Chapter 17
Endocrine System
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Lesson 17.1
1. State the function of the endocrine system and analyze
2.
3.
4.
5.
associated terms.
Write the meanings of the word parts for the endocrine system
and use them to build and analyze terms.
Define homeostasis and describe two ways in which the
pituitary gland cooperates with the nervous system to maintain
it.
Write the names of the other glands of the endocrine system,
describe their functions, and define the terms associated with
these structures.
Recognize the hormones associated with the major endocrine
organs and their target organs or functions.
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Terminology: Anatomy & Physiology



endocrine system
homeostasis
endocrine glands
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Terminology: Anatomy & Physiology
(cont.)



glands, hormones (proteins or steroids)
hypersecretion, hyposecretion
target organ
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Modified from Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: Anatomy & physiology, ed 5, St Louis, 2003, Mosby.
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Photomicrograph by Bodansky HJ: Pocket picture guide to diabetes, London, 1989, Gower Medical Publishing.
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Word Parts: Anatomy & Physiology
aden(o)
adren(o), adrenal(o)
gonad(o)
mamm(o), mast(o)
gland
adrenal gland
gonad
breast
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Word Parts: Anatomy & Physiology
(cont.)
pancreat(o)
parathyroid(o)
thyr(o), thyroid(o)
pituitar(o)
pancreas
parathyroid glands
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
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Pituitary = Master Gland
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Hormones of the Neurohypophysis:
Target Organs


antidiuretic hormone: kidneys
oxytocin: uterus, breasts
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Hormones of the Adenohypophysis:
Target Organs



growth hormone/somatotropic hormone: all
cells
melanocyte-stimulating hormone:
melanocytes
gonadotropic hormones: gonads


follicle-stimulating hormone: testes and ovaries
luteinizing hormone: testes and ovaries

interstitial cell–stimulating hormone: testes
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Hormones of the Adenohypophysis:
Target Organs (cont.)



thyroid-stimulating hormone: thyroid gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone: adrenal cortex
lactogenic hormone: mammary glands
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Actions of Hormones on Target
Organs

These 3 hormones regulate metabolism,
normal growth and development, and storage
of calcium within bone:
 TSH: tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine (T4);
 triiodothyronine (T3); and
 Thyrocalcitonin.
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Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997, 1993, 1988, 1983 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997, 1993, 1988, 1983 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Other Endocrine Tissues and
Hormones



pineal gland: melatonin
pancreas: insulin and glucagon
parathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone
(parathormone)
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Pancreatic Hormones and Blood
Glucose
From Herlihy B: The human body in health and illness, ed 3, 2007, St. Louis, Saunders.
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Other Endocrine Tissues and
Hormones (cont.)
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




stomach lining: gastrin
small intestines
thymus: thymosin
heart: atriopeptin
placenta: human chorionic gonadotropin
most tissues: prostaglandins
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Major Endocrine Glands and Their Secretions
Gland
Primary Secretions
pituitary gland, anterior lobe
ACTH, FSH, GH, LH (ICSH), PRL, MSH, and TSH
pituitary gland, posterior lobe ADH and oxytocin
adrenal glands, cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens
adrenal glands, medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
gonads, ovaries
estrogen, progesterone, and HCG
gonads, testes
testosterone
pancreas (islets of
Langerhans)
insulin and glucagon
parathyroid glands
PTH
thyroid gland
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
pineal gland
melatonin and serotonin
thymus
thymosin
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Quick Quiz!

Which hormone is T3 and which gland
secretes it?
tetraiodothyronine, thymus
B. triiodothyronine, thymus
C. tetraiodothyronine, thyroid
D. triiodothyronine, thyroid
A.
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Lesson 17.2
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Write the names of the diagnostic tests and procedures used for
assessment of the endocrine system when given descriptions of the
procedures, or match the procedures with their descriptions.
Write the names of endocrine system pathologies when given their
descriptions, or match the pathologies with their descriptions.
Match the terms for endocrine system surgical and therapeutic
interventions with their descriptions, or write the names of the
interventions when given their descriptions.
Use word parts from this chapter to determine meanings of terms to
answer questions about the terms in a health care report.
Spell the terms accurately.
Pronounce the terms correctly.
Write the meanings of the abbreviations.
Categorize terms as anatomy, a diagnostic test or procedure,
pathology, surgery, or therapy.
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Word Parts: Function
trop(o)
andr(o)
gluc(o)
glyc(o), glycos(o)
insulin(o)
to stimulate
male or masculine
glucose
sugar
insulin
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Word Parts: Function (cont.)
calc(i)
iod(o)
ket(o)
lact(o)
gigant(o)
calcium
iodine
ketone
milk
large
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Word Parts: Function (cont.)
-crine
-dipsia
-physis
-tropic
-tropin
secrete
thirst
growth
stimulating
that which stimulates
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Thyroid Palpation, Goiter
A From Thompson JM, Wilson SF: Health assessment for nursing practice, St Louis, 1996, Mosby.
B From Swartz MH: Textbook of physical diagnosis, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders.
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures




palpation (thyroid and testicles)
MRI
blood and urine tests: GH, gonadotropins,
pituitary hormones, TSH, thyroxine, T3
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and thyroid
scans
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
(cont.)



blood tests: PTH, calcium, phosphate, ACTH,
adrenal hormones
computed tomography
blood tests for pancreatic function:



fasting blood sugar
oral glucose tolerance test
Hb A1C = glycosylated hemoglobin
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
(cont.)

