Español IV
Libro-Realidades 2
Hora III y Hora IV
Capítulo 7A
Cultura, gramática, Negative TÚ form
Commands, More on Paella and the major
Festivals where Paells is served -Sant Joan, Sant Josep, Sant Jordi Cultura CATALANA
Alcoi –Alcoy, Valencia, Murcia, Catalonia-Cataluña, Alicante, Alfafar,
Impersonal
SE
fiestas
El 8 de noviembre,
2013 META
1.More on Paella from Spain and Spanish
Traditions where Paella is celebrated…..
Sant josep, Sant Jordi, Sant Joan
2. El Vocabulario de Realidades 2 Capítulo 7A y the impersonal
SE
Vocabulario
Enlatado
Realidades 2
Congelado
Probar
Estufa
estufa
estufa de leña
La olla
Sartén
Calentar
ç
Frito
Fuego
El horno
pelar
pelar
picar
el pedazo
mezclar
añadir
añadir
Hervir
batir
Paella
(Catalan and Spanish: [paˈeʎa], English
approximation /pɑːˈeɪlə/, /ˈpaɪjeɪə/ or /ˈpaɪjɛlə/) is a
Valencian rice dish that originated in its modern
form in the mid-19th century near lake Albufera, a
lagoon in Valencia, on the east coast of Spain. Many
non-Spaniards view paella as Spain's national dish,
but most Spaniards consider it to be a regional
Valencian dish. Valencians, in turn, regard paella as
one of their identifying symbols.
There are three widely known types of paella:
Valencian paella (Spanish: paella valenciana),
seafood paella (Spanish: paella de marisco) and
mixed paella (Spanish: paella mixta), but there are
many others as well. Valencian paella consists of
white rice, green vegetables, meat (rabbit, chicken,
duck, land snails), beans and seasoning. Seafood
paella replaces land animals with seafood and omits
beans and green vegetables.
Mixed paella is a free-style combination of land
animals, seafood, vegetables, and sometimes beans.
Most paella chefs use calasparra or bomba rices for
this dish. Other key ingredients include saffron and
olive oil.
Etymology
Paella is a Catalan/Valencian word which derives
from paelle for pan, which in turn comes from the
Latin word patella for pan as well. Patella is also
akin to the modern French poêle[citation needed], the
Italian padella and the Old Spanish padilla.
Valencians use the word paella for all pans,
including the specialized shallow pan used for
cooking paellas. However, in most other parts of
Spain and throughout Latin America, the term
paellera is more commonly used for this pan, though
both terms are correct, as stated by the Royal
Spanish Academy, the body responsible for
regulating the Spanish language. Paelleras are
traditionally round, shallow and made of polished
steel with two handles.
HISTORY
Uncooked bomba rice
The people of Moorish Spain often made casseroles
of rice, fish and spices for family gatherings and
religious feasts, thus establishing the custom of
eating rice in Spain. This led to rice becoming a
staple by the 15th century.
Afterwards, it became customary for cooks to
combine rice with vegetables, beans and dry cod,
providing an acceptable meal for Lent. Fish always
predominated with rice along Spain's eastern coast.
Valencian paella
On special occasions, 18th century Valencians used
paelleras to cook rice in the open air of their
orchards near lake Albufera. Water vole meat was
one of the main ingredients of early paellas, along
with eel and butter beans. Novelist Vicente Blasco
Ibáñez described the Valencian custom of eating
water voles in Cañas y Barro (1902), a realistic
novel about life among the fishermen and peasants
near lake Albufera.
Living standards rose with the sociological changes
of the late 19th century in Spain, giving rise to
reunions and outings in the countryside. This led to a
change of paella's ingredients as well, these being
rabbit, chicken, duck and sometimes snails.
This dish became so popular that in 1840 a local
Spanish newspaper first used the word paella to
refer to the recipe rather than the pan.
The most widely used, complete ingredient list of
this era was as follows: short-grain white rice,
chicken, rabbit, snails (optional), duck (optional),
butter beans, great northern beans, runner beans,
artichoke (a substitute for runner beans in the
winter), tomatoes, fresh rosemary, sweet paprika,
saffron, garlic (optional), salt, olive oil and water.[11]
(Poorer Valencians, however, sometimes used
nothing more than snails for meat.) Valencians insist
that only these ingredients should go into making
modern Valencian paella.
Seafood and mixed paella
Traditional preparation of paella
On the Mediterranean coast, Valencians used
seafood instead of meat and beans to make paella.
Valencians regard this recipe as authentic as well. In
this recipe, the seafood is served in the shell. A
variant on this is paella del senyoret which utilizes
seafood without shells. Later, however, Spaniards
living outside of Valencia combined seafood with
meat from land animals and mixed paella was born.
During the 20th century, paella's popularity spread
past Spain's borders. As other cultures set out to
make paella, the dish invariably acquired regional
influences. Consequently, paella recipes went from
being relatively simple to including a wide variety of
seafood, meat, sausage, (even chorizo)[15][16]
vegetables and many different seasonings.[17]
However, the most globally popular recipe is
seafood paella.
Throughout non-Valencian Spain, mixed paella is
very popular. Some restaurants in Spain (and many
in the United States) that serve this mixed version,
refer to it as Valencian paella. However, Valencians
insist only the original two Valencian recipes are
authentic. They generally view all others as inferior,
not genuine or even grotesque.
Basic cooking methods
According to tradition in Valencia, paella is cooked
by men over an open fire, fueled by orange and pine
branches along with pine cones.
This produces an aromatic smoke which infuses the
paella. Also, dinner guests traditionally eat directly
out of the paellera.
Some recipes call for paella to be covered and left to
settle for five or ten minutes after cooking. A
Spanish saying describes paella as "mal guisao y
bien reposao" ("poorly cooked, but well settled").
Valencian paella

Valencian paella
This recipe is standardized[18][19][20][21] because
Valencians consider it traditional and very much part
of their culture. Rice in Valencian paella is never
braised in oil, as pilaf, though the paella made
further southwest of Valencia often is.
Heat oil in a paellera.


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
Sauté meat after seasoning with salt.
Add green vegetables and sauté until soft.
Add garlic (optional), grated tomatoes, beans
and sauté.
Add paprika and sauté.
Add water, saffron (and/or food coloring), snails
and rosemary.
Boil to make broth and allow it to reduce by
half.
Add rice and simmer until rice is cooked.
Garnish with more fresh rosemary.
Seafood paella

Seafood paella
Recipes for this dish vary somewhat, even in
Valencia. Below is a recipe by Juanry Segui, a
prominent Valencian chef.





Make a seafood broth from shrimp heads,
onions, garlic and bay leaves.
Heat oil in a paellera.
Add mussels. Cook until they open and then
remove.
Sauté Norway lobster and whole, deep-water
rose shrimp. Then remove both the lobster and
shrimp.
Add chopped cuttlefish and sauté.

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

Add shrimp tails and sauté.
Add garlic and sauté.
Add grated tomato and sauté.
Add rice and braise in sofrito.
Add paprika and sauté.
Add seafood broth and then saffron (and/or
food coloring).
Add salt to taste.
Replace the deep-water rose shrimp, mussels
and Norway lobster.
Simmer until rice is cooked.
Mixed paella

Plate of paella with Aioli
There are countless mixed paella recipes. The
following method is common to most of these.
Seasoning depends greatly on individual preferences
and regional influences. However, salt, saffron and
garlic are almost always included.



Make a broth from seafood, chicken, onions,
garlic, bell peppers and bay leaf.
Heat oil in a paellera.
Sear red bell pepper strips and set aside.



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
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Sear crustaceans and set aside.
Season meat lightly with salt and sauté meat
until golden brown.
Add onions, garlic and bell peppers. Sauté until
vegetables are tender.
Add grated tomatoes and sauté.
Add dry seasonings except for salt.
Add rice
Braise rice until covered with sofrito.
Add broth.
Add salt to taste.
Add saffron (and/or food coloring) and mix well.
Simmer until rice is almost cooked.
Replace crustaceans.
Continue simmering until rice and crustaceans
are finished cooking.
Garnish with seared red bell pepper strips.
For all recipes
Paella usually has a layer of toasted rice at the
bottom of the pan called socarrat in Spain. This is
considered a delicacy there and is essential to a good
paella. The toasted rice develops on its own if the
paella is cooked over a burner or open fire. If cooked
in an oven, however, it will not. To correct this,
place the paellera over a high flame while listening
to the rice toast at the bottom of the pan.
Once the aroma of toasted rice wafts upwards,
remove it from the heat. The paella must then sit for
about five minutes (most recipes recommend the
paella be covered with a towel at this point) to
absorb the remaining broth.
Competitions and records
Guinness World Record 1992 in Valencia
It has become a custom at mass gatherings in the
Valencian Community (festivals, political
campaigns, protests, etc.) to prepare enormous
paellas, sometimes to win mention in the Guinness
Book of World Records. Chefs use gargantuan
paelleras for these events.
Valencian restaurateur Juan Galbis claims to have
made the world's largest paella with help from a
team of workers on 2 October 2001. This paella fed
about 110,000 people according to Galbis' former
website.[26] Galbis says this paella was even larger
than his earlier world-record paella made on 8
March 1992 which fed about 100,000 people.
Galbis's record-breaking 1992 paella is listed in
Guinness World Records.
Similar dishes

