Experiences in Lamsdorf /
Łambinowice
Experiences in Lamsdorf/Łambinowice
Acknowledgements
This source collection
is made by Chris Rowe
with the support of the
staff of the Central
Museum of Prisonersof- War in
Łambinowice-Opole
and Mateo Martinez.
This collection is part
of the unit “Internment
without a trial:
Examples from the
Nazi and Soviet
regimes” that is
developed in the MultiFacetted Memory
project.
More information
www.euroclio.eu/multifacetted-memory
The long and varied history of the internment camp and the nearby
cemetery at Lamsdorf/Łambinowice in Upper Silesia gives it a special
significance. The first detainees held in the camp were French prisoners-ofwar captured in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. In the First World War,
many POWs from the Allied Powers were held there: British, French,
Russian, Serbian and Romanian. After the war the camp was used to hold
people displaced by the territorial changes of 1919-20. It was again used to
hold British and French POWs when the Second World War began; and was
vastly expanded to hold Soviet POWs after the war widened in 1941. After
the war ended in 1945, the purpose of the camp at Łambinowice changed
again, to become a labour camp for ethnic German prisoners. It was
deserted and forgotten during the Cold War but re-opened as a memorial
site and education centre focused on remembrance. This collection of
sources illustrates the multi-faceted history and memory of internment,
seen through people’s experiences and perceptions.
Navy blue – camp from the time of the
Franco-Prussian War.
Blue – POW during World War One, later
in the World War Two the British camp
(Stalag VIII B (344))
Red – Soviet camp (Stalag 318/VIII F (344))
Green - Internment camp of 1945-46
The name of the nearest villages are
legible on the map, e.g. Lamsdorf
(Łambinowice), Schadeberg (Szadurczyce),
Kleuschnitz (Klucznik)...
(Public Domain)
Beginnings: 1870 to 1920
In October 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, the first French POWs
arrived in Lamsdorf. They were lodged in the existing buildings on the
military shooting range, and were employed to construct new facilities. The
camp functioned until the Spring of 1871. Altogether, there were almost
4000 French soldiers detained there. The only material trace of their stay at
Lamsdorf is the plot containing 52 graves and a monument in the Old POW
Cemetery.
Prisoners-of-War arrived in Lamsdorf again, August 1914. Altogether, about
90 000 prisoners were interned in the camp: privates and noncommissioned officers of the Russian, Rumanian, Italian, Serbian, French,
British and Belgian armies. In the first years of captivity, the POWs had fairly
good living conditions but, over time, due to the worsening economic
situation in Germany, conditions deteriorated. The POWs were forced to
work. They built extensions to the camp buildings and they were also
employed outside the camp, in the nearby factory of August Zierz,
manufacturing agricultural machines, on local estates, and also on road
construction. They were paid for their work (about 60% of a free labourer’s
wages doing the same work). The POWs used their free time to organize
cultural activities, such as an orchestra, dance shows and art displays. The
POWs were allowed to practise their religious practices without any major
obstacle. About 7000 POWs died in captivity. They were buried in separate
graves in the Old POW Cemetery nearby the graves of the French soldiers of
1871. The last POWs left Lamsdorf in 1920.
Graveyard for POWs
The cemetery in the vicinity of Łambinowice was established during the FrancoPrussian War, for burying the dead of the POW camp. 52 prisoners died there. During
the First World War the cemetery was expanded with a total of about 7,000 new graves.
Several monuments were erected for dead prisoners, including Serbs, Russians, British,
Italians, Prussian and German soldiers. (Jaques Lahitte / CC-BY-SA 3.0)
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Lamsdorf, Upper Silesia - Military training area: ‘Breathing pause before the
battle’
(Copyright Unknown)
A French Prisoner of War
This picture is from the documents
belonging to the family of Léon Lelouvier,
born in Saint-Germain-du-Crioult in 1874.
He was a French prisoner of war in
Lamsdorf during the First World War and
died there in 25 November 1918.
The description at the bottom says:
‘To my little boy!
