1
SECTION
C
Digital Data Representation
Data Representation Basics
Representing Numbers, Text, and Pictures
Quantifying Bits and Bytes
Circuits and Chips
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Data vs. Information
Where is the Life we have lost in living?
Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge?
Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?
T. S. Eliot,"The Rock", Faber & Faber 1934.
1 Data Representation – DIKW
Distinction between:
 Data—raw, unformatted information
 Example: 5433333353
 Information—data that is transformed to have a
meaning
 Example: (543) 333-3353
 Knowledge—body of governing procedures used
to organize or manipulate data
 Wisdom—accumulated knowledge
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1 DIKW Pyramid
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Data vs. Information
Data: 51007
Information:
– 5/10/07 The date of your final exam.
– $51,007 The average starting salary of an
accounting major.
– 51007 Zip code of Bronson Iowa.
1 Data vs. Information










6.34
6.45
6.39
6.62
6.57
6.64
6.71
6.82
7.12
7.06
Information
SIRIUS SATELLITE RADIO INC.
$7.20
$7.00
$6.80
Stock Price
Data
$6.60
$6.40
$6.20
$6.00
$5.80
1
2
3
4
5
6
Last 10 Days
7
8
9
10
1 Data  Information  Knowledge
Data
Summarizing the data
Averaging the data
Selecting part of the data
Graphing the data
Adding context
Adding value
Information
1 Data  Information  Knowledge
Information
How is the info tied to outcomes?
Are there any patterns in the info?
What info is relevant to the problem?
How does this info effect the system?
What is the best way to use the info?
How can we add more value to the info?
Knowledge
1 What is an analog signal?
Most of the signals sensed by humans are analog signals.
Everyday examples include sound, light and temperature.
voltage
An analog signal may have any value within a
continuous range.
An analog signal
can be converted
into an electrical
signal. This graph
shows how the
voltage of an
analog signal
varies with time.
time
1 What is a digital signal?
Unlike analog, a digital
signal does not vary
smoothly, and so is
described as being a
discontinuous signal.
current
Modern communication systems carry information from
analog signals as digital signals, which have two
values: ‘0’ (off) and ‘1’ (on). These are used to encode
analog information.
time
Digital signals can be sent as electrical signals, radio waves
or as pulses of light through optical fibers.
1 Digital Media
 The process of taking analog data, such as a
human voice, and turning it into a data file on a
disk is called digitizing.
 Digital media collectively refers to digital copies of
any form of media.
 The main advantage of digital media vs. analog
data is that it can be reproduced an infinite
number of times with no degradation of quality.
1 Data Representation
Data representation refers to the form in which
data is stored, processed, and transmitted
Digital devices work with distinct and separate
data (discrete, on/off) using electronic switches
Analog devices work with continuous data
Which is which?
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Representing, Storing, and
Processing Multimedia
Numeric & Character data
– Binary number system
– ASCII, Extended ASCII,
EBCDIC, and Unicode
Bit = Binary Digit
– on or off, 1 or 0
Media: texts, sounds, images, videos,..
What is Binary_BrainPop
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Data Representation
Extended ASCII (total
256 8-bit representation
of each character)
American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Place Value in a Binary Number
 Binary works the same way except that the place
values are successive powers of 2
powers of 10
powers of 2
11-15
1 Place Value in a Binary Number
 Given binary representation, we can find the decimal
equivalent value by multiplying the digit times the
place value and adding the results
Decimal
Binary
Place
value
Place
value
11-16
1 Place Value in a Binary Number
 Given binary representation, we can find the decimal
equivalent value by multiplying the digit times the
place value and adding the results
11-17
1 Question - 1
1. How do digital machines use and store data?
A.
B.
C.
D.
With words
With binary numbers
With long, drawn out stories
With symbols
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Question - 2
2. What two symbols are generally used in binary
code?
A.
B.
C.