Arròs negre (also called arroz negro and paella
Las Fallas
ESPAÑA
Las Fallas
The whole town is literally set ablaze!
Sant Josep
Las Fallas is undoubtedly one of the most
unique and crazy festivals in Spain. Then again,
Spain is a country known for its unique and odd
fiestas. What started as a feast day for St.
Joseph, the patron saint of carpenters, has
evolved into a 5-day, multifaceted celebration
involving fire
Valencia, a quiet city with a population of just
over 1 million, swells to an estimated three
million flame-loving revelers during Las Fallas
celebrations.
Las Fallas literally means "the fires" in
Valencian. The focus of the fiesta is the creation
and destruction of ninots (“puppets” or “dolls”),
which are huge cardboard, wood, paper-machè
and plaster statues. The ninots are extremely
lifelike and usually depict bawdy, satirical
scenes and current events.
A popular theme is poking fun at corrupt
politicians and Spanish celebrities. The labor
intensive ninots, often costing up to US
$75,000, are crafted by neighborhood
organizations and take almost the entire year to
construct. Many ninots are several stories tall
and need to be moved into their final location of
over 350 key intersections and parks around the
city with the aid of cranes on the day of la
plantà (the rising).
The ninots remain in place until March 19th,
the day known as La Cremá (the burning).
Starting in the early evening, young men with
axes chop cleverly-hidden holes in the statues
and stuff them with fireworks. The crowds start
to chant, the streetlights are turned off, and all
of the ninots are set on fire at exactly 12am
(midnight). Over the years, the local bomberos
(firemen) have devised unique ways to protect
the town's buildings from being accidentally set
on fire by the ninots: such as neatly covering
storefronts with fireproof tarps.
Each year, one of the ninots is spared from
destruction by popular vote. This ninot is called
the ninot indultat (the pardoned puppet) and is
exhibited in the local Museum of the Ninot
along with the other favorites from years past.
Traveler and pyromaniac Janet Morton says,
"The scene at Las Fallas is extremely cathartic
and difficult to describe, but resembles a cross
between a bawdy Disneyland, the Fourth of July
and the end of the world!"
The street lamps were hung on wooden
structures, called parots, and as the days became
longer the now-unneeded parots were
ceremoniously burned on St. Joseph's Day.
Even today the fiesta has retained its satirical
and working-class roots, and the well-to-do and
faint-of-heart of Valencia often ditch out of
town during Las Fallas.
Besides the burning of the ninots, there is a
myriad of other activities during the fiesta.
During the day, you can enjoy an extensive
roster of bullfights, parades, paella contests and
beauty pageants around the city.
Spontaneous fireworks displays explode
everywhere during the days leading up to La
Crema, but the highlight is the daily mascletá
which occurs in the Plaza Ayuntamiento at
exactly 2pm. When the string-lined firecrackers
are ignited, the thunderous, rythmitic sounds
they make can be considered music as the sound
intensifies in volume.
Those firecrackers timed to fall to the ground
literally shake the floor for next ten minutes, as
the mascletá is more for auditive enjoyment
than visual.
Another pyrotechnic cremá takes place in June
throughout many towns in Spain. The most
famous one is in the city of Alicante, as it
celebratres Hogueras de San Juan, "The
Bonfires of Saint John." Sant Joan
Map of the Fallas
Las Fallas in Valencia are distributed are
distributed throughout streets of the entire city,
for this reason it is important that you are
familiar with all the zones so that you do not
miss any of the Falles.
The furthest area is near the Port Autónom de
Valencia, on the Avenida de la Malvarrosa
where it meets with Antonio Pons-Cavite.
Near the Jardinas del Real, on the intersection of
Micer Mascó and Arévalo Vaca, you will find
another Falle.
The Fallas located at the corner of Monestir de
Poblet and Aparicio Albiñana are located just a
few blocks from the Falles of Nou Campanar.
Now we find ourselves in the center of
Valencia, near Paseo de la Pechina where you
can find the Falle on display on Na Jordana,
several other centrally located Falles are located
on Archiduque Carlos, near Parc del Oeste.
The other Falles can be found in the Plaza del
Pilar and the Plaza de la Merced, another near
the Convento Jerusalén, and others on
Almirante Cadarso, Reino de Valencia, Sueca
and Cuba streets.
ALCOY
Sant Jordi
La Tomatina
La Tomatina
in 2006
Observed by
Buñol, Valencia, Spain
Date
Last Wednesday in August
2012 date
August 29
2013 date
August 28
2014 date
August 27
2015 date
August 26
Frequency
annual
La Tomatina (Spanish pronunciation: [la tomaˈtina]) is a
festival that is held in the Valencian town of Buñol, a town
located 30 km from the Mediterranean, in which participants
throw tomatoes and get involved in this tomato fight purely for
fun. It is held on the last Wednesday of August, during the week
of festivities of Buñol.
History
The most popular of many theories about how the Tomatina
started is that, in 1945, during a parade of the "Little Rabbit"
some woodland animals were eating all the watermelon so, the
people at the parade threw tomatoes at the animals; one missed
and hit a person. Then, they started throwing with the tomatoes.
The police had to attack everyone. There are many different
theories, though.
The following year the young people repeated the fight on the
same Wednesday of August, only this time they brought their
own tomatoes from home. They were again dispersed by the
police. After repeating this in subsequent years, the tradition was
established. In 1950, the town allowed the tomato hurl to take
place, however the next year it was again stopped.
A lot of young people were imprisoned but the Buñol residents
forced the authorities to let them go. The festival gained
popularity with more and more participants getting involved
every year.
After subsequent years it was banned again with threats of
serious penalties. In the year 1957, some young people planned
to celebrate "the tomato's funeral", with singers, musicians, and
comedies. The main attraction however, was the coffin with a
big tomato inside being carried around by youth and a band
playing the funeral marches. Considering this popularity of the
festival and the alarming demand, 1957 saw the festival
becoming official with certain rules and restrictions. These rules
have gone through a lot of modifications over the years.
Another important landmark in the history of this festival is the
year 1975. From this year onwards, "Los Clavarios de San Luis
Bertrán" (San Luis Bertrán is the patron of the town of Buñol)
organised the whole festival and brought in tomatoes which had
previously been brought by the local people. Soon after this, in
1980, the town hall took the responsibility of organizing the
festival.
Description
Preparing the "palo jabón".
At around 10 AM, festivities begin with the first event of the
Tomatina. It is the "palo jabón", similar to the greasy pole. The
goal is to climb a greased pole with a ham on top. As this
happens, the crowd works into a frenzy of singing and dancing
and gets showered in water from hoses. Once someone is able to
drop the ham off the pole, the start signal for the tomato fight is
given by firing the water shot in the air and trucks make their
entry. The signal for the onset is at about 11 when a loud shot
rings out, and the chaos begins.[1] Several trucks throw tomatoes
in abundance in the Plaza del Pueblo. The tomatoes come from
Extremadura, where they are less expensive and are grown
specifically for the holidays, being of inferior taste. For the
participants the use of goggles and gloves are recommended.
The tomatoes must be crushed before being thrown so as to
reduce the risk of injury.
The estimated number of tomatoes used are around 150,000 i.e.
over 40 metric tons. After exactly one hour the fight ends with
the firing of the second shot, announcing the end.
The whole town square is colored red and rivers of tomato juice
flow freely. Fire Trucks hose down the streets and participants
use hoses that locals provide to remove the tomato paste from
their bodies. Some participants go to the pool of “los peñones”
to wash. After the cleaning, the village cobblestone streets are
pristine due to the acidity of the tomato disinfecting and
thoroughly cleaning the surfaces.
In 2013 the Town Hall of Buñol decided on limiting the fight to
20,000 revellers, with 5,000 tickets allotted to locals of the town
of Buñol and 15,000 tickets allotted to foreigners. Tickets cost
10€ per person and are available online.
ALFAFAR ESPAÑA
ALCOY
o
ALCOI
Alicante
IMPERSONAL
SE
In English, you'll hear statements like



