3/2/12Do-Now: Copy AND answer the questions.
1. How do you think you did on the cell division
test?
2. How long did you study for it (out of class)?
3. Did you fully complete the 2 review sheets?
4. What could YOU do to improve your grade?
5. What could I do to help you?
Genetics Vocab
1. Law of Independent
Assortment
2. Dominant
3. Recessive
4. Heredity
5. Traits
6. Law of Segregation
7. Genotype
8. Phenotype
9. Alleles
10. Heterozygous
11. Homozygous
12. Probability
13. Monohybrid (Cross)
14. Punnett Square
15. Dihybrid (Cross)
16. Complete Dominance
17. Incomplete
Dominance
18. Codominance
19. Molecular Genetics
3/5/12—Pick up Handout @ the back
10. Heterozygous
11. Homozygous
12. Probability
13. Monohybrid (Cross)
14. Punnett Square
15. Dihybrid (Cross)
16. CompleteDominance
17. Incomplete Dominance
18. Codominance
19. Molecular Genetics
• Finish defining Vocab
• Week 9 Prefix/Suffix
vocab
• Complete Word Search
Puzzle
Genetics: The Science of
Heredity
A Priest-Scientist
Gregor Mendel
Who was Gregor Mendel?
•
•
•
•
•
Austrian monk
Lived 1822 to 1884
Grew on the family farm
High school teacher
Gardener of monastery where he
lived as a monk
• Did experiments on pea plants
• Kept careful records & used
mathematics to make sense of
what he observed
Heredity
• Heredity is the passing of
traits from parents to
offspring.
• Mendel experimented with
heredity of certain traits found
in peas.
• Mendel studied each trait
separately and discovered
certain patterns in the way
traits are inherited in peas.
• Mendel’s work has become
the basis of genetics, the
study of heredity.
Mendel’s Pea Experiments
• Mendel chose pea plants
because their traits were
easy to see and distinguish.
• He crossed plants with two
different traits, for example
purple flowers with white
flowers.
• He started his experiments
with purebred plants.
• Purebred plants ALWAYS
produce offspring with the
same trait as the parent. For
example, if the parent is tall,
all offspring will be tall. If the
parent is short, all offspring
will be short.
Some Pea Traits that Mendel
Studied
F1 Generation
• Mendel called the parent plants the P generation.
• He called the offspring from the parents the F1
generation.
• F is from the Latin word, filial, which means son.
• When Mendel crossed pure pea plants with purple
flowers with pure pea plants with white flowers, all the
F1 generation had purple flowers.
P Generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation
• When he crossed the F1 generation peas with
one another, only some of the offspring had
purple flowers. These formed the F2 generation.
• Mendel found that in the F2 generation, ¾ of the
plants had purple flowers and ¼ of them had
white flowers (3:1 ratio).
F1 Generation
F2 Generation
Review
1.Who was Gregory Mendel?
2.Why did he choose peas for his
experiments?
3.What is heredity?
4.What is genetics?
5.What is a purebred plant?
6.What is the P generation?
7.What is the F1 generation?
8.What is the F2 generation?
3/6/12Do-Now:
-Take out and complete the Crossword
Puzzle (on back of yesterdays
Wordsearch)
-Take out HW: Vocabulary Practice
-Genetics Vocabulary Quiz tomorrow—
Study vocab, Vocab Practice handout, &
Crossword!
Dominant and Recessive Traits
• It seemed to Mendel,
that for each
characteristic in peas,
one trait was stronger
than the other.
• He called the
“stronger” one, the
dominant trait.
• He called the “hidden”
one, the recessive
trait.
Genes and Alleles
• The traits of peas (and
yours) are controlled by
factors that scientists call
genes.
• You inherit your genes
from your parents.
• The different forms of a
gene are called alleles.
• You inherit a combination
of two alleles from your
parents.
Dominant and Recessive Traits in
Peas
• For each of the 7
traits that Mendel
studied in peas, there
is a dominant allele
and a recessive
allele.
