List of characters, character definitions, and states.
List of craniodental characters used in this study. The character definitions and the
character state assessments are taken from the original studies wherever possible. It is
indicated whether the character is treated as an ordered or unordered trait. The references
are listed at the end of the table.
Characters
Cranial characters
1.
Cranial capacity
Definition
States
Refs
Small (0);
2-4, 6,
Intermediate (1); 12
Medium (2);
Large (3); Very
large (4)
2.
Cerebellar
morphology
Cranial capacity in cubic
centimeters. (Small<500;
Intermediate=500-680;
Medium=750-875; Large=9001200; Very large>1300).
(Ordered)
The position of cerebellum
relative to the cerebrum.
(Unordered)
3.
Cranial vault
thickness
4.
Calvarial height
to breadth
5.
Cranial vault
index
6.
Height of calvaria
relative to orbits
7.
Maximum cranial
breadth
8.
Cranial contour in
norma occipitalis
Lateral flare
3, 12
with posterior
protrusion (0);
Tucked (1)
The thickness of the cranial
Thin (0);
6, 8, 9
vault measured at parietal
Intermediate (1);
eminence. (Ordered)
Thick (2)
The ratio of the calvarial height Low (0); Very
8
on the coronal plane of porion
low (1); High
to the minimum breadth of
(2)
cranial base, or the distance
between the porial saddles.
(Ordered)
The index calculated as the
Long low
4, 6
cranial height divided by
cranium (0);
cranial length. (Low and
Short high
Long<0.62. Short and
cranium (1)
high>0.62). (Unordered)
The portion of the calvarial
Low (0);
4, 8
height above the orbit
Moderate (1);
expressed as a percentage of
High (2)
the total calvarial height.
(Ordered)
The location where maximum
Close to cranial 4
cranial breadth is measured.
base (0); Cranial
(Ordered)
base biparietal
similar (1); At
biparietal (2)
The cranial contour in norma
Low and broad
5
occipitalis. (Unordered)
(0); en bombe
(1); en maison
(2)
9.
Anterior calvarial
contour in profile
10.
Posterior calvarial The curvature of the posterior
contour
portion of the cranial vault
along the midsagittal crosssection. (Unordered)
Parietal wall
The superior convergence of
verticality
lateral parietal walls in
posterior view. (Unordered)
Parietal tuber
The presence of a parietal tuber
or eminence. (Unordered)
Sagittal crest
The presence of a sagittal crest.
(Unordered)
Sagittal keel
The presence of a sagittal keel.
(Unordered)
Parietal overlap
The presence of an overlap of
of occipital at
temporal, parietal and occipital
asterion
bones at asterion. (Unordered)
Upper facial
The index of bi-frontomalare
breadth
temporale divided by orbital
height. (Ordered)
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Outline of
superior facial
mask
18.
Lateral anterior
facial contour
Facial
prognathism
19.
20.
Facial hafting
The contour of the anterior
calvarium. (Unordered)
The bi-maxillary tubercle
width relative to bifrontomalare-temporale width.
(Unordered)
The facial contour in lateral
view. (Unordered)
The proportion of the palate
anterior to sellion. (Index >
57= prognathic, 30<Index<57
= mesognathic, Index <30 =
orthognathic). (Ordered)
The position of the face
relative to the neurocranium,
assessed by comparing the
position of the supraorbital
relative to the bregma.
(Unordered)
Deviates from
circle (0);
Aligned with
circle (1)
Aligned with
circle (0);
Deviates from
circle (1)
Present (0);
Absent (1)
8
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Present (0);
Absent (1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
1, 2,
12, 13
3, 12,
13
1, 4-6,
9, 13
3, 12
8
6
Narrow (0);
3, 8
Intermediate (1);
Broad (2);
Extremely broad
(3)
Tapered (0);
2, 3, 9
Squared (1)
Bipartite (0);
2
Straight (1)
Prognathic (0);
2, 3,
Mesognathic
8, 12
(1);
Orthognathic (2)
Low (0); High
(1)
2, 3,
12
21.
Anterior
projection of
zygomatic bone
relative to
piriform aperture
(dishing)
Bregmatic
protuberance
Precoronal
depression
The position of the infraorbital
plate of the zygoma relative to
the piriform aperture.
(Ordered)
Posterior (0);
2, 3,
Intermediate (1); 12
Anterior (2)
The presence of a brebmatic
protuberance. (Unordered)
The presence of a precoronal
depression. (Unordered)
24.
Coronal
reinforcement
The thickness of the frontal at
and along the coronal suture.
(Unordered)
25.
Frontal contour in
norma verticalis
Frontal eminence
The contour of the frontal bone
in superior view. (Unordered)
The presence of a frontal
eminence. (Unordered)
The presence of a depression at
the glabella. (Unordered)
The development of the
glabella. (Unordered)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Absent (0);
Precoronal plane
present (1);
Precoronal
depression
present (2)
Absent (0);
Present at upper
part of squama
(1); Present and
continues
laterally (2)
Linear (0);
Convex (1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Weak (0);
Prominent (1)
22.
23.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Glabellar
depression
Glabellar
development
Glabellar region
forms as
prominent block
Supraglabellar
tubercle
31.
Microdepression
of glabella
32.
Metopic keel
Does the glabellar region form
a prominent block.
(Unordered)
The presence of a
supraglabellar tubercle at the
junction of postorbital sulcus
and the frontal squama.
(Unordered)
The presence of a small
glabellary depression,
associated with large glabellar
projection. (Unordered)
The presence of a metopic
keel. (Unordered)
Not a block (0);
Block (1)
13
13
13
1, 13
4, 6,
13
1, 3,
13
4, 6,
9, 12,
13
2
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
1, 5,
6, 9,
13
33.
34.
Lateral postorbital
depression
Frontotemporale
tubercle
The presence of postorbital
depression. (Unordered)
The presence of a tubercle at
the fronto-temporal junction.
(Unordered)
The presence of a frontal
trigone. (Unordered)
The presence of very small
depressions on the medial
edges of the posterior part of
temporal lines. (Unordered)
The presence of frontal sinus.
(Unordered)
The presence of a supraorbital
sulcus. (Unordered)
35.
Frontal trigone
36.
Supratrigonal
depression
37.
Frontal sinus
38.
Supraorbital
sulcus
39.
Supraorbital torus
thickness
40.
Supraorbital
thickness gradient
41.
Supraorbital torus
development
The index to calculate the
thickness of the torus at its
midpoint. The thickness at
midpoint is divided by orbital
height. (Thin<0.15;
Intermediate=0.15-0.29;
Thick>0.29). (Ordered)
The thickness gradient of the
orbital arch comparing medial
and lateral thicknesses.
(Unordered)
The development of
supraortibal torus. (Ordered)
42.
Supraorbital
contour
The contour of the supraorbital
region. (Unordered)
43.
Superior orbital
fissure shape
The shape of superior orbital
fissure. (Unordered)
44.
Supraorbital
corner shape
45.
Lacrimal fossae
location
The angularity of the
superolateral corner of the
orbit. (Unordered)
The location of lacrimal fossa
relative to the inferior orbital
margin. (Unordered)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
Present (0);
Absent (1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
2
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Present (0);
Absent (1)
3, 12
Medial to lateral
(0); Lateral to
medial (1)
1, 8,
13
Torus (0);
Intermediate (1);
Weak (2)
Less arched (0);
Arched (1)
1-5, 8,
12, 13
13
13
1, 3,
4, 8,
9, 13
Thick (0);
3, 4,
Intermediate (1); 6, 9
Reduced (2)
Foramen (0);
Comma shaped
(1)
Angled (0);
Rounded (1)
Within orbit (0);
Within
infraorbital
region (1)
1, 2,
4-6,
12, 13
3, 8,
12
1, 8
3
46.