"You shouldn't smoke in a hospital"
"They say she is very pretty"
"One never knows when he will turn up."
These are "impersonal expressions". In other
words, we don't really have anyone specific
in mind when we say "They say..." or "One"
or " You". We mean people in general. This
is what we mean by "impersonal".
Spanish has a slightly different format for
expressing this Impersonal voice. Spanish
adds the pronoun se in front of verbs to
make general statements. Impersonal voice
using se will use a singular verb since the se
can be replaced by uno ("one").
Here are some examples:
How does one say
"icecream" in Italian?
¿Cómo se dice "helado"
en italiano?
You say (one says)
"gelato".
Se dice "gelato".
How do you spell
"Valencia"?
¿Cómo se escribe
"Valencia"?
Notice that the Plural Impersonal (unknown
"they") does not use the se :
They say that
vegetarian pizza is
healthy.
Dicen que la pizza
vegetariana es
saludosa.
They open the stores
at 9:00am.
Abren las tiendas a las
nueve de la mañana.
The "Passive se" is what we call in English
"the passive voice".
An Active voice is when you have a subject
doing something with an active verb. In English
a Passive voice has an object having something
done to it with or without an identified
subject.
The Passive Voice in English uses a form of
"to Be" with a Past Participle.
some examples in English:
An Active Voice
Construction
A Passive Voice
Construction
Sra. Verde teaches me
Spanish.
Spanish is taught to
me (by Sra. Verde)
I purchased the dress.
The dress was
purchased (by me)
I drove my father's
new car.
My father's new car
was driven (by me)
The Passive Voice in Spanish is normally
formed by using se + the third person
singular or plural conjugation of a verb,
similar to what we did with the Impersonal
se. In Spanish there is not a subject identified or not!
look at some examples in Spanish and English:
An Active Voice
Construction
A Passive Voice
Construction
Spanish Los dependientes
Se habla ruso en
del almacén
hablan ruso.
el mercado.
The department Russian is spoken
English store clerks speak in the shopping
Russian.
center.
Spanish
David escribe el
libro en italiano.
Se escribe el
libro en italiano.
English
David is writing
the book in
Italian.
The book is
written in Italian.
Spanish
La heladería
vende una gran
cantidad de
helado.
Se vende una
gran cantidad de
helado.
English
The ice cream
store sells a large
quantity of ice
cream.
A large quantity
of ice cream is
sold.
Spanish
Mis amigos
comieron la
torta.
Se comió la
torta.
English
My friends ate
the cake.
The cake was
eaten.
Spanish
Los choferes
pagan las multas
los lunes.
Se pagan las
multas los lunes.
English
Drivers pay the
fines on Mondays.
The fines are
paid on
-Negative Commands!
TÚ Form
Al introducir negative Tú form commands
Direct negative tú commands are formed by
changing the -as ending of the tú form in the
present tense to -es and the -es ending of the
tú form to -as.
for the verb fumar: fumas-->fumes
for the verb correr: corres-->corras
Let's look at some examples of proper use:
¡No fumes! - Don't smoke!
¡No corras! - Don't run!
¡No duermas! - Don't sleep!
¡No comas! - Don't eat!
¡No vuelvas! - Don't come back!
¡No pienses! - Don't think!
No te pares.
Don't stop.
No cierres la portezuela.
Don't close the door.
No le des la llave.
Don't give him the key.
No vengas mañana.
Don't come tomorrow.
¡No me hables de él!
Don't talk to me about him!
Negative TÚ commands is used to tell friends,
family members, or young people what NOT to do.
Negative TÚ commands is formed by using the
present tense YO form as the stem, dropping the -o,
and adding the appropriate ending.
-es: Negative TÚ command of -AR
verbs
-as: Negative TÚ command of -ER
and -IR verbs
NEGATIVE
Tú COMMAND FORMS OF -AR VERBS-
Drop the -o of the present tense YO form
of the verb, and add -es:
Yo form-present tense Negative TÚ
command
tomo (I take/I drink)
No tomes
trabajo (I work)
No trabajes
Examples:
Negative TÚ command
No hables mucho
Don't talk a lot.
No contestes las
preguntas
Don't answer the
questions.
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMAND FORMS OF -ER
AND -IR VERBS
Drop the -o of the present tense YO form of the verb,
and add -as:
Yo form-present
tense
como (I eat)
leo (I read)
escribo (I write)
recibo (I receive)
Examples:
Negative TÚ
command
No comas dulces
No escribas en el
libro
Negative TÚ
command
No comas
No leas
No escribas
No recibas
Do not eat candies
Do not write on the
book
COMMAND FORMS OF IRREGULAR YO FORM,
STEM-CHANGING AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE
PRESENT TENSE
If the verb has an irregular YO form, it has a stem
change or it is an irregular verb in the present
tense, it also appears in the TÚ command.
Irregular YO form-present
tense
Pongo (I put)
Salgo (I leave)
Hago (I do/make)
Traigo (I bring)
Conozco (I know)
Traduzco (I translate)
Negative TÚ
command
No pongas
No salgas
No hagas
No traigas
No conozcas
No traduzcas
Stem-chang. verbspresent tense
Recomiendo (I
recommend)
Duermo (I sleep)
Río (I laugh)
muevo (I move)
Negative TÚ
command
No recomiendes
No duermas
No rías
No muevas
Negative TÚ
Irreg. verbs present tense command
Digo (I say)
No digas
Oigo (I hear)
No oigas
Tengo (I have)
No tengas
Vengo (I come)
No vengas
Examples:
Negative TÙ command
¡No desobedezcas las
reglas!
No cierres la ventana
¡No digas mentiras!
Don't disobey the
rules!
Don't close the
window
Don't say lies!
COMMAND FORMS OF VERBS ENDING IN -CAR, GAR, AND -ZAR
Verbs ending -car, -gar, and -zar require spelling
changes in order to keep the pronunciation.
-CAR: C changes to QU
-GAR: G changes to GU
-ZAR: Z changes to C
Infinitive
Tocar (to touch/play)
Buscar (to look for)
Practicar (to practice)
Llegar (to arrive)
Jugar (to play)
Navegar (to navigate)
Comenzar (to
start/begin)
Empezar (to
start/begin)
Cruzar (to cross)
Negative TÚ
command
No toques
No busques
No practiques
No llegues
No juegues
No navegues
No comiences
No empieces
No cruces
IRREGULAR NEGATIVE TU COMMANDS
Dar (to give)
No des tu blusa favorita Dont give your favorite
blouse
Estar (to be)
No estés triste Don't be sad
Ser (to be)
¡No seas odioso! Don't be mean!
Ir (to go)
No vayas al parque
Don't go to the park
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS WITH PRONOUNS
With negative commands, direct (d.o.p), indirect (i.o.p)
object pronouns and reflexive pronouns go right
before the verb.
Negative TÚ command
No muevas las camas (don't
move the beds)
No cierres la ventana (don't
close the window)
No comas los postres (don't eat
the desserts)
No pongas el mantel (don't put
the tablecloth)
Negative TÚ command +
indirect object pronoun
No me traigas la comida
¡No te toques la herida!
No le compres el libro
No nos contestes la pregunta
¡No les digas eso!
Neg TÚ comm+d.o.p
No las muevas
No la cierres
No los comas
No lo pongas
Do not bring me food
Do not touch your
wound!
Do not buy him/her
the book
Do not answer us the
question
Do not tell that to
them!
Negative TÚ command +
reflexive pronoun
No te cepilles los dientes
No te peines el cabello
Do not brush your
teeth
Do not comb your hair
More about the
Informal or Tú commands in Spanish
When we are with friends, siblings or children, we can
order them around more casually. There is a command
form for this that is more casual than the Formal
Command.
We can think of the formation of the Tú commands one
of two ways:

