Warm Up
If women's choices have expanded,
have the pressures on them also
grown greater?
What inequalities between women
and men remain?
How do race and socioeconomic
background affect women's lives?
Second Wave
Feminism& Feminist
Activism:
1960s & 1970s
Equality and
Hierarchy:
Women’s
Experience
Social Justice Movements
Mullin
Feminism
Feminists seek to challenge the
unfair and unequal distribution of
power and wealth in patriarchal
society.
A patriarchal society is one based
on male rule and domination.
Feminists are particularly
interested in the contribution made
by the media to society’s dominant
ideas about gender roles.
Gender Roles
The mass media play a crucial role in
socialisation – teaching us how to
behave and think in ways that our
culture finds acceptable.
Sex is biological, gender is
CULTURAL.
What does it mean to be a
woman/man?
Gender
Stereotypes
Femininity
Caring
Nurturing
Emotional
Domestic
Sensitive
Passive Lower
status...poorl
y paid work –
Soft
childcare,
Gentle nursing,
teaching
Masculinity
Tough
Providing
Rational
Public/work
orientated
Thick skinned
Higher
Active status...Influenti
roles...well
Rough al
paid
Hard jobs...political
leadership
Imbalance of power
ActivityStations
You will be reading 4 different
essays the explore the different
theories of 2nd wave feminism.
Use Student Handout 5.A. to analyze
each essay.
You will rotate articles within your
table group.
Station 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J
DUjeR01wnU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c
nPlJxet_ac
Listen to the two songs, analyze the
lyrics and answer the corresponding
questions.
Warm Up
Define suffrage.
How do you think that a girl's life
today is different from her
mother's life or her grandmother's
life? Why do you think things are
different for girls today?
What are the obstacles to women's
equality?
How does the
women’s movement
of the 1920s
compare with the
women’s movement
of the 1960s?
1920s
Background
Historically, women have been
considered intellectually inferior to
men.
They were seen as major sources of
temptation and evil.
Women were also considered
naturally weaker than men
th
19
Amendment
“The right of citizens of the United
States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate
legislation.”
It was ratified on August 18th, 1920.
Alice Paul
She was the head
of National
Women’s Party.
Felt that the 19th
Amendment wasn’t
enough.
 Pushed for an
Equal Rights
Amendment to be
added to the
constitution.
January 11th, 1885- July 9th, 1977
The Equal Rights
Amendment (ERA)
“Men and women shall have equal
rights throughout the United States
and every place subject to its
jurisdiction.”
 It was first introduced to Congress in
1923.
 Made all forms of discrimination based
on sex illegal.
 Never passed in Congress.
Margaret Sanger
In 1921, she founded the
American Birth Control
League (ABCL)
 Today known as Planned
Parenthood
In 1923, she established
the Clinical Research
Bureau.
 The first legal birth
control clinic in the U.S.
Women were then able to
control their own bodies.
This movement educated
women about existing
birth control methods.
A 1936, a Supreme Court
decision declassified
birth control information
as obscene.
“Pink Collared” Jobs
Gave women a
taste of the work
world.
Low paying service
occupations.
Made less money
than men did doing
the same jobs.
 Examples of jobs:
 Secretaries
 Teachers
 Telephone
operators
 Nurses
“Pink Collared” Jobs
Women were confined
to traditional
“feminine” fields in
the work force.
The “new professional
women” was the most
vivid and widely
publicized image in the
1920s.
 But in reality, most
middle class married
women remained at
home to care for
their children.
Education
By 1928, women were
earning 39% of the
college degrees given
in the United States.
It had risen from the
original 19% it was at
the beginning of the
century.
 Example:
 In 1926, Sarah
Lawrence College
was founded as an
all girls school
ActivityStations
You will rotate around 4 stations to
learn about 1st wave feminism.
Station 1: Complete PSA for each
photo.
Station 2: Choose ONE woman and
complete story map.
Station 3: Complete “Who am I”
poem based on timeline analysis.
Station 4: Read “Story of an Hour”
and discuss the cause of death.
Warm Up
What did first wave feminism
accomplish?
How did it set the stage for second
wave feminism?
Wave
Feminis
m in
the1960
Background
The Women's Rights
Movement of the 1960s
was a second wave of
activism.