D.
x and y
Upside-down and right-side-up
0 and 1
Left side-down and right-side-up
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Question - 3
3. Humans do math using a base-10 system, while
computers do math using
?
A. A base-3 system
B. A base-2 system
C. A base-1 system
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Question - 4
4. How would you write the number two in binary?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1001
0000
0010
0001
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Question - 5
5. How high can you count in binary?
A.
B.
C.
D.
As high as you want
Up to 2
Up to 10
Up to 1 million
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Question - 6
6. What type of test is most similar to binary?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Writing an essay
Fill-in-the-blank
Multiple choice
True or false
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Question - 7
7. Your computer's code for the letter A is
01000001. Can you guess what the letter B would
be?
A. 10010000
B. 01010110
C. 01000010
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Question - 8
8. Why do humans use a base-10 numerical
system?
A. Because 10 is a round number
B. Because we have 10 fingers and 10 toes
C. Because there are 10 planets
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Question - 9
9. Which of the following devices uses binary
code?
A
B
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
C
D
26
1 Question - 10
10. What is the main function of binary code?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Turning switches on and off
Allowing computers to represent and store data
Providing a gateway into higher mathematics
Allowing computers to interact with humans
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1 Bits and bytes
Bits are rarely seen alone in computers. They are
almost always bundled together into 8-bit
collections, and these collections are called bytes.
With 8 bits in a byte, you can represent 256
values ranging from 0 to 255, as shown here:
0 = 00000000
1 = 00000001
2 = 00000010
...
254 = 11111110
255 = 11111111
1 Data Representation
Extended ASCII (total
256 8-bit representation
of each character)
American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
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1
Number of possible values =
2(number of bits)
More bits can encode more information.
More bits require more computer
storage.
We want to keep the list small enough
to use fewer bits, but we don't want to
leave out critical characters
1 Quick Quiz
How many bits are there in a byte?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
4.
6.
8.
1 Quick Quiz
When you shop for digital devices, their capabilities
are often touted in terms of speed and capacity.
Suppose you’re shopping for a USB Flash drive.
A friend recommends one that’s 64 GB. What does
that mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It operates at 64 gigabits per second.
It holds 64 billion bytes of data.
It holds 64 million 0s and 1s to represent data.
It uses 64-bit ASCII code to hold data.
1 Section A: Digital Sound
Digital Audio Basics
Digital Audio File Formats
MIDI Music
Speech Recognition and Synthesis
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1 Bridging Analog and Digital
We need a sound card that contains
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
CPU-DSP
1 Digital Audio Basics
Sampling a sound wave
– Amplitude of each the sound is stored as a binary number
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1 Digital Audio Basics
Sampling rate refers to number of
times per second that a sound is
measured during the recording
process. In other words, how often
you take a data.
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1 Digital Audio Basics
Sampling Rate (vertical slice)
Low sample rate
High sample rate
In the image above, the left half has a low sample rate, and
the right half has a high sample rate (i.e., high resolution).
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1 Digital Audio Basics
Sampling Format (Dynamic Range, Bit Depth)
 Usually measured by the number of computer bits used to
represent each sample. The more bits that are used, the
more precise the representation of each sample.
 Bit depth refers to the number of allowable levels you
map (or round) the values to.
 Increasing the number of bits also increases the maximum
dynamic range of the audio recording, in other words the
difference in volume between the loudest and softest
possible sounds that can be represented.
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1 Digital Audio Basics
Sampling Format (horizontal slice)
Fewer Bits
More Bits
In the image above, the left half has a sample format with few
bits, and the right half has a sample format with more bits.
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1 Sampling Factors
Sampling Size (precision)
Number
of
Steps
Number of Measurements for Per Second
Sampling Rate
http://www.scribd.com/doc/10732516/introduction-to-digital-technology; http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/analog-digital3.htm
1 Examples
Increasing sampling rate and size
Better Quality
http://www.scribd.com/doc/10732516/introduction-to-digital-technology; http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/analog-digital3.htm
1 Bits and bytes in Audio
CD uses 2 bytes, or 16 bits, per sample per
channel. That gives each sample a range from 0
to 65,535, like this:
0 = 0000000000000000
1 = 0000000000000001
2 = 0000000000000010
...
65534 = 1111111111111110
65535 = 1111111111111111
216 = 65536
1 Digital Audio File Formats
 The most popular digital audio formats
include WAV (Uncompressed, de facto
standard for sound on PCs), and lossy
formats including AAC, MP3, Ogg Vorbis
(free), and WMA (Windows Media Audio)
 Audio or media player software allows
you to play digital audio files
 You can embed digital audio files into a
Web page using the HTML5 <audio> tag
Introduction to digital sound
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1 CD Storage Capacity
Without compression, a CD can store up to 74minutes (650 Megabytes) of music.
With compression, in forms like MP3, about 10
times as many minutes can be stored in a CD-R.
1
What is Streaming?
Process of delivering audio, video and other
multimedia over a network
The network could be a LAN, Intranet or Internet for
example
Streaming ensures no download wait
No files to take up space on your hard disk.
It could be audio or video streaming
It is getting more popular as broadband access
becomes widespread
1 Section B: Bitmap Graphics
Bitmap Basics
Scanners and Cameras
Image Resolution
Color Depth and Palettes
Image Compression
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1 Digital Image Basics
You can capture images using certain
devices connected to the computer, such as
a digital camera, scanner, or screenshot of
the display.
You can also create images on the computer
using painting and drawing programs and
using a mouse, a digital pen or stylus.
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1 Scanners and Cameras
Chapter 8: Digital Media
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1 Scanners and Cameras
The CCD (Charge Coupled Device) is an image
sensor and the camera’s “film.” It captures the
light falling on it and convert it into electrical
signals. The CCD surface is divided like a grid,
into small pixels. Each pixel represents one pixel
in the captured image.
Area CCD
Chapter 8: Digital Media
Line CCD
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1 CCD
The CCD (Charge Coupled Device) is an image
sensor made of semiconductor – the same kind
of materials as computer chips – to capture light
and turn it into an electric signal.
The inventors, Willard Boyle and George E.
Smith, were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in
physics.
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1 Pixels
All captured images are called bitmap images.
If you take a close look you
will see that an image is
made up of pixels.
Pixels (short for picture
elements) are the small
sections of color and/or
tone that together form a
digital image.
1 Bitmap/Raster Graphics Basics
Composed of a grid of dots/pixels
– Color of each dot/pixel is stored as a binary number
(commonly 24 bits)
You use your smartphone to take a photo. Which camera
– front or back – gives you a better quality photo?
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1 Bits and Bytes in Graphics
A pixel in an image file is a piece of data. It is the
smallest unit of picture that can be represented or
controlled.
Similar to sound, each pixel is a sample of an
original image; more samples typically provide
more accurate representations of the original.
It could be represented in 1 bit, 1 byte, or 3 bytes
How many colors can you represent if a pixel is
1 bit:
1 byte:
3 bytes:
21 = 2 colors (monochrome)
28 = 256 colors (GIF file)
224 = ~16 million colors ("Truecolor")
True Color bitmap (24-bit=3×8-bit channels (RGB))
1 Bitmap Formats for Photo
BMP
RAW
TIFF
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1 Bitmap Formats for Web
JPG
GIF
PNG
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1 Image Resolution (Bitmap)
Expressed as the number of horizontal and vertical
pixels, for instance “1520 (width) x 1280 (height)”.
– Higher resolutions contain more data (larger file size) and
are higher quality
Bitmaps do not have a fixed physical size
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1 Higher or Lower Resolution
Bitmap images are measured in pixels
per inch, otherwise known as ppi.
The ppi of the image is called the resolution.
An image with lots of ppi is a high resolution
image and vice versa.