• If a plant inherits both
a dominant allele and
a recessive allele, the
dominant allele
masks the recessive
allele.
Some Pea Traits that Mendel
Studied
Understanding Mendel’s
Experiments
Part I
2 alleles
for white
2 alleles
for
purple
pp
PP
1 allele for purple. 1 allele for
white
Pp
Understanding Mendel’s
Experiment
1 allele for purple
Part II
1 allele for white
Pp
Pp
2 alleles for purple
PP
1 allele for purple
1 allele for white
Pp
2 alleles for white
pp
Lesson 3
Probability and Genetics
Probability
• Probability is the likelihood
that a particular event will
occur.
• The laws of probability
determine what is likely to
occur, not what does occur.
• Mendel was the first
scientist that applied the
principles of probability to
genetics.
Punnett Square
• Punnett square is a table
that shows all the
possible combinations of
alleles that can result
when two organisms
cross.
• Using Punnett square,
geneticists can predict
the probability of
occurrence of a particular
trait.
• The allele that each
parent will pass to its
offspring is based on
chance, just like tossing a
coin.
Genotypes and Phenotypes
Phenotype
• Genotype: Indicates
the alleles that the
organism has
inherited regarding a
particular trait.
• Phenotype: The
actual visible trait of
the organism.
Genotype
Homozygous and Heterozygous
• Homozygous: An
organism with two
identical alleles for a
trait (a purebred
organism).
• Heterozygous: An
organism that has two
different alleles for a
trait (a hybrid
organism).
Codominance
• In codominance, the
alleles are neither
dominant, nor
recessive. Neither
allele is masked by
the other.
Roan Cow
Is both white and red
Incomplete Dominance
• Occurs when one allele is not completely
dominant over another
• The heterozygous phenotype is
somewhere in between the two
homozygous phenotypes.
• Ex.-Red flowering plant crossed with white
flowering plant yields pink flowering
offspring
Complete Dominance
• Occurs when one allele is completely
dominant over another allele
• The offspring will look like the dominant
allele.
• Ex.-Homozygous tall pea plants mated
with short pea plants will yield a tall
offspring.
3/6/12— Ch 11 Review Questions
• Take out 1 Clean Sheet
• Title it “Ch 11 Review Questions”
-P266, #1-6
-p269, #1-5
-p274, #1-5
Genetics Review
• The study of heredity.
• Gregor Mendel (1860’s) discovered the
fundamental principles of genetics by breeding
garden peas.
Genetics
• Alleles
1. Alternative forms of genes.
2. Homozygous alleles are exactly the same.
3. Dominant alleles – capitalized
(TT - tall pea plants)
a. Homozygous dominant
4. Recessive alleles - lowercase
(tt - dwarf pea plants)
a. Homozygous recessive
5. Heterozygous (different) (Tt - tall pea plants)
Phenotype
• Outward appearance
• Physical characteristics
• Examples:
1.
2.
tall pea plant
dwarf pea plant
Genotype
• Arrangement of genes that produces the
phenotype
• Example:
1. tall pea plant
TT = tall (homozygous dominant)
2. dwarf pea plant
tt = dwarf (homozygous recessive)
3. tall pea plant
Tt = tall (heterozygous)
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!
In pea plants the Tall (T) allele
is dominant over the dwarf (t)
allele.
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!
In pea plants the Tall (T) allele
is dominant over the dwarf (t)
allele.
1. What is the genotype of a
homozygous tall plant?
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!
In pea plants the Tall (T) allele
is dominant over the dwarf (t)
allele.
2. What is the genotype of a
homozygous short plant?
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!
In pea plants the Tall (T) allele
is dominant over the dwarf (t)
allele.
3. What is the genotype of a
heterozygous tall plant?
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!
In pea plants the Tall (T) allele
is dominant over the dwarf (t)
allele.
4. A plant has a genotype of Tt.
What is its phenotype?