In the hidden trenches, your rosy face
Is smiling: it’s my son, my flesh, my blood,
mine.’
(Archives Départementales de la Manche /
CC-BY-SA 3.0)
The Repatriates Camp 1921-1924
After the War, according to the resolutions of the Treaty of
Versailles, the major part of the camp infrastructure was
dismantled. Sub-camps III, IV and VI were liquidated completely.
The camp was re-opened in 1921, however, to hold displaced
persons from the territories which were annexed to the Republic of
Poland. Many Germans were forced to move after the new borders
were formed in 1919, and after the three Silesian Uprisings. The
camp established Lamsdorf/Łambinowice at that time existed until
1924, accommodating several thousand people.
Changing borders
A special passport issued in 1920 to those
living in the region during the Upper
Silesian plebiscite. The region was
ethnically mixed with both Germans and
Poles. The plebiscite was mandated by the
Versailles Treaty, and was carried out in
March 1921 to determine where would be
the new border between Germany and
Poland. In the end, Poland received
roughly one third of the plebiscite area.
(Huddyhuddy / CC-BY-SA 3.0)
Cemetery of the Franco-Prussian war
Between the two world wars, dozens of Germans (including children) from the areas
that were incorporated into Poland in 1919 were buried in the cemetery alongside the
prisoners of war who had been buried there during the Franco-Prussian war and the
First World War. Today the Old Cemetery is part of a large complex, referred to
collectively as the Site of National Remembrance in Łambinowice. (Public Domain in
Poland)
Lamsdorf Experiences
The Second World War
In August 1939, six days before the invasion of Poland, the German
authorities established Dulag B - a transition camp at Lamsdorf, ready
to hold prisoners -of-war captured in Poland. In October, this became a
permanent camp, Stalag VIII B Lamsdorf. From 1940 prisoners from
Britain, France and their allies began arriving. In July 1941, after the
war against the Soviet Union began, a new camp was set up 2 km away
to hold prisoners of the Red Army - Stalag 318/VIII F Lamsdorf. At the
end of 1943 both camps were combined as Stalag 344, which
comprised Stalag VIII B, often known as the British Camp, as well as
Stalag 318/VIII F, the Soviet Camp. The complex of camps was one of
the largest in Europe.
The camps at Lamsdorf held prisoners of many nationalities: almost
200 000 Soviet POWs, 72 000 Polish POWs, 48 000 British POWs, and
also French, Belgian, Yugoslav, Greek, American, Italian and Rumanian
soldiers. Insurgents who participated in national uprisings were also
imprisoned at Lamsdorf: about 6000 Poles who took part in the 1944
Warsaw Rising, and about 1600 Slovakian insurgents. There were
clearly visible differences in the treatment of POWs of individual armies
and nationalities. Relatively good conditions were provided to soldiers
of the British Army, whereas soldiers of the Red Army suffered under
appalling conditions – for them the camp was a place of extermination.
The camp at Lamsdorf/Łambinowice was reopened on September 3, 1939,
immediately after the outbreak of the ’Polish Defensive War’.
Stalag VIII B housed about 70,000 Polish prisoners. Later British and French prisoners
were held there. After the outbreak of war with the USSR in June 1941, thousands of
Soviet prisoners were held in a separate camp, Stalag 318/VIII F. Altogether, more than
300,000 Allied and Soviet prisoners passed through the gates of the camp at Lamsdorf;
somewhere between 40,000 and 100,000 of them died. Most of those who perished
were buried in mass graves in the nearby village of Klucznik and at the local cemetery.
Polish Prisoners of War
Witold Konecki, codename “Sulima”
PoW at Stalag 344, Lamsdorf.