1) In the affirmative commands you use the 3rd
person (él, ella, usted) singular present tense;
- or -

2) In the affirmative commands you use the regular
Tú present tense form, but drop the "s".
For example, here are some common affirmative Tú
commands:
Infinitive
Tú command
COMER
COME
HABLAR
HABLA
ESCRIBIR
ESCRIBE
LEER
LEE
APAGAR
APAGA
There are only 8 (eight!) irregular affirmative Tú
commands:
Decir
Di
Hacer
Haz
Ir
Ve
Ser
Sé
Poner
Pon
Venir
Ven
Tener
Ten
Salir
Sal
The negative command form is actually
the Tú form of the Present
Subjunctive and therefore similar to
the Formal commands (except that we
add the Tú marker: the "s".)
To form the negative Tú commands, you need to first
remember how to form the First Person Singular (Yo) in
the Present Tense.
Remember, if the Yo form is irregular, the command
will be irregular. Let's try using an irregular: Hacer. First
we start with the infinitive of Hacer:
1. We need to conjugate it in the first person: Hago
2. Now drop the o so we are left with: HAG-
3. Now we add the opposite ending which for Hacer is
"-as", and add No because we are making a negative
command
4. And we have our negative Tú command: No hagas
* By opposite ending we mean add the vowel ending
of the other type verb: For verbs that end in "-ar", we
add "-es" instead of "-as" and for verbs that end in "-er/ir", we add "-as" instead of "-es"
All of the eight irregular affirmative commands follow
the above pattern in the negative commands. (Note that
Object pronouns always are placed before the verb in all
negative commands.)
Vean Uds.
see below!
¡Di la verdad!
Tell the truth!
¡No digas realmente lo que
pasó!
Don't tell what really
happened!
¡Ven acá!
Come here!
¡No vengas acá!
Don't come over here!
¡Sal del carro!
Get out of the car!
¡No salgas del carro!
Don't get out of the car!
¡Ten cuidado!
Be careful!
¡No tengas cuidado!
Don't be careful!
¡Ponlo en la mesa!
Put it on the table!
¡No lo pongas en la mesa!
Don't put it on the table!
¡Hazlo!
Do it!
¡No lo hagas!
Don't do it!
¡Sé simpático!
Be nice!
¡No seas tonto!
Don't be silly!
¡Vete!
Get out of here! (Get lost!)
¡No te vayas!
Don't go!
ESPAÑOL IV
HORA III
REVIEW BELOW!
HORA IV
Present perfect
Haber plus past particple
He estudiado
Has estudiado
Ha estudiado
Hemos estudiado
Habéis estudiado
Han estudiado
Hablar….Hablado
Comer….Comido
Vivir….Vivido
Irregular past participles-
Decir- dicho
Devolver- devuelto
Escribir- escrito
Hacer- hecho
Morir- muerto
Poner- puesto
Romper- roto
Ver- visto
Volver- vuelto
Al hacer frases- cada estudiante
tiene que hacer una frase con las palabras
del repaso del libro…
c. Repaso del Presente del Perfecto
página 331
d. Indirect Object Pronouns
me te le
nos os les
e. Verbs that use the indirect object
página 320- paagina 321
aburrir doler encantar fascinar
gustar interpreter molestar parecer
quedar
f. A Primera Vista repasos
La Lista para la clase evaluación y práctica
1. he dicho
2. has oído
3. hemos estudiado
4. he vuelto
5. he comido
6. has abierto
7. han visto
8. he hablado
9. he devuelto
10. habeís escrito
I
Verbs that use
Indirect Object
pronouns
Aburrir
Doler
Encantar
Fascinar
Gustar
Importar
Interesar
Molestar
Parecer
quedar
Indirect Object
Pronouns
Me
Te
Le
Nos
os
les
a mi
a ti
a Ud.
A él
LE
A ella
A nosotros
A vosotros
A Uds.
A ellos
LES
A ellas
Le
- A Ud.
A él
A ella
Les
- A Uds.
A ellos
A ellas
II ¡Vocabulario!
Aquilar
El amor eterno
Tu casa - tu cine
Robar
Arrestar
El criminal
Capturar
La dirreción
La directora
las personajes principales
Hacer el papel de…
La actuación
Papeles
La escena
¿Qué película has visto? Página 318
A Primera Vista página 320 – página 321
Vocabulario y gramática
Palabras importantes
El Mosquito
VIDEOHISTORIA
VIDEO y gramactiva
Página 322 – Página 323
Actividad…
¿COMPRENDISTE?
ACTIVIDAD 3
Página 323
En una hoja de papel escribe las frases
de abajo, poniéndolas en ORDEN
CRONOLÓGICO.
Realidades 2 página 324
Actividad 5
El Crítico nos recomienda…
Respuestas solamente
Números 1-12
Actividad 11 Página 328
Nos Gustan las películas
A continuar 6B
1. Repasar exámenes que ya hicieron….
Explorar las correcciones
Explicaciones…
The Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect
The present perfect is formed by combining
the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the
past participle.
I have studied.
He has written a letter to María.
We have been stranded for six days.
Because the present perfect is a compound
tense, two verbs are required: the main verb
and the auxiliary verb.
I have studied.
(main verb: studied ; auxiliary verb: have)
He has written a letter to María.
(main verb: written ; auxiliary verb: has)
We have been stranded for six days.
(main verb: been ; auxiliary verb: have)
In Spanish, the present perfect tense is
formed by using the present tense of the
auxiliary verb "haber" with the past
participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
HABER + PAST PARTICIPLE=present perfect
Past Participle
The past participle will be important in
future lessons covering the perfect
tenses. To form the past participle,
simply drop the infinitive ending (-ar, er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or ido (for -er, -ir verbs).
hablar - ar + ado = hablado
comer - er + ido = comido
vivir - ir + ido = vivido
The following common verbs have
irregular past
participles:
abrir (to open) - abierto (open)
cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)
decir (to say) - dicho (said)
escribir (to write) - escrito (written)
freír (to fry) - frito (fried)
hacer (to do) - hecho (done)
morir (to die) - muerto (dead)
poner (to put) - puesto (put)
resolver (to resolve) - resuelto
(resolved)
romper (to break) - roto (broken)
ver (to see) - visto (seen)
volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)
Note that compound verbs based on the
irregular verbs inherit the same
irregularities. Here are a few examples:
