Microbiology
Part I:Microbiology & Immunology
Part II: Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Textbook
MICROBIOLOGY
AN
INTRODUCTION
TORTORA,
FUNKE AND
CASE
9th. Edition
(2007)
Part 1
Microbiology & Immunology
## Introduction to Microbiology----classification, •
history, & how Microorganisms affect human
lives
## Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes •
## Morphology, metabolism, reproduction •
## Physical factors that affect microbial growth •
•
General Microbiology
## Antimicrobial chemotherapy •
## Normal flora & host parasite •
relationship
## Mechanisms of virulence •
## Virology, Parasitology, Mycology •
## Immunology •
# innate = physical & chemical •
(Phagocytosis, complement activation, •
interferons)
•
# Acquired = Naturally & artificially •
Humeral & cell-mediated immune responses •
## Vaccines & vaccination program •
First exam. = 20 marks •
Second exam. = 20 marks •
Quiz & reports = 20 marks •
Final exam. = 40 marks •
Total = 100 marks •
Microbiology
microorganisms
Is the biology of microorganisms.
- It is a bioscience for the study of the evolution,
classification , morphology, physiology,
genetics, ecology of microbes under certain
definite conditions
The law of their life activities
and
their interaction with human being, animals or
plants as well as with natural environment.
Is a science dealing with •
Microorganisms
What are Microorganisms?
. - Microorganisms •
--are minute living things that are •
too small to be seen by naked eye
microscope •
What are Microorganisms?
- Viruses , bacteria, fungi, protozoa •
and some algae are all in this
category
- All with the exception of plants and animals •
Branches of Microbiology
Bacteriology - Bacteria •
Mycology Fungus •
Parasitology - Protozoology & •
Helminthology
Immunology - Host defenses •
Virology Viruses •
Recombinant DNA technology •
Distribution of microorganisms
Air •
Soil •
Water •
Animals •
Human body •
Microorganisms and Human Beings
Beneficial activities: Most microbes are •
of benefit to human beings, some are
necessary( nitrogen, carbon cycles)
Harmful activities: A portion of microbes •
cause diseases and are poisonous to
human, and these are really that
concern us in the study of Medical
Microbiology, etc.
The Importance of Microbiology
Environment •
Medicine •
Food •
Industry •
Biotechnology •
Research •
The Importance of Microbiology
Ecological •
importance
Maintaining the •
ecological balance in
the environment (on
the earth) by recycling
chemical elements
such as Carbon &
Nitrogen between the
soil & the atmosphere
The Importance of
Microbiology
Soil microbes help •
breakdown wastes
&incorporate nitrogen
gas from the air into
organic compounds
--certain microbes play •
important roles in
photosynthesis
(carbon)
--a food & oxygen •
generating process that
is critical to life on earth
The Importance of
Microbiology
Humans & many other animals depend •
on the microbes in their intestines
(microflora) for:
The digestion & the synthesis of some •
vitamins that their bodies require
some B vitamins = metabolism •
vitamin K = blood clotting •
The Importance of Microbiology
----Some microorganisms are used in
commercial & industrial application
# Industry: Chemicals --- organic acids
,enzymes & alcohol (ethanol, acetone,
etc.)
# Food: cheese, yogurt, bread, pickles &
vinegar
# Drugs --- antibiotics (penicillin) •
The Importance of Microbiology
Biotechnology: •
Recombinant
products (e.g.,
human insulin,
vaccines)
Modern Biotechnology &
Recombinant DNA technology
Biotechnology =practical application of •
microbiology to produce some common
foods & chemicals
Recombinant DNA technology=have been •
used to produce a number of natural
proteins vaccines & enzymes
Gene therapy=inserting missing gene or •
replacing defective one in human cells
,,,harmless virus to carry gene
A series of :Recombinant DNA technology •
procedures that are used to join together
(recombine) DNA segments. A recombinant
DNA molecule is constructed from segments of
two or more different DNA molecules. Under
certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule
can enter a cell and replicate there, either on its
own or after it has been integrated into a
.chromosome
•
The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or •
yeasts, or biological substances, such as
enzymes, to perform specific industrial or
manufacturing processes. Applications include
the production of certain drugs, synthetic
hormones, and bulk foodstuffs as well as the
bioconversion of organic waste and the use of
genetically altered bacteria in the cleanup of oil
spills.
The Importance of Microbiology
Environment: •
microbes used to treat
sewage and clean up
pollution
Bioremediation •
• microbes cultured for their
ability to digest oil and other
petroleum derivatives.