‘We were marching from the station to the
camps, which were about 5-6 kilometres away,
among unfriendly shouting of German civilians
on the road. Local women and young people
from the Hitlerjugend ran up to the prisoners of
war, spitting, and hitting them with everything
within their reach. German soldiers the
prisoners roughly – they pushed them, hit them
with rifle butts, bayoneted them, kicked them,
tore armbands and eagles from caps, saying
offensive epithets and taking away injured
men’s canes. Among swearing and threats, the
Germans ordered us to form marching
columns, which were escorted by armed
soldiers with dogs. Some of the prisoners of
war threw away their rucksacks, suitcases,
blankets or overcoats in order to keep up with
the marching pace and to be able to help
children, weaker people and injured.‘
Members of POW’s orchestra during rehearsal in barrack used as camp clubroom in Stalag VIIIB (344) Lamsdorf
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Football match played between barracks of the British Camp Stalag VIIIB (344)
Lamsdorf.
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
‘’The Red Cross are doing noble
work in keeping us well supplied
with clothing, books, games and
essential supplementary food.
The time continues to pass
quickly and I find plenty to do in
the way of reading, walking,
football, bridge and so on. I am
keeping up my studies,
concentrating particularly on
banking and economics. You
must not on any account worry
about me.’’
Prisoners of War Post
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
“Remember how we used to ‘watch’ the section leader cutting the bread?”
A fragment of a POW's comic book by a Royal Canadian Air Force pilot, Andrew
Carswell, drawn in Stalag VIIIB (344) Lamsdorf. (Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in
Łambinowice-Opole)
A fragment of a POW’s comic book of
a RAF pilot Frank E. Hughes drawn in
Stalag VIIIB (344) Lamsdorf in 194145
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in
Łambinowice-Opole)
Parade of pipers on the main avenue called „Brittenlager” in Stalag VIIIB (344).
In the foreground pipers from the Gordon Highlanders regiment. (Central Museum of
Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
British prisoners of war during Christmas in Stalag VIII B (344) Lamsdorf
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Christmas for POWs, 1944
A letter of a Warsaw insurgent – a prisoner of war
from Stalag 344 Lamsdorf platoon officer cadet Jan
Żułma, codename „Feliks”, to his father, Jan Żułma:
‘Happy New Year! On 22nd this month I received
first pack from you for which I thank you. Thanks to
it and a pack from the International Committee of
the Red Cross, I could spend relatively nice
Christmas. I’ve eaten a lot of bread, cold cooked
meat, fruit and I had something to smoke. Despite
merciless fate distancing us, I didn’t surrender to
gloomy thoughts. During Christmas my spirit was
with you. Now, after Christmas, I feel quite good.
In the next pack please send me flour, cigarettes
and groats. Try to send 2 kilos parcels by the Red
Cross. Receiving packs or letters from home is like
wonderful shot in the arm for us behind the barbed
wire here. Kiss you very much.
Feliks’
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in
Łambinowice-Opole)
Parade organized by British prisoners-of-war in Stalag VIII B (344) Lamsdorf. (Central
Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Funeral for British prisoner-of-war, with the Swastika
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Insurgents of the 1944 Warsaw Rising imprisoned at Lamsdorf
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
The Diary of prisoner-of-war Siergiej Woropajew “Daily Life in Hell”
Siergiej Woropajew fell into German captivity in 1943. He
was a prisoner-of-war Lamsdorf and then moved from
there to a work commando at a coal mine in Upper Silesia.
From the diary kept by him, there emerges the whole
tragic story of this young Soviet man, in part a poet and a
philosopher. Working beyond endurance and being treated
in an extremely harsh way, he had only one aim – to find
food and satisfy hunger. However, hard work
underground, poor nourishment, lack of clothing and
primitive living standards in the huts caused him to fall
badly ill with pneumonia, which later on developed into
tuberculosis. In the autumn of 1944, he was transported to
the camp field hospital in Lamsdorf. Despite the medical
treatment given to him, the state of his health continued to
worsen steadily, due to disease and hunger. In his diary,
Woropajew displayed an awareness of the fact that he
would not see his compatriots in the Red Army liberate the
camp, even though they were so close. He was moved to
‘Block A’, called the ‘Death Block’. He made a balance of his
young life, recalling his relatives, especially his parents. In
February and March 1945, the sick prisoners-of-war were
left without medicines, medical care and food. Because of
his exhaustion, Woropajew did not rise form his bunk. The
account of the last days of his life is shocking indeed. The
last entry he made is dated 5 March 1945. Woropajew died
on 23 March, five days after the camp had been liberated.
