Virtual University Human-Computer Interaction Lecture 5 Discipline of HCI Imran Hussain University of Management and Technology (UMT) 1 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In the Last Lecture • Usability – Definition “Ensuring that interactive products are easy to learn, effective to user and enjoyable from the user’s perspective (Preece etal)” – Usability Goals Effectiveness 2 Utility Efficiency Learnability Safety Memorablity Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In the Last Lecture • User Experience – Definition – User Experience Goals • Relationship of Usability and User Experience 3 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT User Experience Goals • Satisfying • Aesthetically Pleasing • Enjoyable • Supportive to Creativity • Fun • Rewarding • Entertaining • Emotionally Fullfilling • Helpful • Motivating 4 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In the Last Lecture • Relationship of Usability and User Experience 5 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In the Last Lecture Usability Goals User Experience Goals 6 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Fun Satisfying Emotionally fullfilling Efficient to use enjoyable Effective to use Easy to remember Rewarding Usability Goals Entertaining Easy to learn Safe to use Supportive of creativity Have good utility Aesthetically pleasing helpful Motivating 7 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In the Last Lecture • History and Evolution of HCI – 1960’s Research – 1970’s Technological Explosion – The Three Systems • Dynabook • Star • Lisa 8 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Last Lecture’s Revelation “Don’t Make me THINK, is the key to a usable product” 9 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In Today’s Lecture • Usability and Quality • Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI • Disciplines contributing to HCI 10 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quote of the Day – Terry Winograd “HCI is the kind of discipline which is neither the study of humans nor the study of technology, but rather the bridging between the two. So you always have to have one eye open to the questions: – What can the technology do? – How can you build it ? – What are the possibilities? And one eye open to the question – What are people doing and how would this fit in – What would they do with it ? If you lose sight of either of those you fail to design well .. I think the challenge is to really keep knowledge of both the technology and the people playng ff against each other in order to develop new things” 11 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Usability and Quality 12 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality and Software • What is Quality? – You like a product – Does not break down • QA Teams 13 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is conformance to specifications (British Defense Industries Quality Assurance Panel) 14 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is conformance to requirements (Philip Crosby) 15 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is fitness for purpose or use (Juran) 16 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is a predictable degree of uniformity and dependability, at low cost and suited to the market (Edward Deming) 17 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is synonymous with customer needs and expectations (R J Mortiboys) 18 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is meeting the (stated) requirements of the customer- now and in the future (Mike Robinson) 19 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacturing and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectations by the customer (Armand Feigenbaum) 20 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs (ISO 8402 : 1994) 21 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT What is a Product? 22 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Product • A generic term that refers to – Goods – Services • Failure to meet quality requirements in either dimension can have serious negative consequences 23 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT … implied needs must be turned into requirements … PMBOK 24 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Software Quality • The extent to which a software product exhibits these characteristics – – – – – – 25 Functionality Reliability Usability Efficiency Maintainability Portability Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Software QA Teams • Only test requirements • Customers and users 26 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT The Dual Nature of Usability • Usability is both Strategic Tactical 27 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI 28 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT What is HCI? • HCI is a large interdisciplinary area • Emerging as specialty concern within several disciplines, each with different emphases – Computer science (application design and engineering of human interfaces) – Psychology (the application of theories of cognitive processes and the empirical analysis of user behavior) – Sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and organization) – Industrial design (interactive products) 29 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT What is HCI? • HCI concerned with: – – – – – – – 30 Joint performance of tasks by humans and machines Structure of communication between human and machine Human capabilities to use machines Algorithms and programming of interfaces Engineering concerns in designing and building interfaces Process of design, specification and implementation Design trade-offs Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT What is HCI? • Various aspects – Science • Human capabilities to use machines – Engineering • Building interfaces – Design • Design tradeoffs 31 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Case Study – Ticketing System • A small ticketing agency has many shops distributed throughout the country • Feels the need to install efficient ticketing system, for survival • Manual Issuing Procedure – – – – Call airlines to check for vacant seats Check with customer if the available