The women's movement
of the 1960s drew
inspiration from the
civil rights movement
It was made up of
members of the middle
class
It was also caused by
the sexual revolution of
the 1960s
 Sparked by the
development of the
birth-control pill in
1960
Martin Luther King Jr. giving his
"I Have A Dream“, 1963
Background Cont
Sexual assault and domestic violence
became central targets of women's
activism
The crime of rape begins to increase in
numbers
 Rape is sex without consent, both legally and
socially
Susan Brownmiller's book, Against Her
Will, examines the history of rape
Feminists work to create domestic
violence shelters and rape crisis hotlines
Second-Wave Feminism
1960-early 1980s
Also called:
 Women’s Rights
Movement
 Women’s Liberation
Movement
Focus:
 Not focused on one issue
 Not an issue driven movement, instead it is a
theory lead movement designed to identify and
expose a central institution of oppression in
women’s lives, and then make widespread
change across a range of issues in an effort to
undo that source of oppression.
 “The personal is political”
 What do you think this means?
Four Goals/Agendas of
Second-Wave Feminism
Develop
a
Feminis
t
Theory
Raise
Awarenes
s of
Female
Oppressio
n Among
Women
Act
Organize
• Protest &
Activism
• Legislative
Changes
Emergence of Feminist
Theory
For the first time women’s rights
activists began to outline a theory of
the female experience.
Why do you think the development of
theory is so important to a social rights
movement?
Why is the development of feminist
theory so important to the women’s
rights movement?
Emergence of a Feminist
Theory
Theory is essential for an activist
movement, because it allows you to
see that the
troubles/difficulties/persecution in your
life are not an individual problem, but
rather a result of systematic oppression,
not private issues or personal complaints
Theory
In the 1960s, scholars began to
develop a feminist theory to expose the
structure of oppression at work in
women’s lives. The goal is to point out
that women’s persecution is a
structural, not personal, issue.
Patriarchy
Feminist theory asserts that women
are oppressed as a result of the social
system of patriarchy.
Patriarchy is a social system in which
males are the primary authority
figures, occupying roles of political
power, moral authority, control over
the family, and control over property.
Patriarchy
Patriarchy also includes the oppression
of minorities and homosexuals as part
of a broader system designed to
subordinate women.
Feminist theory argues that ridding
society of patriarchy will result in
liberation for women, men, minorities,
and gays.
Denied Suffrage
Laws prohibiting women
from divorce
Patriarchy
Ideology of Feminine
Fulfillment
Gender Gap in Pay
Gendered Division of
Household labor
Activity
http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/re
source/976708ae-6ec4-444c-91e148cd2ccea7f1/civil-rights-and-thewomens-movement/
Activity
Watch the video segments and
complete the corresponding graphic
organizers.
Complete discussion questions within
your group. WRITE THEM DOWN.
Read interviews and complete
corresponding questions.
Then construct an antidiscrimination ad within your group.
Antidiscrimination
Ad
2 symbols
1 quote
1 person
5 bullet points
1 slogan.
Due EOC.
Warm Up
What are examples of patriarchy
today?
What does the phrase “The political
is personal” mean?
Methods of
Activism
Conscious Raising
Protests
Media
Legislation
Consciousness-Raising
Why does the
women’s movement
need consciousnessraising?
 What does it suggest
about the type of
oppression women
face?
How does
consciousness raising
help women to
understand their
oppression, rather
than just seeking
change around one
issue?
Consciousness-raising -- studying the
whole gamut of women's lives,
starting with the full reality of one's
own -- would also be a way of keeping
the movement radical by preventing it
from getting sidetracked into single
issue reforms and single issue
organizing.
With Feminist Theory
established, leaders in the
feminist movement begin
raising awareness of
women’s oppression.
The tool they use to do this
is Consciousness-Raising
Act Through Activism
Women begin to protest, speak out, and
march in large numbers
Protests are “in your face”
They protest over a wide-range of issues:
 Political inequality
 Economic inequality
 Cultural degradation of women
Example: 1968 Protest of the Miss
America Pageant
 How does this protest exemplify the feminist
theory of second-wave feminism?
Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a
wCRaGkowjY
Scenes from the
Miss America Protest:
National Organization
for Women (NOW)
Founded in 1966.