Bitmap images are resolution dependent;
meaning that if you scale up a bitmap, the pixels
will become more visible and the quality of the
graphic compromised.
1 Higher or Lower Resolution
For a given image, the higher the ppi, the
better quality (more details) the image.
Which one looks more like a circle?
1 Image Resolution (Bitmap)
Image Resolution (“ppi”): as the pixel count per inch drops, the
individual pixels will begin to show, and the image will appear "pixelated"
(jagged, blurry, and/or chunky), as shown in the example pictures above.
A high resolution image will still be clear when scaled up.
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1 Image Resolution (Bitmap)
Simulated image resolution (ppi) examples
300 ppi
72 ppi
magazine
web standard
10 ppi
Desktop monitors pixel density have exceeded
200 ppi and contemporary small-screen mobile
devices often exceed 300 ppi to over 400ppi
(1080p) for some smartphones.
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1 Bitmap Basics – Color Depth
A bitmap image is a collection of color dots called
pixels, arranged in rows and columns.
A pixel is the smallest picture element that can be
shown on a display.
The number of colors can be displayed in a pixel is
determined by the number of bits used to represent
the pixel (know as color depth).
The larger the color depth, the larger the number of
colors can be displayed.
Remember bit depth for sound?
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1 Color Depth and Palettes
Color depth is the number of colors available for
use in an image
– Monochrome bitmap
Increasing color depth increases file size
Color palettes are used to control color depth
– Grayscale palette
– System palette
– Web palette
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1
Color – On the Computer & Internet
The systems that are used to create
websites, usually have a video card capable
of displaying 64 thousand (16-bit) or 16.7
millions (24-bit) colors.
The average visitor of a website is capable of
viewing web-safe 256 (=28) colors (8-bit).
Nowadays most computer monitors can
display 16-bit or more colors.
1 Color Value
Color
Color HEX
#000000
Color RGB
rgb(0,0,0)
#0000FF
Gray
rgb(255,0,0) R
rgb(0,255,0) G
rgb(0,0,255) B
#FFFF00
rgb(255,255,0)
#00FFFF
rgb(0,255,255)
#FF00FF
rgb(255,0,255)
#C0C0C0
rgb(192,192,192) Gray
#FFFFFF
rgb(255,255,255) Gray
#FF0000
#00FF00
The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is
0 (hex 00). The highest value is 255 (hex FF).
81
1 Color Value
82
1 Section C: Vector
and 3-D Graphics
Vector Graphics Basics
Vector-to-Bitmap Conversion
Vector Graphics on the Web
3-D Graphics
Vector VS Bitmap
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1 Vector Graphic Basics
The other type of images are vector images. These
images are created in special drawing programs.
Vector images are made up of lines and shapes. These
can be grouped together to make up another shape.
When images are made bigger the quality remains the
same.
1 Vector Graphic Basics
 Contain instructions (mathematical formula) for
re-creating a picture
 SVG (Scalable Vector
Graphics) and Flash are two
vector graphics formats that
can be used on the Web
 Most fonts font formats are
based on vectors.
 WMF (Windows MetaFile)
files can contain both vector
and bitmap. image.
Chapter 8: Digital Media
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1 Vector Graphic Basics
Vector graphics resize better than bitmaps
Vector graphics are resolution independent
Vector graphics usually require less storage space
than bitmaps
Vector graphics are not usually as realistic as
bitmap images
It is easier to edit an object in a vector graphic than
an object in a bitmap graphic
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1
Courier, MS
Sans Serif, MS
Serif, Small,
Symbol
Bitmapped or raster fonts
TrueType,
OpenType,
PostScript
Vector fonts
1 3-D Graphics
Stored as a set of instructions
– Contain locations and lengths of lines forming a
wireframe
Rendering covers a wireframe with surface color
and texture, which makes 3-D vectors look more
realistic
Ray tracing adds light and shadows to a 3-D image
to simulate the eye's perception of those objects
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1 3-D Graphics – Wireframe
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1 3-D Graphics – Modeling
Simple 3D objects can be modeled using
mathematical equations operating in the
3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate
system.