seat is suitable Then ticket is written out manually Customer receipts and intinerary – Accounting for issued tickets every two weeks 32 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Case Study – Ticketing System - Research • The research on existing ticketing systems reveal – Computers always going wrong – Lack of trust in computers – Staff unable to understand messages • The Result – Sales figures had dropped and were disappointing – A large number of sales staff had left 33 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Ticketing System - Recommendations • Immediate booking via Internet • Automatic print-out of tickets, itineraries and receipts • Direct connection between booking system and accounting system • Elimination of booking forms 34 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Ticketing System - Recommendations • Layout of the agency needs to be changed for staff to operate computers • Staff training • Changes to job design • Support to older staff during period of change • Changes to employment conditions must be examined • Staff relationship with other non-techi staff members (Technology Power) 35 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Factors in HCI Organizational Factors Environmental Factors Training, job design, politics, roles Work organization Noise, heating, ventilation,lighting Health and Safety Stress, headaches, Musculo-skeleton, disorders Cognitive processes and capabilities The User Motivation, Enjoyment, Satisfaction, Personality Experience level Comfort Level Seating Equipment layout User Interface Input devices, output displays, dialogue structures, User of colour, icons, commands, graphics, natural language 3-D, user support materials, multimedia Task Factors Easy, complex, novel, Task allocation, repetitive,Monitoring, skills, multi-media Constraints Costs, timescales, budgets, Staff, equipment, building structure System Functionality Hardware, software, application Productivity Factors Increase output, increase quality, decrease costs, decrease errors,Decrease labour requirements, decrease production time, Increase creative and innovative ideas leading to new products 36 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI • HCI is understanding the Complex Relationship between Human and Computers • Two Distinct “Species” • Successful Integration is dependent upon the a better understanding of both Species • Hence HCI borrows and establishes its roots in Disciplines concerned with both 37 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI • HCI has roots in many disciplines • HCI is inter-disciplinary in nature 38 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Cognitive Psychology Social Organizational Psychology Linguistics Anthropology Ergonomics & Human Factor HCI Philosophy Design Computer Science Artificial Intelligence 39 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction Engineering © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Human Side • Cognitive Psychology • Social Organizational Psychology • Ergonomics and human Factors • Linguistics • Philosophy • Sociology • Anthropology 40 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Cognitive Psychology • Understanding human behavior and mental processes • Human information processing – – – – – See Feel Touch Smell Taste • How much information can be processed and remembered 41 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Social Organizational Psychology • Studying nature and causes of human behavior in social context • Four core concerns – – – – Influence of one individual on another person’s attitude and behavior Impact of a group on its member’s attitude and behavior Impact of a member on group’s activities and structure Relationship between the structure and activities of different groups • Informs designers how computers affect working practices 42 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Ergonomics or Human Factors • To define and design tools and various artifacts for different work, leisure and domestic environment to suit the capacities and capabilities of users • Ergonomist translates the above information from the above mentioned sciences into context of design of products • Increase feelings of comfort and satisfaction • Concerns – Hardware design – Radiation from VDUs – Repetitive Strain Injury (RPI) 43 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Linguistics • Scientific study of languages • Command-object (delete ‘report’ OR ‘report’ delete) • Understanding structure (syntax) and meaning (semantics) • HCI goal is to develop natural language interfaces 44 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Philosophy, Sociology and Anthropology • Contribution in the sense of Soft Sciences for HCI • Considers introduction of IT in society • Ethnography involves observing people • Cognitive psychology tries to predict • Computer Supported Cooperative Writing 45 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Computer Side • Computer Science • Artificial Intelligence • Engineering • Design 46 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Other Disciplines • Computer Science – Provides knowledge about capability of technology – Developing techniques to support software design, development and maintenance • Artificial Intelligence – Intelligent Computing concerned with simulating human behaviour – HCI – development of expert and tutoring systems • Engineering – Engineering takes finding of sciences and utilizes them in the production of artifacts • Design – Design contributes creative skills and knowledge to this process 47 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Discipline of HCI 48 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT What We Learnt Today … • Factors in HCI • Interdisciplinary nature of HCI 49 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Cognitive Psychology Social Organizational Psychology Linguistics Anthropology Ergonomics & Human Factor HCI Philosophy Design Computer Science Artificial Intelligence 50 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction Engineering © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Next Lecture • Human Side of HCI 51 Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT