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Principles of Community Psych Prevention Primary, secondary, tertiary Boulder Model’s Flaw George Albee Emphasis on Strengths and Competencies Peter Bensonhttp://www.search-institute.org/remembering- peter-benson Principles of Community Psych Importance of Ecological Perspective Respect for Diversity Empowerment The process of enhancing the possibility that people can more actively control their own lives Action Research Evaluation which prevention efforts work best for whom, when, and why Principles of Community Psych Social Change Unplanned Social Change Planned Social Change MENTORING RESEARCH Programs get larger effects when characterized by careful recruitment training monitoring multi-modal matching on interest EVALUATION FINDINGS AND PUBLIC INTEREST IN MENTORING LET TO PROGRAMS PUTTING MORE EMPHASIS ON GROWTH THAN ON QUALITY Types of Social Change Unplanned Planned Change agent Participatory/Collaborative rules for radicals Creating and Sustaining Social Change Citizen Participation The involvement in any organized activity in which the indiviaul partipates without pay in order to achive a common goal (e.g., grass roots activism) Self-Help Groups Social Support Examples of CP Voting Petition Donating money/time Reading articles on needs/change Boycotting Joining self-help group Participating in marches Leading grass-roots group Doing volunteer work Fundraising drives Offering consulting Serviing an offcie or supporting a candidate Tea Party/Wall Street Protests Both are loosely organizaed Both express anger toward groups in power Both are calling for large-scale, complicated changes Ecological Context How has this college environment affected you How well do you know your classmates How well do you know the faculty Can you identify A place where you like to socialize A quiet place to study A person you would seek help from Access to parking What Changes would you suggest to improve it Behavior Settings (Barker) People in a setting are largely interchangeable, the same patterns of behavior occur irrespective Settings have rules that maintain the standing behavior pattern Underpopulated Settings Four ecological principals (James Kelly) Interdependence Cycling of Resources Adaptation Succession Adapted concepts for the biological field of ecology Interdependence--a system has multiple related parts; change in one affects the others Cycling of resources-any system can be understood byexamining how resources are dfined, used, created, conserved, and transformed. The interdependence can be understood by charting the cycling Adaptation Individuals cope with the constraints or demands of an environment using resources available there Successsion Ecologies change over time, and understanding the other 3 priciples must be understood in terms of that pattern of change. Social Climate (Rudolf Moos) Developed Social Climate Scales (CES, FES) Tap Dimensions of the social environment Relationships Personal Development Systems Maintenance and Change Additional qualities Physical features Organizational policies and norms Suprapersonal (aggregate) Social Regularities (Seidman) Patterns of behavior that reveal roles and power in relationships http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSJ4IDOcT- k&feature=related Environmental Psychology Examines the influence of physical characteriscs of a setting on behavior. Arose about the same time as CP Foundsrs were primarily social psychologists interested in the physical env. And behavior Enviornmental Stressors Environmental Design Understanding Community What are the important communities in your life? Your extended family A campus organization A workplace An academic program A block, neighborhood, or town A religious congregation Identify a time in your life when you felt you were excluded or treated unjustly by a community How did it happen How did/does it affect you Psychological Sense of Community A shared emotional bond, a shared identity, and mutal trust, caring and commitment Sarason defined it as A feeling that members have of belonging, that members matter to one another and to the group, and a sharied belife that members needs will be met through their commitment to be together Elements of the PSC Membership Boundaries Common symbols Emotional safety Personal investment Sense of belonging Influence Integration and Fulfillment of Needs Shared Emotional Connection Celebrations, rituals, etc. Narratives and PSC Dominant Cultural Narratives Community Narratives Personal Stories Putnam In Bowling Alone (2000:288-290), Putnam identified four of the most important outcomes associated with dense, i.e., high stocks, of social capitol: Allows citizens to resolve collective problems more easily…via increased cooperation “greases” the wheels that allow communities to advance smoothly..via increased levels of trust and solidarity Widens the collective awareness of the many ways in which our fates linked Function as conduits for the flow of information that facilitates the achievement of individual and collective goals Social vs. Other Types of Capital Basically, four types of “capital” are to be found in society: Physical capital: Refers to physical objects (e.g., plants, machinery, other equipment) Financial capital: Refers to money and monetary instruments (e.g., stocks, bonds) Human capital: Refers to properties of individuals--knowledge and skills--that are derived from education, training and experience Social capital: Refers to connections among people—social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them The norms may be as simple as the norm of reciprocity between two friends or complex and elaborately articulated doctrines such as Islam, Christianity or Confucianism A society of many virtuous but isolated individuals is not necessarily rich in social capital (Putnam, 2000:19) Anne Brodsky Negative Psychological sense of community Apathy about communities Types