47.
Ethmolacrimal
contact
Interorbital
breadth
48.
Orbital shape
49.
Inferior orbital
margin position
relative to nasal
margin
50.
Inferior orbital
margin rounded
laterally
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
The length of ethmoidlacrymal contact. (Unordered)
The distance bewteen the
orbits, calculated as an index
relative to the orbit's breadth.
(Unordered)
Ths shape of the orbits
evaluated by height vs breadth
measurements. (Unordered)
The horizontal position of the
inferior orbital margins against
the superior nasal aperture
margin viewed anteriorly.
(Ordered)
The morphology of inferior
margin of the orbit as being
either rounded laterally or not
rounded. (Unordered)
Infraorbital
The ratio of the distances
foramen location between orbitale and the
foramen, and orbitale and the
root of the zygoma.
(Unordered)
Nasal keel
The presence of a distinct
vertical "pinching" of the nasal
bones along its midline.
(Unordered)
Projection of
The projection of nasal bones
nasal bones above above frontomaxillary suture.
frontomaxillary
(Unordered)
suture
Eversion of
The degree of superior nasal
superior nasal
aperture margin eversion.
aperture margin
(Unordered)
Profile of nasal
The contour of nasal saddle
saddle and nasal
and nasal roof. (Unordered)
roof
100 (0);
Variable (1)
Narrow (0);
Broad (1)
12
3, 6, 8
Oval (0);
3, 4
Circular (1);
Rectangular (2)
Well above
3
superior nasal
margin (0);
Close to
superior nasal
margin (1); Well
below superior
nasal margin (2)
No (0); Yes (1)
1, 3,
12
High (0); Low
(1)
2, 3,
12
Present (0);
Absent (1)
1, 3
Tapered (0);
Expanded (1);
Not projected
(2)
None (0); Slight
(1)
2, 3,
12
2
Flat (0); Small
1
curve (1); Well
defined curve
(2); Deep angled
(3)
56.
Nasal cavity
entrance
The contour of the nasal cavity
entrance. (Unordered)
Stepped (0);
Smooth (1)
57.
Inferior width of
projecting nasal
bone
Anterior nasal
spine relative to
nasal aperture
The inferior width of
projecting nasal bone.
(Unordered)
The development of anterior
nasal spine relative to nasal
aperture. (Ordered)
59.
Nasal margin
crest/spine
patterns
The development of nasal
margin crest or spine.
(Unordered)
60.
Nasal aperture
margin sharpness
Subnasal
projection
The sharpness of the nasal
aperture margin. (Unordered)
The inclination of the
nasoalveolar clivus measured
relative to the occlusal plane.
(Weak<100; Moderate=100150; Marked>15). (Ordered)
The chord distance from
nasospinale to prosthion.
(Ordered)
The shape of alveolar clivus.
(Ordered)
The contour of nasoalveolar
clivus in coronal plane.
(Ordered)
The position of the incisors
relative to the canines in the
coronal plane. (Unordered)
Narrow (0);
Wide (1); Not
projecting (2)
Absent (0);
Anterior (1);
Enlarged (2);
Posterior (3)
Lateral crest (0);
Lateral turbinal
and spinal crests
(1); Fused spinal
and turbinal
crests and lateral
crest (2); Fused
lateral and
spinal crests and
turbinial crest
(3); Fused
lateral and
spinal crests and
partial fusion of
spinal and
turbinal (4); No
crests (5)
Sharp (0); Dull
(1)
Low (0);
Intermediate (1);
High (2)
58.
61.
62.
Subnasal length
63.
Alveolar clivus
shape
Nasoalveolar
clivus contour
64.
65.
Protrusion of
incisor alveoli
beyond bicanine
line in basal view
Short (0);
Intermediate (1);
Long (2)
Convex (0); Flat
(1); Concave (2)
Convex (0);
Straight (1);
Concave (2)
Beyond bicanine
line (0); Within
bicanine line (1)
1, 3,
5, 8,
12
2
2
5
2, 8
2, 3,
8, 9
3
9
1, 3,
8, 9,
12
2, 3,
12
66.