Example:
the equation x2 + y2 + z2 = r2
is a model of a perfect
sphere with radius r.
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1 3-D Graphics – Rendering
The process of taking the mathematical
model of the world and producing the
output image.
The core of the rendering process
involves projecting the 3D models onto a
2D image plane.
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1 3-D Graphics – Rendering
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1 Bitmap vs. Vector Graphics
Bitmap images are, with a few exceptions, the
standard for internet graphics, as well as Windows
icons and backgrounds. Bitmaps are also the
standard format for images captured by scanners and
digital cameras.
Rather than being comprised of pixels, the vector
image is made up of various “objects,” a term which
essentially means lines and shapes.
Photo-Realism, Scalability, Shape, File Size are some
factors to consider to choose one over the other.
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1 Question
 082300 2-D vectors don’t look very realistic, whereas
3-D vectors tend to look very realistic. Why is this the case?
– A. 3-D images use a more realistic color palette than 2-D
images.
– B. 3-D images constructed using a wireframe can be
rendered with surface textures and lighted with realistic
ray tracing.
– C. 3-D images can be enlarged or shrunk more
realistically than 2-D images.
– D. 3-D images can be animated, whereas 2-D images
cannot.
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1 Section D: Digital Video
Digital Video Basics
Producing Video Footage
Video Transfer
Video Editing
Video Output
Web Video
DVD-Video
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1 Digital Video Basics
Uses bits to store color and brightness
data for each video frame
The color for each pixel is represented
by a binary number
Footage for digital videos can be
supplied from a digital source, or from
an analog source that requires
conversion
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1 Digital Video Basics
Bitrate – the amount of data (bits) used
to encode video or audio
Frame rate (FPS) – also known as
frame frequency, is the frequency
(rate) at which an imaging device
displays consecutive images called
frames. The higher the frame rate, the
better the optical illusion.
24 fps is the standard for film and 30
and 25 fps is for TV based on NTSC
and PAL, respectively.
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1 Video Output
In general, a higher bitrate will accommodate higher
image quality in the video output.
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1 Question
082400 YouTube is a popular video site. Which one
of the following statements is NOT true about these
videos?
– A. YouTube supports streaming video.
– B. Users can flag content they feel is
inappropriate.
– C. YouTube videos have a low compression ratio
and a high bitrate.
– D. Each YouTube video has a unique URL.
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1 Image Compression
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1 Strategies to Reduce Digital
Media File Size
Reduce the sampling rate
Reduce the bit depth
Apply file compression
1 1. Reduce Sampling Rate
Recall the weighing puppy scenario
If you weigh the puppy more frequently, it will
take more paper.
For digital media files, higher sampling rate
means more data to store.
In other words, lower sample rate will produce
less data, i.e. smaller file size.
1 2. Reduce Bit Depth
Bit depth refers to the number of allowable
levels you can map the data
For digital media files, lower bit depth
means less data to store.
1 3. Compression
Efficient Storage (small file size)
Streaming
Interactive Multimedia Applications
Two categories in terms of whether the
data get lost during the compression:
– lossy compression
– lossless compression
1 Compression Goals
Reduced bandwidth
Make decoded signal sound as close as
possible to original signal
Lowest Implementation Complexity
Robust
Scalable
1 Audio Compression
Removing bits that represent extraneous
noise
Removing sounds that are beyond the
frequencies of normal hearing
1 Lossy Compression
Some data will be lost and cannot be
recovered
Examples:
– JPEG compression for images
– MP3 for audio
– most compressors for videos
1 Lossy Compression
A lossy codec is one that discards certain
portions of the signal in order to achieve a
smaller file size without resulting in a perceived
loss of quality of the sound to make the file
smaller.
