The Progressive Era AMERICAN STUDIES Problems created by the Industrial Revolution Working conditions: Long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions, and child labor Laissez Faire: No regulations on big business Companies could treat workers how they wanted, could make products how they wanted, etc. Living conditions: Dirty, crowded, unsanitary, no help for the poor African Americans: Racism and segregation Women: Sexism and discrimination The Progressive Movement Reformers: Urban middle class Well-educated people who wanted to fix the problems created by the Industrial Revolution Reduce govt corruption and social inequalities Promote true democracy where all are protected and represented Not an organized political party/movement, but change in public opinion or mindset Reform = change Progress toward being a better society Practice Question What problem arising from U.S. industrialization did the progressive reformers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries want the federal government to address? A. use of child labor in the workplace B. unfair taxes on the wealthy C. restrictions on the use of natural resources D. lack of capital for railroad expansion What Progressives Fight For Progressives fight to reduce the increasing gap between rich and poor Against child labor More women enter workforce: stand up for worker’s rights, health and safety Help for the poor Conservation: Save the environment Equal treatment for all classes, races, and genders Views on Laissez-Faire and Big Business Conservative View: Keep Laissez-Faire; economy should not be regulated by the govt Business should be free to compete in any way Ignore problems of Industrialization because there are more benefits for business Social Darwinism: The rich deserve their money 14th Amendment: Regulations deprive people of “life, liberty, and property” Progressive View: End Laissez-faire; economy should be regulated by the govt Want laws to regulate business’s unfair practices to protect consumers and promote fair treatment for all Need to solve problems of Industrialization and end suffering Newspaper’s Role in Progressive Movement Mass Circulation of Newspapers Newspaper and magazine industry grows with advances in technology Play a key role in spreading awareness about social and economic issues Sold for a penny Yellow Journalism: publish shocking stories of sensation, corruption and scandal to get more readers Do we have journalists like this today? Newspaper Rivals Joseph Pulitzer: New York World William Randolph Hearst: New York Journal Muckrakers Muckrakers: Investigative journalists who uncover corruption and abuses in society In newspapers, magazines, novels, etc. “Rake up the muck” in society to expose dirty truth below the surface of business and politics Monthly women’s magazine have long articles on horrible factory conditions and corrupt city officials Ida Tarbell One of the first women in investigative reporting McClure Magazine 1904: Exposes monopolistic methods used by Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company Contributes to US Supreme Court Case that breaks up the monopoly in 1911 Lincoln Steffens 1904: Published a collection of McClure articles into the book The Shame of the Cities Uncovers political corruption in the city governments Taking bribes, embezzling taxes, using force to remove other candidates Photographer Jacob Riis: Book “How the Other Half Lives” Shows the hard life of immigrants in the US Upton Sinclair Wrote novel The Jungle: exposes the horrors of the Chicago meatpacking industry No rules/regulations about how to handle meat, sanitation, what can go in the sausage, etc. Public outcry leads to new laws: The Meat Inspection Act (1906): Gave US officials the power to check the quality and healthfulness of meats shipped in interstate commerce Pure Food and Drug Act: FDA: Food and Drug Administration established to inspect and approve quality food http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=the+ju ngle&N=18342&N=18343&N=4294939055 Practice Question What was the Muckrakers role during the Progressive movement? A. They were able to work white collar jobs. B. They uncovered and spread the problems created during the Industrial Revolution. C. They used papers to spread the news that the rich should control the government. D. They managed the poor at work . Social Settlement Movement Terrible living conditions for immigrants in the city Exposed by photographer Jacob Riis Encourage efforts to reduce overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in tenements Many women become experts on problems of urban poverty Use their knowledge to persuade legislators to enact new laws to protect poor and children Settlement House Building where women and children could go for help adjusting to life in the US Hull House run by Jane Addams in Chicago Women offered classes in English, art, literature and music Better supervision to keep kids safe and out of work Women’s Rights Suffrage: the right to vote Seneca Falls Convention in NY (1848): Women’s suffrage movement begins First victories for equal rights are on the western frontier states Men believe women are too emotional, have their husband’s to represent them, shouldn’t have a voice in the govt Women want their constitutional rights as a citizen in a democracy Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony Civil Disobedience: Break a law to protest it because it is unjust Practice Question In 1872, as part of a state by state campaign for women’s suffrage, Susan B. Anthony knowingly and deliberately violated New York state law by casting a ballot in the presidential election. She was tried, found guilty, and ordered to pay a fine. What was the purpose of Susan B. Anthony’s