The diary – according to his will – was sent to his father.
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in ŁambinowiceOpole)
6 February 1945
My Dear s. I am a voice crying in the
wilderness . It seems to me, I am standing
on the threshold of death, with no hope of
life. In en days I have not a crumb of bread;
half a liter of soup from grass is not able to
pump my blood. Every day I lose strength,
tottering on my feet.
Here we can hear the thunder of artillery
explosions and guns. They say that the first
line of the front. Os only 3.5 km away.
My God, how sad I am. So close are now my
brothers - fellow countrymen who carry
freedom, and yet here is death from
starvation. Thunder is around us, a kind of
big circle has formed, within which there is
the camp 318 Lamsdorf. The center of the
camp is a kitchen, everybody goes to it and
they die from the fascist criminals’ bullets.
During my stay in the hut 10 people sidling
to the kitchen were shot. But hungry people
do not pay attention - one is shot, and
another will still try to go there. Hunger, a
terrible hunger. I do not know if I'll still be
able to pick up a pencil. It is a pity that just
before the liberation I shall die.
Lamsdorf Experiences
The Soviet Camp
The war between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that began in
June 1941 was different in its nature and scale from the war in the
West that began in 1939. Nazi ideology decreed that the war on the
Eastern Front was a ‘racial war’, to be fought with the utmost
ferocity in order to achieve the extermination of ‘JewishBolshevism’. The Geneva Convention did not apply to this war and
there were many atrocities. In the early stages of the war vast
numbers of Soviet soldiers were captured – nearly 200 000 of them
were imprisoned at Stalag 318/VIII F (344), the Soviet Camp at
Lamsdorf. Nazi ideology meant that the treatment of the Soviet
POWS was extremely severe. Unlike POWs in the British Camp they
did not receive Red Cross parcels. They suffered from forced
labour, mistreatment and malnutrition. Thousands died before the
camp was liberated by the Red Army in March 1945...
The Soviet Camp: Stalag 318/VIII F (344) Lamsdorf/Łambinowice
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Annex to a directive of the General
Staff of the Armed Forces 8. 9.
1941
Bolshevism is a deadly enemy of National
Socialistic Germany. It is the first time in
this war when a German soldiers meet
with an opponent who is trained not only
military, but also politically, and whose
ideal is communism, who sees the worst
enemy in National Socialistic German
soldiers [...]. That is why it is necessary to
be alert, careful and distrustful towards
them. You should never turn your back to
a prisoner of war!’
If any prisoner of war tries to escape it is
ordered to fire immediately, without
warning
Conversations with prisoners of war on
their way to and from working places are
forbidden, not including necessary
commands
It is necessary to prevent conversations
with civilians. If necessary use weapons
against civilians . (Central Museum of
Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Building work on
sanitary buildings
of Stalag 318/VIII F
(344) Lamsdorf
When the SovietGerman war broke out
in 1941, the camp
needed to be
extended rapidly:
prisoners were
imported to the local
camp.
The transports were
frequent, brought
more captives, which
lasted almost until the
end of the war in the
spring of 1945.
(Central Museum of
Prisoners-of-War in
Łambinowice-Opole)
Nazi ideology and the treatment of
Soviet POWs
Ac 63-0/50 R/PL. 1
To each command of garrisons (according to
the list). Announcement for all of the groups of
management board of stationary prisoners-ofwar camps VIII – A – VIII – P.
Applies to: Soviet prisoners of war
According to the decision made on a meeting in
the General Staff of the Armed Forces the
following directives were issued:
1. Duvets: Soviet prisoners of war will be given
paper duvets. They should make them on their
own from paper sackcloth, according to a
pattern of quilted duvets, filled with crumpled
paper or anything else. The material will be
provided by the General Staff of the Armed
Forces.