of Communities Locality-based Community Relational Community How spiritual communities improve in community life Find meaning Provide a sense of community Foster mutual influence Foster emotinal bonds Provide opporutnies for community service Especially valuable for oppressed Challenge mainstream cultural forces Possible negative Albee Equation Stress + physical vulnerability ---------------------------------------- Coping skills + support + self-esteem WHAT IS STRESS? l Stress is your mind and body’s response or reaction to a real or imagined threat, event or change. l The threat, event or change are commonly called stressors. Stressors can be internal (thoughts, beliefs, attitudes or external (loss, tragedy, change). Lazarus and Folkman’s Theory The Stress Response Physiological component: Arousal, hormone secretion. Emotional Component: Anxiety, fear, grief, resentment, excitement (if stress is from challenge). Behavioral Component: Coping strategies (both behavioral and mental)—problem focused and/or emotion-focused. The level of stress we experience depends mainly on the adequacy of our resources for coping and how much they will be drained by the stressful situation. EUSTRESS Eustress or positive stress occurs when your level of stress is high enough to motivate you to move into action to get things accomplished. DISTRESS Distress or negative stress occurs when your level of stress is either too high or too low and your body and/or mind begin to respond negatively to the stressors. INTERPRETING YOUR SCORE l Less than 150 points : relatively low stress level in relation to life events l l 150 - 300 points l Greater than 300 points : high stress in relation to life l events l : borderline range Note: From Girdano, D.A., Everly, G. S., Jr., & Dusek, D. E. (1990). Controlling stress and tension (3rd edition), ENnglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Stressors Daily Hassles Life Transitions Ambient/Chronic Stressors Vicious Spirals Stressors in Community Psych. Research Homelessness School Transitions Natural Disasters Lazarus and Stressor Folkman’s Theory Primary Appraisal: Is Stressor Negative? Can be negative if it involves harm or loss, threat, or challenge (chance No to Stress grow). Yes No Secondary Appraisal: Can I Control the Situation? If coping resources are adequate, then consider options: problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies. Appraisal Primary Appraisal-estimation of strength or intensity of stressor Secondary-estimation of resources and coping options for responding BOTH are affected by personality factors Locus of control Reappraisal Reframing Appraisal Matters more when resources are ample and threats are moderate Matters less when major stressor, and similarly appraised by man Stress as A physiological fight or flight response A stressor (life event) An imbalance of demands vs. resources Ways of thinking about stress Fight or flight—physiological response Life events—something that happens to you Life Events measures Idea was to identify objective stress 42 events given various weightings Divorce of spouse 100 Divorce 73 Wife begins or stops work 26 Foerclosure of mortgage or loan 30 Vacation 12 Stress as an imbalance: when demands exceed resources Characteristics of the person that make a difference Priorities and goals Values Beliefs Developmental history Psychological, physical, and social resources for coping Cognitive theory of stress Key concepts Stress is contextual, it ivolves the person in a particular environment or situation Stress is a dynamic process The process is influenced by COGNITIVE APPRAISAL COPING (Lazarus and Folkman) Relational definition of stress A situation is stress when You appraise it as a harm, threat, or challenge It is personally meaningful—it matters to you It taxes or exceeds your resources for coping, it is not easy to deal with Cognitive appraisal of stress Cognitive appraisal What’s happening, am I ok What can I do Does it matter (this is what makes the difference!) Appraisals are tied to emotion HARM OR LOSSS: Something>>>>>anger, sadness, guilt bad has happened THREAT: Something bad >>>>>Worry, fear, anxiety CHALLENGE: There’s an opportunity for mastery or gain but risk is involved>>>>excitement, eagerness, some anxiety Stress in our lives Everywhere Varies in frequency Varies in intensity Varies in duration SO, What is a “normal” level of stress Stress? How is it managed Coping enters the pictures Coping refers to the thoughts and action that people use to manage demands that are appraised as stressful Coping changes as a situation unfolds Coping is multi-dimenstional Two major categories of coping: Emotion focused coping: Regulates distress emotions Distancing (distracting yourself; putting problems out of your mind) Humor Problem-focused oping: Manages problems causing distress Instrumental coping Seeking emotional support Problem-solving Logical linear Escape-avoidance (day Information-gathering dreaming, eating, using drugs) Four general principles of effective coping Focus on specific situation rather than total stressful context Ask what made it stressful Distinguish changeable and unchangeable aspects of situation Fit the coping to the situation Focus on a specific recent event that was stressful Global situation An elderly parent or grandparent requires caregiving Specific situation He forgot to take his meds on Wed. This matters to me! #2 What made this stressful? Danger to her health if she doesn’t take her meds This could be the beginning of serious cognitive decline How will I manage to care for him Worry, fear, anxiety! #3 Identify what aspects of problems you can manage What can be managed?? What has to be accepted??? Matching the coping to the situation Controllable aspects Problem focused coping, gather information, select strategy Aspects that have to accepted Emotion focused coping “do relaxation exercises, seek emotional support Positive emotion and the stress