act of civil disobedience? A. to gain support for a particular candidate B. to use propaganda to influence public opinion C. to call attention to a perceived injustice D. to show that unjust laws could not be enforced Iron Jawed Angels Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiZRUoqWKB0 Part 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fXpob-C5po Part 8: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZwoEn5bNug Part 9: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwcFlhtlfe8 Part 10: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qx9iSnmdTZA Part 11: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HAjqFJTz8w Suffragists They present the amendment to Congress every year for 40 years, but men shoot it down Progressive Movement supports women’s rights New Leaders: Alice Paul and Carrie Chapman Catt Protest using marches and picketing, writing editorials, serving jail time and going on hunger strike Passed in Congress in 1919, then must be ratified by the states 1920: 19th Amendment gives women the right to vote http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYQhRCs9IHM&l ist=PLPzx_JMdsdg1DhvwhI6mkGdINq5FeH1L&index=4 Practice Question Fight for Birth Control Many women suffer and risk their health living in poverty with frequent pregnancies Margaret Sanger: Nurse who believed women should have info on ways to prevent pregnancy 1914: Published magazine and opened first clinic in Brooklyn, NY Launched movement for planned parenthood that gained support in later decades Temperance Movement Many progressives (mostly women) wanted to fight alcohol abuse Increases poverty and crime rates Reformers: Carrie Nation would walk into a saloon and destroy alcohol bottles with an axe Prohibition:18th Amendment passed in 1919 prohibits sale and manufacture of alcohol (until 1933) Practice Question Prohibition was a political attempt to regulate A. Destruction of families caused by alcohol. B. Low wages due to monopolies and big business. C. Injuries caused by organized crime. D. Poverty caused by illegal drugs. The Black Movement Plessey vs. Ferguson: Segregation is legal Allows Jim Crow Laws in the South to segregate and discriminate Progressive Black leaders challenge laws and try to win support from white reformers Many blacks in the south being lynched by mobs of whites Lynched: To be hung in public to make a statement Ida B. Wells: Muckraker who writes about racial injustice and lynching http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=naacp Practice Question What was the effect of the passage of Jim Crow laws in the United States in the late 19th century? A. Racial segregation was required by law in southern states. B. Native Americans were moved onto reservations. C. Restrictions were placed on business monopolies. D. Women were denied the right to vote in national elections. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) Former slave turned Progressive pacifist Many white leaders agree with him about education and training blacks for skilled jobs Advisor to Teddy Roosevelt Accepts white supremacy and segregation Wants economic and educational opportunities, and fair treatment in court W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963) African American scholar and activist Chief leader: Organizes Niagara Movement to focus on publicizing and protesting acts of injustice against African Americans Criticizes Booker T. and does not accept inferiority; wants total equality Conservative view vs. Radical view Extreme Radical: Marcus Garvey leads “back to Africa” movement for black independence NAACP 1909: Dubois’ movement helps found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Jane Addams was also one of the founders Fights for civil rights: Raise awareness through media, fight against laws in court 1915-1917: Supreme Court: Desegregates housing Allows blacks on juries Run for office in party primaries Practice Question What was one perspective of African-Americans that was reflected in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? A. the hope of encouraging widespread emigration to Africa B. the belief that racial segregation was justified in all circumstances C. the goal of forming a new political party to represent African-Americans D. the desire to bring about legal and social equality for African-Americans Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) President after the death of McKinley at World’s fair Square Deal: Teddy’s campaign promises fair treatment for all groups in the US Poor and rich, laborers and big business, etc. Works for reform of Laissez-faire system The Presidents: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTqUKRJk7dQ Before Roosevelt Laissez Faire: Govt keeps their hands off the economy and big business Stewardship Theory: New idea that presidents had an obligation to guide the nation’s economic and political affairs to create better conditions for the majority Previous presidents had intervened on the behalf of big business instead of the people Teddy wants regulation to help the people Brought 44 anti-trust cases to court Teddy Trust Buster Practice Question As a result of industrialization in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, progressive reformers sought government regulation of business in order to A. control economic cycles of inflation and recession. B. provide money for public services such as schools and libraries. C. restore competition by limiting the power of monopolies and trusts. D. prevent companies from moving their factories to other countries. Reform Local Government Progressives focus on issues in urban areas Problems: Cities controlled by corrupt bosses and political machines Only provide aid to the poor who will vote for them Take bribes