way that different cultures can be seen
and learned.
 Allows leaders of countries to be able to
communicate and have conferences.
 Helps the process of discussing buisness. Makes it
easier for a client to travel.
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Negative Effect
• Made wars more violent and deadly.
• Airplanes were used in national disasters
such as the events that occurred on
September 11,2001.
• Responsible for a great number of deaths
throughout past wars.
• Are not 100% guaranteed to complete the
flight. There have been many past instances
of plane crashes and unexpected problems.
Cost
• Average cost of a 747 Boeing Commercial
airplane is around 165 million dollars.
• Business or personal jets are around 35
million dollars.
• An average plane ticket from Boston to
Florida is close to 200 dollars round trip.
• A flight from California to Miami in a private
Jet can cost 10,000 dollars to 15,000
dollars.
Advances
• First airplane was a single engine, one seat
plane that didn’t have a long flight time.
• Now a days, planes have multiple engines
and can seat hundreds of people.
Advances
• The gas fuel tanks on an average
commercial plane can hold a large amount of
fuel
• In a 10 hour flight, a plane can burn through
36,000 gallons of fuel. That’s 5 gallons per
fuel mile.
Future
 The future of airplanes brings a safer, faster,
smarter and stronger way to fly an airplane.
 With new technology, flying may one day be
as easy as driving a car.
Future
 NASA is starting to take their plans and build
their products of the future. They are taking
their new models and running them through
wind tunnels and test benches.
 NASA has been reported saying that in the
near future, there will be a release of PAV’s
which stands for Personal Air Vehicles.
New Technology
Future of
Airplanes
Jerry Carlow’s joined wing
design
Very precise and fast
Problems
 A major problem that can occur in an aircraft
is wing failure.
 Corrosion is a common problem in aging
aircrafts. If corrosion spreads throughout the
airplane, most likely the airplane will be
striped down to fix the problem.
Problems
 On December 19, 2005 there was a disaster
where an airplane crashed into the open
water. It was found out that there was an
explosion in the wing due to a small crack.
 Structural failure is the cause for most
airplane crashes.
What Causes an Airplane to Fly?
Push!
The Bros.
Newton’s Third Law
• For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
• What does this have to do with flight?
Thrust
• The goal of a jet engine is to produce thrust.
The engine pushes air molecules out the exhaust end of the turbine to generate a high speed
jet of exhaust gas.
THRUST!
Thrust from the engine moves the airplane forward.
Jet Engines, Part 1
• Jet engines pump air toward rear of plane
– Engine consists of an oval “ball” with a
complicated duct or passageway through it
– Air inside the duct exchanges pressure and
speed repeatedly
– Engine adds
energy to air
inside the duct
Jet Engines, Part 2
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Air entering diffuser slows
and pressure rises
Compressor does work on
air
Fuel is added to air and
that mixture is burned
Expanding exhaust gas
does work on turbine
As exhaust leaves
nozzle it speeds up
and pressure drops
Jet Engines, Part 3
• Turbojet moves too little
air and changes that
air’s speed too much
• Too much energy
• Too little momentum
• Turbofan moves
more air and gives it
less energy
Question:
As you ride in a jet airplane, the clouds are
passing you at 600 mph. The air just in front
of one of the huge jet engine intake ducts is
traveling
1. much faster than 600 mph.
2. much slower than 600 mph.
3. about 600 mph.
Drag
• As the plane moves forward the air
around it creates a force called Drag.
• Drag resists the movement of the
airplane.
• Drag is the same as friction!
Lift
• How does an airplane
create lift?
• We can look to our fine
feathered friends for
the answer
Lift
• Air moves faster over the wing than
underneath it.
• Because faster air exerts less pressure than
slower moving air………………………..
Lift
• ……………....The pressure underneath the
wings lifts the plane off the ground
Lifting Wing
• Under the wing,
– air bends away from wing
– pressure rises, speed drops
• Over the wing,
– air bends toward wing
– pressure drops, speed rises
• Wing experiences strong
upward lift, little drag
• Wing pushes air down, air pushes wing up!