urine studies for pancreatic function:
 glucose (glycosuria)
 ketones (ketonuria)
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Mammography
From Svane G, Potchen EJ, Sierra A, Azavedo E: Screening mammography, breast cancer diagnosis in asymptomatic women, St Louis, 1993, Mosby.
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Biopsy of a Breast Mass
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Terminology: Pathology


adenopathy
adenoma versus adenocarcinoma
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Pituitary, Thyroid, and Parathyroid
Disorders



pituitary dysfunction:
 hyposecretion
 hypersecretion
diabetes insipidus (ADH deficiency)
SIADH
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From Zitelli BJ, Davis HW: Atlas of pediatric physical diagnosis, ed 5, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.
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Terminology: Pathology (cont.)




insufficient GH: dwarfism
pituitary cachexia, cachexia
hypopituitarism
hyperpituitarism: gigantism, acromegaly
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Acromegaly
From Mendeloff AI, Smith DE, eds: Acromegaly, diabetes, hypermetabolism, proteinuria and heart failure. Clin Pathol Conf Am J Med 20:133, 1956.
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Terminology: Pathology (cont.)




thyropathy, thyroiditis
hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos, goiter,
Graves’ disease
thyrotoxicosis
hypothyroidism, cretinism, myxedema
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From Ignatavicius DD, Workman ML, Mishler MA: Medical-surgical nursing across the health care continuum, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders.
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Terminology: Pathology (cont.)



hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia
hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia
pituitary hypogonadism
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Terminology: Pathology (cont.)

adrenal, pancreas, and breast
 adrenopathy,
adrenomegaly
 hyperadrenalism: Cushing syndrome
 adrenogenital syndrome
 hirsutism, gynecomastia, andropathy
 hypoadrenalism, adrenocortical, Addison
disease
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Cushing Syndrome
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A From Hordinsky MK, Sawaya ME, Scher RK: Atlas of hair and nails, 2000, Churchill Livingstone.
B From Evans A et al: Atlas of breast disease management, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
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Terminology: Pathology (cont.)

diabetes mellitus:
 resistance to insulin
 deficiency or lack of insulin secretion =
hypoinsulinism
 symptoms: hyperglycemia, polyphagia,
polydipsia, polyuria
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Terminology: Pathology (cont.)

types of diabetes:


type I
type II

gestational diabetes mellitus
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Terminology: Pathology (cont.)

diabetic complications:

diabetic nephropathy
 diabetic retinopathy
 diabetic neuropathy
 peripheral vascular
disease
From Belchez PE and Hammond P: Diabetes and Endocrinology, London, 2003,
Mosby Ltd.
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Terminology: Pathology (cont.)





hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia
mammalgia, mastodynia, mastalgia
fibrocystic breast disease
mastitis
mastocarcinoma
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Terminology: Surgical & Therapeutic
Interventions





surgery, hypophysectomy
radiation, administration of deficient
hormones
suppressive therapy
radioactive materials, antithyroid drugs,
thyroidectomy
adrenalectomy
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From Black JM, Hawks JH: Medical-surgical nursing, ed 7, 2005, Saunders.
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Quick Quiz!

Which word part means growth?
-tropin
B. gigant(o)
C. -physis
D. andr(o)
A.
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Terminology: Surgical & Therapeutic
Interventions (cont.)

treatment of diabetes
 administration of insulin: subcutaneous
injection, insulin pump
 proper diet
 exercise
 glucose-lowering agent
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From Monahan FD, Neighbors M: Medical-surgical nursing: foundations for clinical practice, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
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Terminology: Surgical & Therapeutic
Interventions (cont.)

administration of glucose for hypoglycemia
 treatment of breast cancer:
• lumpectomy, mastectomy
• chemotherapy, radiation therapy
• hormone manipulation
 mastopexy, mammoplasty, augmentation
or reduction mammoplasty
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From Beare PG, Myers JL: Adult health nursing, ed 3, 1998, Mosby.
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Critical Thinking Questions




1. If the neurohypophysis releases too much
ADH, what happens?
2. In what instances does the
neurohypophysis release more oxytocin?
3. If too much ACTH is released into the
bloodstream, what happens?
4. When does the neurohypophysis naturally
increase the amount of FSH and LH?
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Critical Thinking Questions (cont.)




5. When does the neurohypophysis naturally
increase the amount of prolactin in females?
6. What effect would increased TSH cause?
7. What effect could increased MSH have?
8. What effect does increased STH have?
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Abbreviations
ACTH
ADH
GH
MSH
SIADH
STH
PTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Growth hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
secretion
Somatotropic hormone
Parathormone (parathyroid
hormone)
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Abbreviations (cont.)
FSH
ISCH
LH
HCG
or hCG
PRL
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Interstitial cell hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Prolactin
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Quick Quiz!

Which abbreviation refers to a type of
diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy?
GTT
B. PVD
C. GDM
D. TCT
A.
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Abbreviations (cont.)
DM
IDDM
NIDDM
mellitus
FBS
GDM
GTT
Hb A1C
PVD
Diabetes mellitus
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes
Fasting blood sugar
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Glucose tolerance test
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Peripheral vascular disease
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Abbreviations (cont.)
RAIU
131I
TCT
TSH
T3
T4
Radioactive iodine uptake
Radioactive iodine
Thyrocalcitonin
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Triiodothyronine
Thyroxine
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