process Studies show that positive mood predicts longevity Two years study of 2282 Mexican Americans aged 65-99 Direct rel. between positive affect at baseline and survival. “Our results support the concept that positive emotions is diff. from absence of negative. It protects against declines in old age” Nun Study Hand written autobiographies of 180 catholic nuns Scored for emotion Negative emotions did not predict survival Positive emotions DID Implications Not PollyAnna Not denial Third form of coping Meaning-focused coping (generate positive emtions) Relinquish untenable goals Substitute new goals that are realistic and meaningful Helps sustain a sense of control, purpose, and optimism Taking an ordinary event and infusing it with meaning Focus on what really matters (rearrange priorities) Take a moment Reflect on the last time in the past 2 days when you felt gratitude pleasure or some positive emotion Think about what happened, who was there, what was happening Share with a neighbor What does thinking about the event do to your mood? sometimes you can go too far! SPIRITUAL GET 12. Meditate 13. Pray 14. Remember your purpose 15. Be Positive USE YOUR BODY AND MIND TOGETHER DEVELOP NEW SKILLS 21. Prioritize daily tasks 22. Learn something 23. Practice a hobby Social Support Generalized--ongoing support Specific Support Encouragement Informational Tangible Optimal Matching Emotional--uncontrollable Encouragement--job loss, work stress Trangible--financial strain Some require multiple types Coping Outcomes Psychological or physical disorders Thriving Going beyond previous levels Resilience Maintaining or returning to previous level Wellness The experience of positive outcomes (life satisfaction, job satisfacation, self esteem, academic achievement Generalized and specific support Generalized—relationships sustained over time Not tailored to one specific stressor Most clearly measured in term of perceived support Specific—pertaining to a specific stressor Could include emotional encouragement, information or advice, or tangible assistance (loaning money) Social Support We had another bad week with David. Yesterday was a horrible day. He could hardly talk, swallow or walk. He was drooling heavily. He couldn't be left alone, even for a second. Of course, Doug was away in Europe all week, but my family was here and at the hospital with us, keeping us company and helping me cope. Again, thank you all for your thoughts and prayers. We definitely could not be getting through this without all of you! Social Support Sources of support Relationships as stressors Social Networks Dimensionality Co-worker also a friend Jim and Pam Density friends in network are friends with each other Reciprocity The relationship context of support Natural helpers, mentors Relationships as stressors Families and contexts Greater commitment, obligation Gender differences in helping styles Mutual Help Groups Voluntary associations of people who share some status that results in difficulties with which the group tries to deal Focal concern Peer Reciprocity Community narrative that embodies the experience Online mutual help Spirituality and Religion Perhaps most useful at limits of resources and ability to cope Can help make sense of the “incomprehensible, unfathomable, uncontrollable” (Pargament) Personal Meaning, coping Social Membership and support within a congregation/community 5 concepts Risk Additive/multiplicative Protection Resilience Strengths Assets Thriving-survival, recovery, thriving, transforming one’s priorities, sense of self, and life roles Prevention programs: do they work? Durlak and Wells (1977) used meta-analysis to examine 177 primary prevention programs Primary P: 59 to 82% of paricipants surpass the average perf. of control group Secondary P: 70% better Cog. Beh. Approaches most effecitve Most effects for children 3-7 Prevention policy Serving as congressional staff member or with legislative or excecutive branches of government Research, writing, and giving testimoney regarding effective prevention/promotion interventions Consulting with human service agencies Staff positions in Advocacy organizations Implementation Very little consistency Action research: putting theories and methods into practice, evaluating their impact using the results to refine future theory, method, and practice Involves ongoing cycles of program analysis, innovation (intervention) design, field trials, and dissemination The central question: How does the program operate when carried out by agents other than the developers. 4 Stages Experimental Technological Diffusional Widespread implementation Characteristics of Prevention Innovations Operator dependant Context Dependent Fragile, difficult to specify Core (crucial) vs. adaptive components Challenging (small wins-Weick) build a record of low-cost, opportunistic successes, which keep the activists motivated and do not alarm any opposition. "Big Win" strategies are very, very dangerous, because they consume too many resources, mobilize an opposition, and when they fail, they completely demoralize the activists. Longitudinal Must become part of that history and culture, not dependent on a charismatic leader Enduring implementation Carry out environmental reconnaissance Ensure strong agreement among stakeholders Ensure connection to core mission of host setting Consider a coalition with related local settings Develop strong, clear leadership Describe in simple terms Identify core elements and implement faithfull Measure program implementation and goal attainment Search for unintended effects Plan for institutionalization Establish external linkages with similar programs in other settings Close Relationships Help: Benefits of Marriage Life expectancy Never married people have a lower life expectancy than those who are married. Other benefits Better health Higher income High rates of poverty of single women and the elderly is in part due to them being single. 72