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!
In pea plants the Tall (T) allele
is dominant over the dwarf (t)
allele.
5. A plant has a genotype of tt,
what is its phenotype?
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!
In pea plants the Tall (T) allele
is dominant over the dwarf (t)
allele.
6. What are the two alleles for the
height of a pea plant?
Answers:
1. TT
2. tt
3. Tt
4. Tall
5. short
6. T (tall) and t (short)
3/8/12— Ch 11 Review Questions
• Take out 1 Clean Sheet
• Title it “Ch 11 Review Questions”
-P266, #1-6
-p269, #1-5
-p274, #1-5
Punnett square
• A Punnett square is used to show the possible
combinations of gametes.
Breed the P generation
• tall (TT) (x) dwarf (tt) pea plants
T
t
t
T
tall (TT) (x) dwarf (tt) pea plants
T
T
t
Tt
Tt
produces the
F1 generation
t
Tt
Tt
All Tt = tall
(heterozygous tall)
Breed the F1 generation
• tall (Tt) (x) tall (Tt) pea plants
T
T
t
t
tall (Tt) (x) tall (Tt) pea plants
T
T
t
TT
Tt
t
Tt
tt
produces the
F2 generation
1/4 (25%) = TT
1/2 (50%) = Tt
1/4 (25%) = tt
1:2:1 genotype
3:1 phenotype
Monohybrid Cross
• A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance
of a single trait.
• Mendel’s “principle of segregation”
a. pairs of genes separate during gamete
formation (meiosis).
b. the fusion of gametes at fertilization pairs
genes once again.
Monohybrid Cross
• Example:
Cross between two heterozygotes
for brown eyes (Bb)
BB = brown eyes
Bb = brown eyes
bb = blue eyes
B
b
B
Bb x Bb
b
female gametes
male
gametes
Monohybrid Cross
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
Bb x Bb
1/4 = BB - brown eyed
1/2 = Bb - brown eyed
1/4 = bb - blue eyed
1:2:1 genotype
3:1 phenotype
3/8/12— Take out Punnett Square
work from yesterday
• Take out 1 Clean Sheet
• Title it “Ch 11 Review Questions”
-P266, #1-6
• Write down what you did in your Do Now
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!!
In cocker spaniels black (B) is
dominant to red (rust) (b).
1. What would be the phenotypic
ratio of a cross between a true
breeding black crossed with a
true-breeding rust?
Step 1. Write the genotypes of the
parents
True breeding Black
Step 1. Write the genotypes of the
parents
True breeding Black BB
Step 1. Write the genotypes of the
parents
True breeding Black BB
True breeding rust
Step 1. Write the genotypes of the
parents
True breeding Black - BB
True breeding rust – bb
Step 2 – List the possible
gametes from each parent
BB
B
bb
B
b
b
Step 3 Draw punnett square and
place the gametes on the sides.
BB
B
bb
B
b
B
B
b
b
b
Step 4 Fill in the punnett
square to find the possible
zygotes
BB
bb
B
B
b
b
b
Bb
Bb
B Bb
Bb
B
b
Step 5 Determine the genotypic
and Phenotypic ratios
BB
B
bb
B
b
B
Bb
B Bb
b
b
b
Bb
Phenotype
100% Black
Bb
Genotype
100% Bb
Review! Review!! Review!!!!!
Step 1. Write the genotypes of the
parents
Step 2 – List the possible gametes from
each parent
Step 3 Draw Punnett square and place
the gametes on the sides.
Step 4 Fill in the Punnett square to
find the possible zygotes
Step 5 Determine the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!!
In cocker spaniels black (B) is
dominant to red (rust) (b).
2. What would be the phenotypic
ratio of a heterozygous black and
a true-breeding rust?
3. Two black cocker spaniels
have eight puppies: 5 black and 3
red. What are the genotypes of
the two parents?
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!!
In dogs wire hair (W) is dominant
to smooth (w) hair.