componer – compuesto
describir – descrito
devolver - devuelto
Most past participles can be used as
adjectives. Like other adjectives, they
agree in gender and number with the
nouns that they modify.
La puerta está cerrada.
The door is closed.
Las puertas están cerradas.
The doors are closed
El restaurante está abierto.
The restaurant is open.
Los restaurantes están abiertos.
The restaurants are open.
The past participle can be combined with
the verb "ser" to express the passive
voice. Use this construction when an
action is being described, and introduce
the doer of the action with the word
"por."
La casa fue construida por los
carpinteros.
The house was built by the carpenters.
La tienda es abierta todos los días por
el dueño.
The store is opened every day by the
owner.
Note that for -er and -ir verbs, if the stem
ends in a vowel, a written accent will be
required.
creer – creído
oír – oído
Note: this rule does not apply, and no
written accent is required for verbs
ending in -uir. (construir, seguir, influir,
distinguir, etc.)
Let's add two more flashcards for the past
participles, since they will later be used
for the perfect tenses:
Verb Flashcards
Complete List
Past Participle
Infinitive - ending + ado/ido
(hablado, comido, vivido)
Past Participle
Irregulars
abrir (to open) - abierto (open)
cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)
decir (to say) - dicho (said)
escribir (to write) - escrito (written)
freír (to fry) - frito (fried)
hacer (to do) - hecho (done)
morir (to die) - muerto (dead)
poner (to put) - puesto (put)
resolver (to resolve) - resuelto
(resolved)
romper (to break) - roto (broken)
ver (to see) - visto (seen)
volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)
You have already learned in a previous
lesson that the past participle is formed by
dropping the infinitive ending and adding
either -ado or -ido. Remember, some past
participles are irregular. The following
examples all use the past participle for the
verb "comer."
(yo) He comido.
I have eaten.
(tú) Has comido.
You have eaten.
(él) Ha comido.
He has eaten.
(nosotros) Hemos comido.
We have eaten.
(vosotros) Habéis comido.
You-all have eaten.
(ellos) Han comido.
They have eaten.
For a review of the formation of the past
participle.
When you studied the past participle, you
practiced using it as an adjective. When used
as an adjective, the past participle changes to
agree with the noun it modifies. However,
when used in the perfect tenses, the past
participle never changes.
Past participle used as an adjective:
La cuenta está pagada.
The bill is paid.
Past participle used in the present perfect
tense:
He pagado la cuenta.
I have paid the bill.
Here's a couple of more examples:
Past participle used as an adjective:
Las cuentas están pagadas.
The bills are paid.
Past participle used in the present perfect
tense:
Juan ha pagado las cuentas.
Juan has paid the bills.
Note that when used to form the present
perfect tense, only the base form (pagado) is
used.
Let's look more carefully at the last
example:
Juan ha pagado las cuentas.
Juan has paid the bills.
Notice that we use "ha" to agree with
"Juan". We do NOT use "han" to agree with
"cuentas." The auxiliary verb is conjugated
for the subject of the sentence, not the
object. Compare these two examples:
Juan ha pagado las cuentas.
Juan has paid the bills.
Juan y María han viajado a España.
Juan and Maria have traveled to Spain.
In the first example, we use "ha" because the
subject of the sentence is "Juan." In the
second example, we use "han" because the
subject of the sentence is "Juan y María."
The present perfect tense is frequently used
for past actions that continue into the
present, or continue to affect the present.
He estado dos semanas en Madrid.
I have been in Madrid for two weeks.
Diego ha sido mi amigo por veinte años.
Diego has been my friend for 20 years.
The present perfect tense is often used with
the adverb "ya".
Ya han comido.
They have already eaten.
La empleada ya ha limpiado la casa.
The maid has already cleaned the house.
The auxiliary verb and the past participle are
never separated. To make the sentence
negative, add the word "no" before the
conjugated form of haber.
(yo) No he comido.
I have not eaten.
(tú) No has comido.
You have not eaten.
(él) No ha comido.
He has not eaten.
(nosotros) No hemos comido.
We have not eaten.
(vosotros) No habéis comido.
You-all have not eaten.
(ellos) No han comido.
They have not eaten.
Again, the auxiliary verb and the past
participle are never separated. Object
pronouns are placed immediately before the
auxiliary verb.
Pablo le ha dado mucho dinero a su
hermana.
Pablo has given a lot of money to his sister.
To make this sentence negative,
the word "no" is placed before the indirect
object pronoun (le).
Pablo no le ha dado mucho dinero a su
hermana.
Pablo has not given a lot of money to his
sister.
With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun
is placed immediatedly before the auxiliary
verb. Compare how the present perfect
differs from the simple present, when a
reflexive verb is used.
Me cepillo los dientes. (present)
I brush my teeth.
Me he cepillado los dientes. (present
perfect)
I have brushed my teeth.
To make this sentence negative, the word
"no" is placed before the reflexive pronoun
(me).
No me he cepillado los dientes.
I have not brushed my teeth.
Questions are formed as follows. Note how
the word order is different than the English
equivalent.
¿Han salido ya las mujeres?
Have the women left yet?
¿Has probado el chocolate alguna vez?
Have you ever tried chocolate?
Here are the same sentences in negative
form. Notice how the auxiliary verb and the
past participle are not separated.
¿No han salido ya las mujeres?
Haven't the women left yet?
¿No has probado el chocolate ninguna
vez?
Haven't you ever tried chocolate?
In English, you'll hear statements like


