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Viruses
Not living
Have DNA or RNA + protein coat
Must reproduce inside a host cell
Have receptors on their protein coat for
specific cells (ex: Helper T cells and HIV)
Review of Animal
Kingdom
Domains
Kingdoms
Phyla
Classes
Prokaryotic cells
 Live in extreme environments
 Kingdom Archaebacteria
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Domain Archaea
Prokaryotic
 Familiar forms of bacteria
 Kingdom Eubacteria
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Domain Bacteria
All organisms with eukaryotic cells
 Includes all animals, plants, fungi and
protists
 Unicellular or multicellular
 Heterotrophic or autotrophic
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Domain Eukarya
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Kingdom Fungi
Heterotrophic
Usually multicellular, but some are
unicellular
Cell walls made of chitin
Predigest food outside the body and
absorb it
Mushrooms, yeasts, mold, mildew
Kingdom Fungi
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Kingdom Plantae
Autotrophic
Multicellular
Cell walls made of cellulose
Trees, flowering plants mosses, ferns,
conifers
Kingdom Plantae
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Kingdom Protista
Hodgepodge of groups
Taxonomists are working on this
Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
Unicellular or Multicellular
Mostly aquatic
Include parasites that cause malaria and
leishmaniasis, algae, and some that
exhibit characteristics of fungi
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Animalia
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Animals of all types: sponges, jellyfish,
worms, mollusks, arthropods like insects,
and vertebrates
 Phylums studied are: Porifera, Cnidaria,
Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Arthropoda,
Mollusca,Echinodermata & Chordata as
well as the classes of vertebrates
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Kingdom Animalia
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Phylum Porifera
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Phylum Cnidaria
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Types of cells
grouped into a body
with no symmetry
or tissues
Sponges
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Two germ layers
Tissues
Two body
types:polyp and
medusa
Stinging cells
(nematocysts)
Corals,
anemones,jellyfish
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Phylum Characteristics
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Flatworms
Some parasitic, some free-living
Acoelomate, bilateral symmetry
Protostome development
Gastrovascular cavity with one opening
Three germ layers
Flukes, tapeworms, Planaria
Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Roundworms
Parasitic and free-living in soil
Cuticle shed periodically
Protostome development
Three germ layers, bilateral symmetry
Pseudocoelomate- body cavity partially lined
with mesoderm
Ascaris was what we dissected adapted for
parasitism, well-developed reproductive
system
Simple digestive tract with two openings
Phylum Nematoda
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Snails, slugs, octopus, clams, squid
Three germ layers
true coelom-body cavity lined with mesoderm
Not segmented, bilateral symmetry
Respiratory system, gills or across mantle cavity
Digestive system with two openings
Both open and closed circulatory systems
Nerve ganglion, simple nervous systems (except
cephalopods)
Dissected the clam
Phylum Mollusca
Most successful phylum
Three subgroups:crustaceans like lobster and
shrimp, insects & arachnids or spiders ticks and
mites
 Exoskeleton
 Three germ layers
 Coelom
 Flight and other adaptations
 Jointed appendages
 Open circulatory system
 Excretory adaptations
 Complete digestive system
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Phylum Arthropoda
Deuterostome development
 Water vascular system
 Inner skeleton of plates of calcium
 Starfish
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Phylum Echinidermate
Two groups are not vertebrates:tunicates
and lancelets
 All chordates have: dorsal, hollow nerve
cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches,and
a post-anal tail
 All classes of remaining chordates have
vertebrae
 All coelomates, three germ layers, well
developed body systems
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Phylum Chordata
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Some fish groups have cartilage skeletons
Most have bony skeletons
Class Chondricthyes have cartilage
skeletons
Class Osteichthyes has bony skeletons
Gills and excretory system, lateral line,
swim bladder adapts them to an aquatic
life
Sharks, walleye, tuna, manta rays
Vertebrates-Fish
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Adapted for water and land
Must be near water to reproduce
Frogs, caecilians, salamanders
Moist skin
Breathe via skin and small lungs
Kidney and excretory system
Sexual reproduction –external fertilization
Class Amphibia
Vertebrates-Amphibians
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Dry scaly skin
Amniote egg allows reproduction with no
water needed
Ectothermic-use heat from the
environment to warm them
Lizards, snakes
Class Reptilia
Heat-sensing organs for finding prey
Vertebrates-Reptiles
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Class Aves
All birds, including flightless birds
Air spaces, feathers, keel for flight
Evolved from reptiles
Endothermic- metabolism provides heat to
warm the body
Vertebrates-Birds
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Class Mammalia
Diaphragm
Mammary glands
Fur or hair
Endothermic
Larger brain than other classes of
vertebrates
Vertebrates-Mammals