4. A true-breeding wire hair is
crossed with a heterozygous wire
hair.
What will be the phenotypic ratio
of the offspring?
What percentage of puppies will
be homozygous for wire hair?
Practice! Practice! Practice!!!!
In dogs wire hair (W) is dominant
to smooth (w) hair.
5. In a cross between a wire hair
and a smooth hair 6 puppies were
produced. 4 puppies had wire hair
and two puppies had smooth hair.
What were the genotypes of the
parents?
Practice Problems
Complete a Punnett Square for each of
the following:
T = tall plant
P = purple flowers
1. PP x pp
2. Tt x TT
3. Pp x PP
t = short plant
p = white flowers
4. Pp x pp
5. tt x TT
6. Tt x tt
Ch 11 Review Questions
• Take out 1 Clean Sheet
• Title it “Ch 11 Review Questions”
-P266, #1-6
-p269, #1-5
-p274, #1-5
3/13/12-Set your HW out to be checked.
Do-Now:
Complete the monohybrid cross.
1. GgxGg (Green seeds are dominant over
yellow.)
2. A hybrid tall plant crossed with a pure bred
short plant (Tall is dominant.)
3. A heterozygous brown haired man crossed
with a blonde woman (Brown is dominant.)
**Punnett Square Quiz tomorrow, Test Thursday
Dihybrid Cross
• A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance
of two traits.
• Mendel’s “principle of independent assortment”
-each pair of alleles segregates independently
during gamete formation (metaphase I)
Dihybrid Cross
• Example:
R
r
Y
y
= round
= wrinkled
= yellow
= green
cross between round and yellow
heterozygous pea seeds.
RrYy x RrYy
RY Ry rY ry x RY Ry rY ry
possible gametes produced
Dihybrid Cross
RY
RY
Ry
rY
ry
Ry
rY
ry
Dihybrid Cross
RY
RY RRYY
Ry RRYy
Ry
RRYy
RRyy
rY
RrYY
RrYy
ry
RrYy
Round/Yellow:
9
Round/green:
3
Rryy
wrinkled/Yellow: 3
rY RrYY
RrYy
rrYY
rrYy
wrinkled/green:
ry
Rryy
rrYy
rryy
9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
RrYy
1
3/14/12—Take out HW #11-14
Create (monohybrid) Punnett squares for the
following, assuming that red flowers are
dominant over white flowers.
1. RRxrr
2. Homozygous red flowering plant crossed
with a heterozygous flowering plant
3. Heterozygous flowering plant crossed with a
white flowering plant
4. Homozygous dominant flowering plant
crossed with a heterozygous dominant
flowering plant
Incomplete Dominance
• F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat in
between the phenotypes of the two parental
varieties.
• Example: snapdragons (flower)
• red (RR) x white (rr)
R
RR = red flower
rr = white flower
r
r
R
Incomplete Dominance
R
R
r
Rr
Rr
produces the
F1 generation
r
Rr
Rr
All Rr = pink
(heterozygous pink)
Codominance
• Two alleles are expressed (multiple alleles) in
heterozygous individuals.
• Example: blood
1.
2.
3.
4.
type A
type B
type AB
type O
=
=
=
=
IAIA or IAi
IBIB or IBi
I A IB
ii
Codominance
• Example:
homozygous male B (IBIB)
x
heterozygous female A (IAi)
IB
IB
IA
IA I B
IA IB
i
IB i
IB i
1/2 = IAIB
1/2 = IBi
Codominance
• Example: male O (ii) x female AB (IAIB)
IA
IB
i
IA i
IB i
i
IA i
IB i
1/2 = IAi
1/2 = IBi
Codominance
• Question:
If a boy has a blood type O and
his sister has blood type AB,
what are the genotypes and
phenotypes of their parents.