Founded by a group of
people, including Betty
Friedan, and Rev. Pauli
Murray.
 The first AfricanAmerican woman
Episcopal priest.
Betty Friedan became
the organization's
first president.
NOW
(con’t.)
The goal of NOW is to bring about
equality for all women.
They campaigned to gain passage of the
ERA amendment at the state level.
Issues NOW deals with:
 works to eliminate discrimination and
harassment in the workplace, schools, and
the justice system.
 secure abortion, birth control and
reproductive rights for all women
 end all forms of violence against women
 eradicate racism, sexism and homophobia
 promote equality and justice in society.
Act: Legislative Change
NOW and other organizations begin
to demand:
1. Laws Banning Sex Discrimination in
Employment
2. Laws Giving Women More Rights in
the Family
3. Laws Ending Unequal Education
4. Promotion of Women’s Control over
their Reproductive Lives
5. Equal Rights Constitutional
Amendment
nd
2
Wave
Feminism
DBQ
Read the primary sources and answer
the key historical questions using the
documents provided.
At the end, answer the following
question “Here are the charges against
Gloria Steinem: Gloria Steinem,
professional writer, is charged with
creating discontent and disturbing the
peace by encouraging the breakup of
traditional family structure and gender
roles.”
 If you agree/disagree-come up with 5
points why from documents.
Warm Up
Does equal mean recognizing
difference and providing equal
opportunity for historically
marginalized members of society?
Or does equal mean not recognizing
difference (ex: “I don’t see color”)
and not providing equal opportunity
since everyone is the same in your
eyes?
Feminism in the 70s and 80s
ERA-Equal Rights Amendment
 NOW endorses ERA in 1967
 Women’s Strike for Equality, August 26,
1970
 ERA approved by Congress in 1972
 Failed to achieve ratification by 1982
deadline
Abortion
 Roe v. Wade, 1973
 Contributes to antifeminist backlash
Pornography debates within feminism
Women in politics
Video
http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/re
source/a297a9f0-5d90-452c-a9d04de80c3c6218/era-and-politicalbacklash/
Equal Pay Act of 1963
States that no employer may pay lower
wages to employees of one gender than it
pays to employees of the other gender
employees within the same establishment for
equal work at jobs that require equal skill,
effort and responsibility, and that are
performed under similar working conditions.
Huge step forward for gender equity in
employment
But…Does not address inter-occupational
inequality for jobs that require the same skill.
 Maid vs. Janitor
 “Signed into law by President Kennedy
Civil Rights Act 1964
Law that outlawed major forms of
discrimination against racial, ethnic,
national and religious minorities, as well as
women.
Act was originally intended to end racial
inequality, and said nothing about women.
 U.S. Rep Howard W. Smith (VA) added the
word “sex” to the Act in an effort to derail the
measure so African Americans would not gain
Civil Rights.
 However, the entire Act passed into law
without floor debate.
For the first time the United States had a
law against sex discrimination in federallyfunded public accommodations
Betty Friedan
Wrote the book,
Feminine Mystique in
1963.
In her book, she
depicted the roles of
women in industrial
societies.
 She focused most of
her attention on the
housewife role of
women.
She referred to the
problem of gender
roles as "the problem
without a name".
The book became a
bestseller and was the
cause for the second
wave of feminism in
the 60s.
Feb. 4th, 1921- Feb. 4th, 2006
If a woman had a problem in the 1950's
and 1960's, she knew that something
must be wrong with her marriage, or
with herself. Other women were satisfied
with their lives, she thought. What kind
of a woman was she if she did not feel
this mysterious fulfillment waxing the
kitchen floor? She was so ashamed to
admit her dissatisfaction that she never
knew how many other women shared it.
If she tried to tell her husband, he didn't
understand what she was talking about.
She did not really understand it herself.
The problem that has no name–
which is simply the fact that
American women are kept from
growing to their full human
capacities–is taking a far greater
toll on the physical and mental
health of our country than any
known disease.
-- Betty Friedan
Video
http://video.pbs.org/video/2331238
860/
Activity-1: “The
Problem with No
Name”
Watch the video clips and complete
the corresponding graphic organizer.
Review questions as a class.
http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/re
source/7f80ca4c-43af-4d97-b44c022b315532ac/discontent-andtransformation/
Gender
Discrimination
Divide Scenarios
and read the gender
discrimination scenarios within your
group.