Avoid using lossy compression (if possible)
when you want to keep the file for further
editing.
Video files are generally so large that it is
inevitable to save them with lossy compression.
1 Lossless Compression
A lossless codec is one that achieves smaller
file sizes through means other than removing
data.
This can include using a variable bit rate which
would use fewer bits to encode silences as
compared to an active section of music.
1 Image Compression
Any technique that recodes data in an image file so
that it contains fewer bits
– Lossless compression
– Lossy compression
Run-length encoding
File compression utility
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1 Image Compression
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1 At a loss?
File formats come in two types: lossy and lossless.
Lossy formats lose some of the image colours when the
file is saved (those not usually seen by the naked eye!).
While the quality of the image may not be the best
possible, lossy formats are useful as they do not take up
a lot of memory.
Lossless formats save the image as it is – this
ensures that the quality remains the same.
However, they take up more memory than a lossy
format.
1
File
.tiff
Quality
Memory
used
Benefits
lossless
high
Very good quality images.
Ideal for printing.
.bmp lossless
high
Very good quality images.
Ideal for printing.
.gif
low
Used for images with less than 256
colours. Ideal for animations, text and
line drawings, and web site animations.
Has transparency feature.
.jpeg lossy
low
Good images with up to 16 million
colours. Not first choice for printing.
Very good for web site photographs.
.png
Very low
Images of any quality, printed or not.
Very good for images on a web site.
lossless
lossless
1 Trade-offs of Reducing File Size
Data will be lost or altered when you apply
these strategies:
– reduce sampling rate
– reduce bit depth
– apply lossy compression
When data is lost or altered, you sacrifice the
exactness of the media original information.
This affects the quality of the media.
1 Weighing the Trade-offs
Depend on projects and intended use of the
files
Weigh the file size (storage requirement and
speed of transfer and processing of the file)
against the quality of the digital media files
Losing data vs. "perceivable" quality
– Sometimes it may be acceptable if losing data
does not cause "perceivable" deterioration in
quality
1 Question
 082200 Bitmap files are typically quite large and so it is
handy to compress them before FTPing or e-mailing them.
However, some bitmap files don’t seem to shrink very much
when you use a compression utility, such as WinZip. Why?
– A. The files are already as small as they can get.
– B. Compression utilities use lossless compression, which
won’t allow you shrink the size of a file without losing
data.
– C. Some types of files are already in compressed format,
which can’t be further compressed.
– D. The files have a small color palette that doesn’t allow
compression.
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1 FastPoll True/False Questions
Answer A for True and B for False
 080100 Audio is digitized by dividing a sound wave into
samples and storing the numbers that represent the height
of each sample.
 080200 A higher sampling rate produces higher quality
sound than lower sampling rates.
 080300 MP3 and BMP are examples of two popular digital
music formats.
 080400 WAV is a format for synthesized sound.
 080500 Software with speech synthesis capabilities can
convert your spoken dictation into a digital document.
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1 FastPoll True/False Questions
Answer A for True and B for False
 080600 RAW, PNG, TIFF, and JPEG formats store graphics
as bitmaps.
 080700 Bitmap graphics are resolution dependent.
 080800 When bitmaps are enlarged, pixel interpolation can
result in the graphic becoming pixilated.
 080900 Images that have been compressed with lossless
compression can be reconstituted to their original
appearance without any data loss.
 081000 Vector graphics maintain their quality better than
bitmaps when resized.
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1 FastPoll True/False Questions
Answer A for True and B for False
 081100 The technique for adding light and shadows to a 3-D
graphic is called rasterizing.
 081200 Videos with a low compression rate tend to be small,
low-quality files.
 081300 A video with a bitrate of 340 will have less
compression and better quality than a video with a bitrate of
150.
 081400 Recording a television show to watch at a later time
is an example of digital rights management.
 081500 Digital watermarks, HDCP, and broadcast flags rely
on compliant hardware devices to protect content.
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