• boy - type O (ii) X girl - type AB (IAIB)
Codominance
• Answer:
IA
IB
i
i
IA IB
ii
Parents:
genotypes = IAi and IBi
phenotypes = A and B
Ch 11 Review Questions
• Take out 1 Clean Sheet
• Title it “Ch 11 Review Questions”
-P266, #1-6
-p269, #1-5
-p274, #1-5
3/15/12-Pass back ½ sheet.
Do-Now:
1. Set out your HW to be checked
2. Complete the ½ sheet
3. Study over your Review Sheet.
3/16/12Do-Now: Copy AND answer the questions.
1. How do you think you did on the cell division
test?
2. How long did you study for it (out of class)?
3. Did you fully complete the 2 review sheets?
4. What could YOU do to improve your grade?
5. What could I do to help you?
3/16/12Do-Now: Match the term to
its meaning.
1. Mortis
2. Nomen
3. Olig
4. Pater
5. Ped
6. Peri
7. Philo
8. Polis
9. Porto
10. Post
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Father
foot
death
few
name
city
after
carry
around
love
Genetic Disorders & Mutations
Vocabulary
1. Mutations
2. Frameshift mutations
3. Point mutation
4. Polyploidy
5. Selective breeding
6. Genetic engineering
7. Restriction enzyme
8. Gel electrophoresis
9. Recombinant DNA
10.Transgenic
11. Clone
12. sex-linked genes
13. Nondisjunction
14.DNA fingerprinting
3/16/12- Take out EOCT p 7-8
Do-Now:
COPY & ANSWER on a clean sheet of paper.
1. How do you think you did on the genetics test?
2. How long did you study outside of class?
3. Did you complete the review sheet?
4. What could YOU do to improve your grade?
5. What could we do to help you?
**Write down what you did on your Do Now sheet*
3/16/12Do-Now: Match the term to
its meaning.
1. Mortis
2. Nomen
3. Olig
4. Pater
5. Ped
6. Peri
7. Philo
8. Polis
9. Porto
10. Post
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Father
foot
death
few
name
city
after
carry
around
love
Week 11 Vocab
1. Pedo – child
2. Phobia – fear
3. Phon – sound
4. Photo – light
5. Plac – please
6. Plu – More
7. Pneuma – breath
8. Pop – people
9. Prim- first
10.Psych – mind/soul
Define the following 14 terms.
12-4
1. Mutations
2. Frameshift Mutations
3. Point Mutations
4. Polyploidy
13-1
5. Selective Breeding
13-2
6. Genetic Engineering
7. Restriction Enzyme
8. Gel Electrophoresis
9. Recombinant DNA
13-4
10. Transgenic
11. Clone
14-2
12. Sex-Linked Gene
13. Nondisjunction
14-3
14. DNA Fingerprinting
T. H. Morgan determined that…
• Males are XY and females are XX
• Genes may be found on sex
chromosomes…SEX LINKED
• Genes on an X chromosome are X-LINKED.
Genes on a Y chromosome are Y-LINKED.
• Eye color in fruit flies (Drosophila
melanogaster) is X-Linked.
Only male fruit flies have white
eyes.
Sex-linked Traits
• Traits (genes) located on the sex
chromosomes
• Example:
fruit flies
(red-eyed male) X (white-eyed female)
Sex-linked Traits
• Example:
fruit flies
(red-eyed male) X (white-eyed female)
• Remember: the Y chromosome in males
does not carry traits.
RR = red eyed
Rr = red eyed
rr = white eyed
Xy = male
XX = female
XR
Xr
Xr
y
Sex-linked Traits
XR
Xr
XR Xr
y
Xr y
1/2 red eyed and female
1/2 white eyed and male
Xr
XR Xr
Xr y
Sex linked traits
Examples of sex linked traits are
1. Blood clotting factor – this factor is located
on the X chromosome and the dominant
allele allows your blood to clot normally.
The recessive form does not allow your
blood to clot.
Two recessive alleles causes the disease
hemophilia.
Boys are more likely to get the disease
because they only have one X.