At Take-Off
• Wing starts with
symmetric airflow
• Wing starts with no lift
• Airflow becomes unstable
at the trailing edge bend
• The wing sheds a vortex
• After the vortex leaves, the wing has lift
Angle of Attack
• A wing’s lift depends on
– shape of the airfoil
– angle of attack
• Since wing is attached to plane body, the
whole plane tilts to change angle of attack
• Too large an angle of attack causes the wing
to “stall” – airflow separation
Stalled Wing
• Upper boundary layer
stops heading forward
• Upper airstream detaches
from wing’s top surface
• Lift is reduced
• Pressure drag appears
• Wing can’t support plane
Wing Shape
• Asymmetric airfoils produce large lifts
– well suited to low-speed flight
• Symmetric airfoils produce small lifts
– well suited to high-speed flight
– can fly inverted easily
• High-speed planes often
change wing shape in flight
Orientation Control
• Three orientation controls:
– Angle of attack controlled by elevators
– Left-right tilt controlled by ailerons
– Left-right rotation controlled by rudder
• Steering involves ailerons and rudder
• Elevation involves elevators and engine
Airfoils
Stunt Planes
Shallow angle of attack
Supersonic Fighters
Steep angle of attack
Airplane Parts that Keep the Plane
in the Air
• The tail wings are also
commonly known as vertical
and horizontal stabilizers.
• The tail assembly is also
called the empennage.
• The rudder and elevators,
on the tail wings, steer the
plane side to side or up and
down.
• The spoilers and ailerons
have similar functions: to
help keep the plane steady
and to steer the plane from
side to side.
More Plane Parts
Flight
• To stay in level flight the following
relationships must be true;
• A) Lift = C) Weight
• B) Thrust = D) Drag
Test Your Knowledge !
Match term with letter.
Weight
Drag
Lift
A_______ B________ C________ D________
Thrust
BRILLIANT IDEA OF WRIGHT
BROTHERS
WRIGHT BROTHERS
INVENTING THE AIRPLANE
In 1899,Wilbur built
this kite to test new
type of Control
System for an
aircraft and it
worked
THE FIRST FULLY CONTROLLABLE
AIRCRAFT
In 1902,this glider is
Successful in ROLL,
PITCH and YAW Controls
THE WRIGHT BROTHERS FIRST
POWERED AIRCRAFT
In 1903,they made the first
sustained,controlledFlights in a powered
Aircraft
THE WORLDS FIRST PRACTICAL AIRPLANE
Security
• Security provides a safe environment for
aircrafts and all passengers both inside and
outside of the plane.
• Security checkpoints are zones that
everyone has to go through before boarding
the plane.
• Flaws in security in the past have left tragedy
and disaster.
• Any threats are immediately taken care of so
things don’t get out of hand.
Use
• Commercial planes provide transportation
for passengers from state to state and from
country to country.
• Private jets are smaller planes that are a
more expensive way to travel.
• Blimps are seen at local sporting events
covering footage.
• Aircrafts used to transport people who are in
danger or in need of a hospital.
Wars
• The first war to use air crafts was in World
War I
• Since the first world war, almost every war
after has used airplanes.
• Aircrafts transport troops as well as
vehicles.
Wars
• The first war to use air crafts was in World
War I
• Since the first world war, almost every war
after has used airplanes.
• Aircrafts transport troops as well as
vehicles.
Summary
About Airplanes
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Airplanes use lift to support themselves
Propulsion overcomes induced drag
Speed and angle of attack affect altitude
Extreme angle of attack causes stalling
Propellers do work on passing airstream
Jet engines do work on slowed airstream
Airplanes
• Considerations for long distance flights
– Typically follow great circle routes
– Some changes in routing associated with jet
stream
– Fly at altitudes of 30,000 to 40,000 ft
– Speeds of roughly 500 mph
– Visible from contrails, or from reflections during
day
– Visible from nav/warning lights at night
Navigation and
warning lights on
aircraft.
New York to London
Chicago to Paris
San Francisco to Tokyo
Comments on routes
• Large population in cities in N. Hemisphere
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Great circle routes tend toward high latitudes
Even over the North Pole
Avoid equatorial regions
Largely East-West directionality
Incoming flights from Europe from NE to SW
Outgoing flights more depressed – WSW to ENE
• New England flights to Europe
– Outgoing flights 6 PM – 9 PM
– Incoming flights 12 PM-4 PM
Landing/takeoffs/holding/N.A routes
• Aircraft frequently make multiple turns on
approach to urban airports
– Still, landing/takeoffs will be approximately along
lines radiating from local airports
• Holding patterns – aircraft go on long oval
tracks
• Many N-S routes on the east and west coast
• Many E-W routes in great plains, rockies.
Shipping lanes
• Like airplane routes, they often follow greatcircle routes
• However, are constrained by coastlines,
canals, etc.
• Pattern of shipping also constrained more by
manufacturing, natural resources (e.g. oil)
and population centers.
• Attracting help from a passing ship is very
difficult!
More Plane Parts
NASA Has this down!
• http://www.aero.hq.nasa.gov/edu/
Our Project
• Will have two parts ….