2. Burying of Soviet prisoners of war: Soviet
prisoners of war must be buried undressed,
wrapped in packaging paper, not in graves.[...]
Undressing should be done under protection.
Order - signed by Grossekettler (Central
Museum of Prisoners-of-War in ŁambinowiceOpole)
Art by Gieorgij Ivanovich Danilov – a Soviet prisoner-of-war Lamsdorf
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Military uniform buttons found in Lamsdorf
Painful memories - ‘I spent in the camp only 40 days I remember each of them as
a real hell.’
Fragments of memories of Dmitrij Trofomowicz Czirow – Soviet prisoner of war
In the morning on 18th October it started freezing. When Germans gathered us and
counted, it turned out that about one thousand of our prisoners of war had died. The
dead bodies were thrown like firewood. They took the corpses to a camp cemetery and
buried them in mass nameless graves, which were prepared by other prisoners-of-war.
For the Germans the time went faster when they could “play” with prisoners of war;
and they “played” in many ways: they counted us very slowly by fives and hundreds,
while we had to stand to attention, or they picked on prisoners which they didn’t like.
The food was only ersatz bread baked from flour and finely grinded sawdust, and a
sugary drink which was said to be coffee. After eating the bread and drinking coffee the
prisoners didn’t lose their hunger, quite the opposite – it irritated the stomach and
intensified the annoying hunger. (Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in ŁambinowiceOpole)
Soviet POWs at Stalag 344 Lamsdorf 1945
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Stalag 318/VIII F (344) Lamsdorf (Soviet POW), after the liberation – A big contrast with
the British POW (Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
POWS at Stalag 318/VIII F (344) Lamsdorf
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Fragments of memories of Dmitrij Trofomowicz Czirow Kargandy, a Soviet POW from
Kazakhstan in Stalag 318/VIII F (344) Lamsdorf
I came to camp 318/VIII F on 14th October 1941 with a group of more than three thousand Soviet
prisoners of war. Although I spent in the camp only 40 days I remember each of them as a real hell.
The whole column was at least one kilometer long. We were dirty, wrinkled, ragged and not shaven for
at least a month. Half of us didn’t have any coats or groundsheets. We weren’t just hungry but ravenous.
For supper, they served us watery swede soup, a slice of bread and a cup of sweat, warm drink, which
was excessively called coffee. Those who managed to make friends with about five others, immediately
started to dig holes and hollows with hope that it might be warmer there. And if not warmer, at least it
will protect from the wind. They dug using everything which was within their reach: some of them used
helmets, others knives, and next ones spoons.
I and Piotr Kilganow decided not to dig. We hoped that Germans would relocate us to huts. Anyway, it
was so cold that we couldn’t think about anything else than lying down and sleeping. We lay close to
each other covered with my coat. But in the evening on 17th October it started drizzling, which later
turned into rain. And we started to dig hollows like our friends. In the morning it started freezing. When
Germans counted us it turned out that about one thousand of our prisoners had died. After a short
time, 10 carts drawn by horses appeared. The dead bodies were thrown on the carts like firewood. They
took away the corpses to a camp cemetery and buried them in mass nameless graves, which were
prepared by other prisoners of war. They threw them in without any information about surname, age,
or military rank.
The whole procedure of ranking and dividing us lasted for about an hour and sometimes more. Our
“German Masters” didn’t hurry, because it was during their working hours. For the Germans the time
went faster when they could “play” with prisoners of war. And they “played” in many ways: they counted
us slowly, we had to stand at attention, or they picked on prisoners which they didn’t like. German and
Russian epithets surrounded us. After this prelude, kitchen service marched into the block’s gate with
wooden tubs which contained a liquid effusively called “coffee”. The service carried something like a
combination of bag and rucksack, in which there was some bread, or rather ersatz bread which was
baked from flour and finely grinded sawdust. (Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in ŁambinowiceOpole)
A witness to the life of the camps at Lamsdorf
A testimony of Jozef Herzog – prisoner in the Labour Camp in Łambinowice, 29th of December
1945.