• PEDIGREES are used to map out the
inheritance patterns of a trait over several
generations.
European Royal Families and Hemophilia
Queen Victoria
3/19/12-Take out your Pedigree
Handout from Friday (on back of
Word Search).
Do Now:
• Using p. 353, answer question #1 AND
#3 (only) in your do-now section. You
may choose to write the questions with
your answers or word your answers
into complete sentences.
• Work on Pedigree if you didn’t
Hemophilia: A sex-linked disorder
2. Red-green color vision is another sexlinked trait. The dominant allele allows
you to see reds and greens. The
recessive allele prevents seeing red or
green.
Boys are most often affected because of
having only 1 X chromosome.
Pedigree for Colorblindness,
an X-linked Recessive Trait
3. DUCHENNE MUSCULAR
DYSTROPHY (MD)- weakens
and destroys muscle tissue
Sex Influenced Traits
• Influenced by male or female sex
hormones
• Baldness
MUTATIONS
• GERM CELL MUTATIONS-occur in
gametes, passed on to offspring without
affecting parent
• SOMATIC MUTATIONS-occur in body
cells, not usually passed on to offspring
TUMORS
• Develop from rapid, uncontrolled cell
division
– If they are BENIGN, they rarely pose a threat
to life.
– If they are MALIGNANT, they will destroy
healthy tissues in the body (CANCER).
Cancer
• Types of cancer
– CARCINOMAS-grow in skin & liner tissues of
body (lung & breast cancer)
– SARCOMAS-grow in muscle & bone
– LYMPHOMAS-grow in tissues that form blood
cells (leukemia)
Causes of cancer…
1. CARCINOGENS-any substance that
increases the risk of cancer (tobacco,
chemicals, Xrays, UV light)
– MUTAGENS-agents that cause mutations to
occur within a cell
2. ONCOGENES-a gene that causes
cancer
3. VIRUSES-may have oncogenes or
stimulate a cell’s oncogenes
• LETHAL MUTATIONS cause
death.
Read p. 340-348. Some of this is review for
you.
Answer #1AND #2 only in your classwork
and homework section.
Read p. 252 about uncontrolled cell growth.
3/20/12- Pass in any Genetic Disorders Internet
Activities. Take out “Hooded Murder” Handout.
Do-Now:
1. Contrast germ & somatic cell mutations.
2. Contrast benign & malignant tumors.
3. List & describe the three main types of
cancer.
4. List 3 potential causes of cancer.
Chromosome Mutations…ch.
12…
1. DELETION-part of the
chromosome is lost because it
has broken off (permanently
deleted)
Chromosome Mutations, cont.
2. INVERSION-a piece of the
chromosome breaks off and
reattaches to the same
chromosome in a “flip-flopped”
position
Chromosome Mutations, cont.
3. TRANSLOCATION-a piece of a
chromosome breaks off and
reattaches to another
NONHOMOLOGOUS
chromosome
Chromosome Mutations, cont.
4. NONDISJUNCTION-failure of
a chromosome to separate
from its homologue during
meiosis
*one gamete will receive an extra copy
of a chromosome while the other
gamete will not have the chromosome
at all
*DOWN SYNDROME (TRISOMY 21)results in an extra copy of the 21st
chromosome
Human Karyotype showing
homologous chromosome pairs
This individual has inherited three copies of chromosome 21
and has a condition called Down syndrome.
Nondisjunction, cont.
• KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME- (XXY)feminine characteristics, mentally
impaired, infertile
• TURNER’S SYNDROME- (XO)- female
appearance, no sexual maturity, infertile
Complete the following:
• P. 308 #1, 2, 4, 5 only
• P. 353 #2, 4 only
• Read p. 340-348. Some of this is review for you.
• Answer #1AND #2 only in your classwork and
homework section.
• You may choose to write the questions & your
answer OR write your answers using complete
sentences.
Read p. 252 about uncontrolled cell growth.