and charge high taxes Reform/Solutions: Remove politicians associated with political machines Reduce cost of govt, lower taxes, end corruption Provide better city services like transportation, police, etc. Cleveland and Toledo had very Progressive leaders State Government Reform Problems: The people have very little say in the govt Big business has too much power Solutions: The secret ballot voting system Direct Primary: Voters nominate candidates by direct popular election Not chosen by political party officials (17th amendment) Initiative: People can sign a petition to force state legislature to consider a proposed law Referendum: Proposed law could be submitted directly to the people to be voted on Recall: People could vote on whether to remove an elected official from office Social Welfare Reform Problems: Child labor Unsanitary and unsafe streets Poor quality housing Lack of education of the poor Solutions: Regulation of child labor Urban planning for better sanitation and police force Construction of safer housing Mandatory public education requirements Economic/Business Reform Roosevelt is the first president to make a serious effort to break up the trusts Problems: Monopolies cause high prices, less choice, and low quality goods http://www.history.com/topics/labor/videos#jp-morganbattles-coal-miners-in-1902 Solutions: Elkins Act: Punishes railroads for giving rebates Hepburn Act: Interstate Commerce Commission can fix rates charged by railroads and limits discounts Enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act: Prosecute and break up trusts/monopolies Teddy Roosevelt: Trust Buster Environmental Reform Problems: Industrialization causes… Factory pollution in cities Lumber and mining companies destroy land out West Solutions: Conservation to manage use of land and protect wilderness areas Conservationist = Environmentalist The Newlands Reclamation Act (1902): Provided money from sale of desert lands to be used to finance irrigation projects The Inland Waterways Act (1907): Appoints a commission to study use of nation’s rivers TR establishes 149 national forests/parks National Parks Gifford Pinchot: Forces lumbering companies to replant trees John Muir: Supports laws to create national parks like Yosemite and the Grand Canyon Practice Question The 1890 U.S. Census led some people to conclude that there was no longer a frontier line in the West. Early in the 20th century, President Theodore Roosevelt advocated the conservation of the nation’s natural resources. These events signaled a change in how people perceived A. farmland. B. urban areas. C. wilderness areas. D. centers of industry and technology. William H. Taft (1909-1913) Progressives like: Takes over 90 trusts to court to break up monopolies A former member of Teddy’s cabinet who would carry on his Progressive beliefs Progressives dislike: Helps business with high tariffs but doesn’t help the environment Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909): Raises prices on imports instead of lowering them like Progressives wanted Taft fires Gifford Pinchot and focuses more on business than the environment The Presidents: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTqUKRJk7dQ Child Labor Legislation under Taft Taft establishes Children’s Bureau to investigate “welfare of children in all classes” Keating-Owen Act (1916): Forbids transport of goods made by factories that employ children 1918: Supreme Court declares it unconstitutional Tried taxing them extra and passing amendment against it but failed 1938: Fair Labor Standards Act outlaws child labor and sets and minimum wage Election of 1912 Republican Taft runs for re-election Conservative reformer, moderate Progressive Breaks up monopolies but still helps big business Teddy runs as Progressive “Bull-Moose” party Independent 3rd party candidate, anti-big business Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson Progressive, anti-big business Election of 1912 Socialist Party: 4th candidate Eugene Debs Fights for unions and wants govt ownership of all companies Wilson wins landslide victory: Republican party was too divided All candidates were reformers Wilson promises New Freedom: Lower tariffs, regulation of big business, and reform of the banking system Reform under Woodrow Wilson Underwood Tariff Law (1913): Lowers tariffs, which lowers prices of consumer goods No more discounts for big business Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914): Strengthens Sherman Act Businesses must allow competition to exist Lists specific monopolist practices that are illegal Same people can’t sit on Board of Directors for several companies (no interlocking dictatorships) Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 1914: Govt has power to investigate and punish unfair business practices Issue orders for monopolies to “cease and desist” anti-competitive practices Federal Reserve System Before Wilson there was no system in control of increasing/decreasing nation’s supply of currency Organized system of central banks Two functions: Promote banking stability 1. Control money supply according to changing needs of business/economy 2. Provide private banks with reserve money in case to many people withdrawal money, they can still stay open Inflation Rise in general price of goods and services Money has less purchasing power Federal Reserve Bank must adjust interest rate to avoid recession http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm Practice Question What was a key reason for the creation of the Federal Reserve System? A. to encourage exports B. to increase tax revenues C. to reduce budget deficits D. to promote banking stability History of Halloween http://www.history.com/topics/halloween/videos#b et-you-didnt-know-halloween