The District Court in Nysa in the person of judge Vladimir Wojtowicza with Tadeusz Kozłowski taking the
minutes in the presence of the parties interviewed as follows:
Name: Jozef Herzog (aged 56)
Names of the parents: Albert and Magdalena, House of Barcz
Religion: Roman Catholic (German nationality)
Herzog testifies:
Starting August 1937, I was busy in Niemodlin as an ordinary laborer until 1939; then I worked as a
shoemaker in the camp. This work continued without interruption till the second half of January 1945.
The camp in Łambinowice was a military exercise camp, until the outbreak of war in 1939. During the
war, barracks were built in addition, to which during the war prisoners of different nationalities were
brought in.
I remember that already in the autumn of 1939, several transports brought Polish prisoners and placed
them in camp No. 2 Lager. In the winter of the same year the Polish POWs were taken away, where I do
not know, and prisoners of other nationalities were brought in.
When the Soviet-German war broke out in 1941, prisoners were imported to the local camp. The
transports were frequent, brought more captives, which lasted almost until the end of the war in the
spring of 1945.
As I have heard, the amount of Soviet prisoners of war was over 10,000, perhaps even more. All the time
I worked in a workshop by the camp command post and I had no way to directly see how the prisoners
of war were being treated(…).
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
Lamsdorf Experiences
1945-1946: The Labour Camp
In July 1945, the main burial place of the Soviet POWs was
discovered. Polish and Soviet medical-forensic commissions
carried out investigations. Witnesses were interviewed and
exhumations took place. In November 1945 and January 1946
formal funerals took place. Some of this work was done by the
Germans who were interned in the Labour Camp that was set up at
Łambinowice in 1945. It was one of many camps organized in
Silesia by the new Polish administration to hold Germans waiting
to be displaced to Germany. The camp was located in buildings of
the Stalag 344 camp, in the area of Camp I, in its northernmost
part. The Labour Camp functioned from July 1945 till October
1946.
As well as a holding camp for displaced people, it was also used as
a labor camp, and as a place of repression. Altogether there were
about 5000 men, women, children and elderly people detained,
mostly from 30 nearby villages. Among the detained were
members of Nazi organizations and guards of the POW camps at
Lamsdorf. The hard living conditions they encountered, hunger, an
epidemic of typhus, as well as maltreatment they suffered from
the Polish camp authorities caused many to die. The deceased
were buried in anonymous single or mass graves at the rear of the
camp or outside of it.
Mass graves of Soviet POWs
(Central Museum of Prisoners-of-War in Łambinowice-Opole)
A group of the detained in the Labour Camp in Łambinowice working at the
exhumation of the corpses of Soviet prisoners-of-war, August or September 1945. In
July 1945, in the vicinity of the complex of POW camps of Lamsdorf, mass graves of
Soviet soldiers murdered by the German were discovered. The investigation into the
crime perpetrated by the German military authorities was undertaken by a PolishSoviet commission which conducted the works from the summer of 1945 to January
1946. According to the findings of the commission, there were about 40 thousand
Soviet POWs buried in the cemetery near Klucznik (Kleuschnitz). They had died or had
been murdered in Stalag 318/VIII F (344) Lamsdorf. (Central Museum of Prisoners-ofWar in Łambinowice-Opole)
The Labour Camp for Germans
Contemporary witness from the labour camp
for Germans:
The victims of torture and exhaustion
‘ The guards have beaten with everything: with willow branches,
wooden strips... How many people in the barracks remained – I
don’t know. Those who managed to sneak out from the barracks
they laid everywhere in the square (…) When new transports came
they also stood in the parade ground. In the same place there were
people beaten during the nights. Early in the morning they washed
up the blood so they can have again clean parade ground in the
morning. ‘
This collection is part of the unit
“Internment without a trial:
Examples from the Nazi and Soviet
regimes”
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