3/21/12—Pass up Genetic Disorder or
Genetic Technology Activities..
Do-Now:
1. When part of a chromosome has been
broken off and is permanently lost,
___has occurred.
2. What is nondisjunction? List 3 disorders
caused by nondisjunction.
3. When a piece of a chromosome breaks
off, flips upside down, & reattaches to the
same chromosome, ____ has occurred.
4. Define translocation.
Other Human Genetic Disorders
• Cystic fibrosis-(CF)-difficulties with
breathing and digestion
• Sickle cell anemia -forms sickle
shaped RBCs because of a defective
protein called hemoglobin, leads to
lack of O2 & circulatory problems
Fig. 11.12, p. 183
• HUNINGTON’S DISEASE
(HD)-forgetfulness, irritability,
loss of muscle control,
spasms, mental illness, death,
a genetic marker has been
identified
Pedigree for Huntington’s Disease,
an Autosomal Dominant Trait
Reading Assignment
• Read p. 273
• Review p. 346-348
GENETIC SCREENING
• Examination of a person’s genetic
make-up
– AMNIOCENTSIS-removes amniotic
fluid to produce a karyotype
– CHORIONIC VILLI SAMPLINGtissue sample from between the
uterus and placenta to produce
karyotype
– Test for PKU (phenylketonuria)-body
can’t metabolize phenyalinine
causing brain damage
DNA Technology & Genetic
Engineering
• Used to improve
– Agriculture-fertilizers, foods, crops
– Medicine-pharmaceutical products and
vaccines
– Forensics-DNA FINGERPRINTING (the
pattern of bands made up of specific
fragments from an individual’s DNA)
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
• Determine the nucleotide sequence of the
entire human genome
• Map the location of every gene on each
chromosome
• Hoped to improve diagnoses, treatments,
and develop cures for about 4,000 human
genetic disorders
• GENE THERAPY-can be used
to treat genetic disorders by
introducing a gene into a cell
or by correcting a gene defect
• GENETIC COUNSELING-form
of medical guidance that
informs parents about
problems that could affect their
offspring
Reading Assignment
• Read p. 322-325 & 355-360
What do you think?
1. What about the ethical issues of using the
HGP?
2. Is cloning ethical? Stem cell research?
3. Could we be playing “God?”
4. Could health insurance companies deny
policies for those programmed to get
diseases?
Complete the following:
• P. 308 #1, 2, 4, 5 only
• P. 353 #2, 4 only
• Read p. 340-348. Some of this is review for you.
• Answer #1AND #2 only in your classwork and
homework section.
• You may choose to write the questions & your
answer OR write your answers using complete
sentences.
Read p. 252 about uncontrolled cell growth.
3/22/12- You need a pencil. Take out your
review sheet/answers.
Do-Now:
1. When cancerous cells break away from the tumor
and spread throughout the body, __ has occurred.
2. By studying a __, a genetic counselor can study how
a trait was inherited over several generations.
3. How is a mutagen different from a mutation?
4. Why is so much research being done on mitosis to
find a cure for cancer?
5. A __ is a gene that may cause a cell to become
cancerous.
3/23/12Do-Now: Copy AND answer the questions on
a clean piece of paper.
1. How do you think you did on the cell division
test?
2. How long did you study for it (out of class)?
3. Did you fully complete the 2 review sheets?
4. What could YOU do to improve your grade?
5. What could I do to help you?
11/1/10-Pick up your book.
Do-Now:
1. Contrast somatic & germ cell mutations.
2. A diagram that shows several generations of a
family & the occurrence of a trait is a ___.
3. People with Down syndrome have __
chromosomes. How could a karyotype determine
if someone has Down syndrome?
4. Do human clones exist? Why or why not?
5. Contrast benign & malignant tumor.
CURRENT EVENT PROJECT DUE TOMORROW!!!!!
A lack of planning on your part does not constitute an
emergency on mine. It should be printed BEFORE you
arrive & is due when the last bell rings.