Review and analyze your assigned
group scenarios and prepare a report
for the class following the class
presentation guide at the top of your
handout.
Warm Up
What is the problem without a name?
Is this problem still present today?
If yes, explain and provide example.
If no, explain and provide example.
The Feminine Mystique
Many women are dissatisfied with
the return to domesticity that the
end of World War Two brings.
Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan,
1963
 Exposes the unhappiness and
lack of fulfillment many women
feel as housewives
 Awakens women to the fact
that the ideal of feminine
fulfillment is an oppressive
ideology and that their
personal struggles are not
personal, but an outgrowth of
systematic oppression
Pregnancy Discrimination Act
(1978)
Prohibits sex discrimination on the basis of
pregnancy.
Specifically…
 Hiring
 An employer cannot refuse to
hire a pregnant woman because
of her pregnancy,
 Pregnancy and Maternity Leave
 An employer may not single out
pregnancy-related conditions for
special procedures to determine
an employee's ability to work.
 If an employee is temporarily unable
to perform her job because of her pregnancy, the
employer must treat her the same as any other
temporarily disabled employee.
 Employers must hold open a job for a pregnancyrelated absence the same length of time jobs are held
open for employees on sick or disability leave.
Griswold v.
Connecticut (1965)
Estelle Griswold was
the executive director
of Planned Parenthood
League.
The case involved a
Connecticut law that
prohibited the use of
contraceptives.
Ruled that the
Constitution protected
a right to privacy.
Found that Connecticut
should allow married
couples to use birth
control.
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
(top), Estelle
Griswold (right)
Roe v. Wade
laws prohibiting abortion in the first
trimester of the pregnancy are
unconstitutional under the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment, which guarantees a
right to privacy
 states reserve right to restrict
abortion later in the pregnancy
Roe v. Wade prompts a national
debate
Changes the face of national politics
Video
http://video.pbs.org/video/2326536
776/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1
q5AgCzPIuA
http://video.pbs.org/video/2333333
802/
Activity
Read the list of arguments and
classify them (classifications are
listed at the top).
Provide two cartoon analysis by
answering the FIVE QUESTIONS
FOR EACH cartoon.
Then read about the legacy of Roe v.
Wade and complete the questions to
consider. Answer EACH QUESTION
in ONE PARAGRAPH.
Warm Up
What are the LEGAL reasons why
abortion is legal.
What are the LEGAL reasons why
abortion could be illegal.
Laws Ending Unequal
Education
Title IX (1972)
Portion of the Education Amendments of
1972
States that:
 No person in the United States shall,
on the basis of sex, be excluded from
participation in, be denied the
benefits of, or be subjected to
discrimination under any education
program or activity receiving federal
financial assistance...
In short, Prohibits sex discrimination in
schools whether academic or athletic.
Major effects on the equal creation and
funding of women’s athletics
Signed into law by President Nixon
Video
http://video.pbs.org/video/2331379
880/
http://video.pbs.org/video/2331257
357/
Activity-1
Watch video clip and complete
graphic organizer.
Review discussion questions as a
group and prepare to present.
http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/re
source/018750b9-33e6-4db0-b8772b30bf664c26/title-ix-and-theeducation-amendments-of-1972/
Activity-2
Read your assigned article and
complete questions 1 and 2 while
taking notes in the graphic organizer.
After 10 minutes-group up with
students that have the same article
as you and complete analysis
questions 3-10 in graphic organizer.
The End
Essay Prompt
Many people are uncomfortable
identifying with the word “feminist”
Why is that? Should we as a society
keep the word, or switch to
something else, such as “humanist”?
What are some issues with avoiding
the label of feminism?
Essay
Requirements
 5 sources
 5 paragraphs
 5 citations
 MLA Format
 Work Cited page
 Title
 Times New Roman Font
 Size 12
 1 inch margins
 Double spaced
Thesis
Statement

What you plan to argue + How you plan
to argue it = Thesis Statement
▪ “By observing x, y, and z, one can
conclude that_________________”
▪ Or do the opposite:
“______________________ is true
due conclusive evidence provided
by the examination of x, y, and z.”
http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/col
lection/the-womens-movement/