– Part 1
• Paper Airplanes
– Part 2
• Build by Number Model Airplanes
Paper Airplanes
Paper Airplanes &
The Scientific/Design Method
Your Assignment
• You are going to practice the steps of the
scientific method while conducting an
experiment with paper airplanes.
• You will work as a team but each person
must document the steps of the process on
notebook paper to hand in.
• Title a piece of notebook Paper Airplanes
Experiment.
• Don’t forget the correct heading.
Step 1: Think of an idea!
• Write
Step 1: Think of an idea – paper airplanes
on your paper.
• For your experiment – you will be given the first
problem• Your problem to solve is:
• Which paper airplane will fly the furthest distance?
• Write the problem under step 1.
Step 2: Research your topic
• Your next step is to research paper airplanes.
• You will need to understand the science behind
flight.
• On your paper write
Step 2 – Research your topic
• List the following terms and find their definitions
using the links on the next slide: lift, gravity, thrust,
& drag.
• You also need to select 3 different airplane designs
to create and test.
• Use the research you obtain to select the paper
airplanes you will use
Paper Airplane Resources
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Learning about Flight
Fun Paper Airplane Links
Flying Tips
Paper Airplane Links
Paper Airplanes UK
Best Paper Airplanes
PaperAirplanes.org
Best Paper Airplane in the World
You can search keywords: Paper airplane, flight, distance,
science of flight, etc..
• Encarta
Documenting your research
• List the 3 websites on your
paper you found the most
helpful.
• List the names of the 3
paper airplane designs you
will test and explain why you
selected those designs.
• If there is no “name” write
design #1, #2, or #3 and
draw a picture of it.
Checklist for today
 Step 1- think of an idea: paper airplanes
 Problem: Which paper airplane will fly the
furthest distance?
 Step 2: Research your topic or idea
 4 definitions – gravity, lift, thrust, drag
 3 websites
 3 – 4 paper airplane designs
Creating Your Hypothesis
• Write your hypothesis on your paper:
Hypothesis: We feel the __________ paper airplane
design will fly the furthest because
__________________.
Variables vs Control
Write these on your paper
• Variable:
• Design of the plane
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Controls:
Type of paper
Temperature
Wind
Person throwing the
plane
Materials
• On your paper write:
• Materials
• Under materials list all the materials you will need to
conduct your experiment.
– Be very specific – include the amount and type of
everything you will need.
– Paper type = 8 ½” x 11” sheet of computer paper
– We will be using meter sticks to measure the distance
– What else will you need?
Procedure
• Write Procedure and then
list the step-by-step
instructions to conduct your
experiment.
• Before you start – think
about how many times you
will fly each plane, how will
you measure the distance,
etc..
• Will you need to find the
average distance of all the
trials.
Checklist for today
 3-4 final designs are selected
 Hypothesis
 Materials
 Procedure – your group must all have the
same steps.
 If you finish – start your data collection chart
– see next slide – your group must all use the
same kind of chart
Collecting & Recording Data
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Create a data collection chart to use when conducting your
experiment. An example of one is shown here
1st attempt 2nd attempt 3rd attempt
Design #1
Design #2
Design #3
Average
Graph your data
• What type of graph will you use – line, bar, circle?
• Is your graph correctly labeled with:
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Title
X-axis labeled
Y-axis labeled
Units of measurements are labeled (in metric)
Proper scale – the appropriate high and low values
Data plotted correctly and clearly
Each set with a different color or symbol.
A legend is included
Write your Conclusion
1. Repeat your original hypothesis.
2. State whether your hypothesis was supported or
not. Use the data you collected to defend your
conclusion. (ex. Design #3 flew 40.3 meters, etc..)
3. List any unplanned variables or events that
occurred while conducting your experiment.
4. Write a detailed explanation of the results
including research and reflection.
Do you have everything?
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Heading
Title
1. Step 1
2. Problem
3. Step 2
4. Definitions of lift,
gravity, thrust, & drag
• 5. 3 websites
• 6. 3 designs
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7. Hypothesis
8. Variable
9. Controls
10. Materials
11. Procedure
12. Data Collection
Chart
• Graph
• Conclusion – all 4 parts
MODEL PLANES
Model Planes
• Read all directions in the Box
• You will recreate the drawings that come with the
plane on CAD.
– This is the time to maybe consider some design changes.
– Your drawings will have a couple of drawings that you may
seem a bit unusual.
– All data from this portion will be included with the report
you have should have already started.
– You may place your data in an Excel sheet to make your
chart
GOOD LUCK and HAVE FUN!!