"You shouldn't smoke in a hospital"
"They say she is very pretty"

"One never knows when he will turn up."

These are "impersonal expressions". In other
words, we don't really have anyone specific
in mind when we say "They say..." or "One"
or " You". We mean people in general. This is
what we mean by "impersonal".
Spanish has a slightly different format for
expressing this Impersonal voice. Spanish
adds the pronoun se in front of verbs to
make general statements. Impersonal voice
using se will use a singular verb since the se
can be replaced by uno ("one").
Here are some examples:
How does one say
"icecream" in Italian?
¿Cómo se dice "helado"
en italiano?
You say (one says)
"gelato".
Se dice "gelato".
How do you spell
"Valencia"?
¿Cómo se escribe
"Valencia"?
Notice that the Plural Impersonal (unknown
"they") does not use the se :
They say that
vegetarian pizza is
healthy.
Dicen que la pizza
vegetariana es
saludosa.
They open the stores
at 9:00am.
Abren las tiendas a las
nueve de la mañana.
The "Passive se" is what we call in English
"the passive voice".
An Active voice is when you have a subject
doing something with an active verb. In English
a Passive voice has an object having something
done to it with or without an identified
subject.
The Passive Voice in English uses a form of
"to Be" with a Past Participle.
Let's look at some examples in English:
An Active Voice
A Passive Voice
Construction
Construction
Sra. Verde teaches me
Spanish.
Spanish is taught to
me (by Sra. Verde)
I purchased the dress.
The dress was
purchased (by me)
I drove my father's
new car.
My father's new car
was driven (by me)
The Passive Voice in Spanish is normally
formed by using se + the third person
singular or plural conjugation of a verb,
similar to what we did with the Impersonal
se. In Spanish there is not a subject identified or not!
Let's look at some examples in Spanish and
English:
An Active Voice
Construction
A Passive Voice
Construction
Los dependientes
Spanish
del almacén
hablan ruso.
Se habla ruso en
el mercado.
The department Russian is spoken
English store clerks speak in the shopping
Russian.
center.
Spanish
David escribe el
libro en italiano.
Se escribe el
libro en italiano.
English
David is writing
the book in
Italian.
The book is
written in Italian.
Spanish
La heladería
vende una gran
cantidad de
helado.
Se vende una
gran cantidad de
helado.
English
The ice cream
store sells a large
quantity of ice
cream.
A large quantity
of ice cream is
sold.
Spanish
Mis amigos
comieron la
torta.
Se comió la
torta.
English
My friends ate
The cake was
Spanish
the cake.
eaten.
Los choferes
pagan las multas
los lunes.
Se pagan las
multas los lunes.
Drivers pay the
English
fines on Mondays.
The fines are
paid on
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ESTUDIEN UDS!!!!!!
TAREA
TAREA
TAREA
Present Perfect
-
Indirect Object Ponouns
REVIEW THE STUDY GUIDES
ON THE WEBSITE!
Studying each day keeps the fear of tests away….
Studying a language is writing things out
Especially verb conjugations and vocabulary
Beat the storm
of learning
STUDY Rewrite and summarize
notes, verbs conjugations on note
cards, index cards, whatever it takes
Review at home,
write out the conjugation of at least 5
verbs a night!!!!!!!
KNOW your verbs!
visit you neighbors
Visit your friends the verbs,
Know them well!!!!!
In the city of verbs, visit the
neighborhood of conjugations
Visit the “houses of
AR verbs, er verbs and ir verbs regular
And go to the street of irregular verbs
as well!!!
KNOW YOUR VERBS