The History and Scope of
Microbiology
## today we understand that microorganisms
are found almost everywhere
•
## before the invasion of the microscope •
microbes were unknown to scientist
## thousands of people died in devastating •
epidemics, the causes of which were not
understood
## entire families died because vaccination & •
antibiotics were not available to fight infections
The History and Scope of
Microbiology
#### we can get an idea of how our •
current concepts of Microbiology
developed by looking at a few of the
historic milestones in Microbiology that
have changed our lives
History of Microbiology
Experience phase •
Experimental phase •
Modern phase •
Experience phase
The most important discovery in the history of biology occurred
in 1665 with crude microscope ,
Robert Hooke report that living thing are made of small unite
(cells)
Cell Theory
Experience phase
Cell theory = all living things are •
composed of cells
The structure & functions of cells were •
based on this theory
Robert Hooke 1665 (English) = reported •
that life’s smallest structural units were
cells
Experience phase
Anton van Leewenhoek (Dutch •
merchant) 1673 = the first to actually
observe live microorganisms through the
magnifying lens
He made detailed drawings •
(bacteria & protozoa) •
Microbiology, b. 1674
Microscope of Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1673)
Simple-single-lens microscope
Spontaneous generation Dr. Francsco Redi tried to disprove it
Experimental phase
Spontaneous generation = living
organisms could arise from non-living
matter
Dr. Francsco Redi (1668) tried to disprove
it
He demonstrated that maggots appear on
decaying meat only when flies are able to
lay eggs on meat
The Theory of biogenesis (1861) :Living cells can arise only from preexisting living
cells
Experimental phase
 Louis Pasteur (French) 1861
 He was Able to disproved the
spontaneous generation and proved the
Biogenesis theory
the development
of aseptic techniques used in the laboratory &
medical procedures to prevent contamination by
microorganisms
Louis Pasteur
Fermentation & pasteurization
Yeast ferment sugars
alcohol
Bacteria oxidize alcohol
acetic acid
Heating process is used to kill bacteria in milk
Louis Pasteur
Introduced “Germ Theory of Disease” = •
causal relationship between
microorganism & disease
. •
Developed Pasteur treatment for •
preventing rabies
Disproved spontaneous generation •
Biogenesis theory •
Fermentation •
Pasteurization •
Rabies treatment •
Germ theory of disease •
Germ Theory of Disease
Microorganisms cause disease •
Robert Koch (1876) proved that a •
particular microorganism cause a
particular disease
19th Century surgery using Lister’s carbolic acid sprayer.
The golden age of Microbology
Vaccination
Vaccination
–immunity (= resistance to a particular
disease) is conferred by inoculation with a vaccine
Pasteur (1880) discovered that avirulant
bacteria could be used as a vaccine for
cholera (vaccine)
•
Now modern vaccines are prepared from •
living or killed pathogens
Recombinant DNA techniques •
The Birth of modern Chemotherapy:
“Dreams of Magic Bullet”
Treatment of disease by using chemical substances •
Chemotherapy
If prepared from chemical in the laboratory •
synthetic drugs
Or produced by Microorganism
Antibiotics
(1910) introduce salvarsan to treat syphilis
Modern Biotechnology & Recombinant
DNA technology
Biotechnology =practical application of •
microbiology to produce some common
foods & chemicals
Recombinant DNA technology=have been •
used to produce a number of natural
proteins vaccines & enzymes
Gene therapy=inserting missing gene or •
replacing defective one in human cells
harmless virus to carry gene
Cell theory •
Spontaneous generation •
The Theory of biogenesis •
“Germ Theory of Disease” •
Anton van Leewenhoek •
Louis Pasteur •
Robert Koch •
Joseph Lister •
Paul Ehrlich •
Alexander Fleming •
Edward Jenner •
Classification of Microorganisms •
&•
Taxonomy •
Relationship of Microbes
Classification of microbes and
taxonomy
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
Classification of microbes and
taxonomy
prokaryotes
archaea
bacteria
Types of Microorganisms
Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are relatively •
simple single-celled prokaryotes
Cell shape are either rods or coccus •
Enclosed in cell wall largely composed of •
carbohydrate and protein complex called
peptidoglycan
Bacteria reproduce by binary fission •
For nutrition, most bacteria use organic •
chemicals derived from living or
nonliving
Some can do photosynthesis •
Some are motile •
Archae
Like bacteria •
Cell wall lack peptidoglycan - •
Extremely salty environment •
Not cause disease in human •
microorganisms that are composed of •
single or multicellular Eukarya
- Algae •
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Helminths
Are photosynthesis Eukaryotes with wide •
variety of shapes
Reproduce sexually or asexually •
Cell wall like plants are compose of •
cellulose
Algae are abundant in •
fresh water and salt
Play an important role in
the balance of nature
(produce Oxygen&
carbohydrates)
Major food source of
small aquatic animals
Fungi (singular: fungus) are Eukaryotes
•
They may be unicellular (yeast)- are oval in shape larger than
bacteria
OR •
multicellular (mold)- form visible masses called mycelia •
compose of long filaments ( hyphae)cottony growths on
bread&fruit).
Large multicellular like mushroom look somewhat like plant but
they are not photosynthesis
Cell wall compose of chitin
•
Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually •
They absorbing solution of organic materials to get their
nourishements
•
•
•
Protozoa are unicellular Eukaryotic •
microbes
Move by flagella, cilia, pseudopods •
Have variety of shapes, •
Lives free or as parasite •
They absorb or ingest organic •
compounds from their environment
They reproduce by sexually or asexually •
Compare Algae, Fungi, & Protozoa.
Multicellular animal parasites
Helminths included:
Flat helminths and round helminths •
During some stages of their life cycle, •
helminths are microscopic in size
Relationship of Microbes
Viruses are differ from all others
They are so small that need electron microscopy to
be seen
they are acellular (not cellular)
Structurally very simple:
core made of only one type of nucleic acid
( either DNA, or RNA)
This core surrounded by protein coat
Sometimes this coat is enclosed by an additional
layer , a lipid layer called envelope
Viruses can reproduce only by using the cellular
machinery of the host, ٌ(Replication)
living when inside living cell , non living outside
viroids •
generally cause plant diseases •
prion •
-mad cow disease in cattle •
-Kuru & - Creutzfeldt-Jakob in man