External palate
breadth
67.
Incisive canal
development
68.
Palate thickness
69.
Incisive foramen
position
70.
Anterior palate
depth
71.
Palatine process
orientation
72.
Canine jugum
development
73.
Canine root
orientation
74.
Anterior pillars
75.
Canine fossa,
groove or fossula.
76.
Maxillary trigone
77.
Maxillary sinus
size
Maxillary sinus
division
78.
The index of external palate
breadth at M2 divdied by
orbital height. (Ordered)
The development of incisive
canal. (Ordered)
The thickness of the palate
posterior to the incisive fossa.
(Thick>7 mm; Thin<7 mm)
(Unordered)
The position of incisive
foramen along tooth row.
(Ordered)
The depth of anterior palate.
(Unordered)
The orientation of the
posterosuperior slope of the
palatal plane distal to the
canine. (Unordered)
The development of canine
jugum. (Ordered)
The orientation of the canine
root relative to parasagittal
plane. (Unordered)
The presence of anterior
pillars. (Unordered)
The presence of a canine fossa,
canine groove or canine
fossula. (Unordered)
The presence of maxillary
trigon, a gutter-like triangular
depression in the infraorbital
region. (Unordered)
The size of maxillary sinus.
(Unordered)
The position of the main
division of the maxillary sinus
floor. (Unordered)
Broad (0);
3, 8
Intermediate (1);
Narrow (2)
Slight canal (0); 3
Intermediate (1);
Extensive canal
(2)
Thin (0); Thick
3, 12
(1)
Canine (0); P3
(1); P4 (2)
1, 9
Shallow (0);
Deep (1)
2, 3,
8, 9,
12
8
Nearly
horizontal (0);
Steep posterior
angle (1)
Weak (0);
Moderate (1);
Marked (2)
Inclined (0);
Parallel (1)
1, 2, 9
9
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
2, 3,
12
2, 3,
5, 8
Absent (0);
Present (1)
2, 3,
8, 12
Intermediate (0); 3
Large (1)
Posterior (0);
8
Anterior (1)
79.
Infraorbital plate
orientation
80.
Sulcus
infraorbitalis
The orientation of the
infraorbital plate, measured by
the position of the inferior
margin of the infraorbital
region, which is demarcated by
the zygomaticoalveolar crest
relative to the coronal plane of
the orbit. (Unordered)
The width of a infraorbital
sulcus. (Unordered)
81.
Position of
infraorbital
foramen relative
to orbit
The position of the infraorbital
foramen relative to the
zygomaxillary suture.
(Unordered)
82.
Patency of
premaxillary
suture in adults
from frontal view
Anterior
zygomatic root
position
Zygomaticoalveol
ar crest
The presence of premaxillary
suture in adults. (Unordered)
83.
84.
85.
Malar diagonal
length
86.
Malar orientation
87.
Zygomatic
insertion height
88.
Position of
zygomatic
foramina
The position of the anterior
zygomatic root along tooth
row. (Ordered)
The curvature of the
zygomaticoalveolar crest.
(Unordered)
The index of orbitalezygomaxillare divided by
orbital height. (Ordered)
The orientation of the anterior
malar surface relative to
Frankfurt Horizontal (Ordered)
The insertion of the
zygomaticoalveolar crest onto
the alveolar border.
(Unordered)
The position of the zytomatic
foramina relative to the plane
of the orbital rim. (Unordered)
Sloped (0);
Vertical (1);
Lateral (2)
2, 5, 8
Absent (0);
Narrow (1);
Wide (2)
Foramen
beneath middle
third of orbital
breadth (0);
Foramen
beneath medial
third of orbital
breadth (1)
Patent (0);
Obliterated (1);
Trace (2)
1
P3-P4 (0); P4M1 (1); M1 (2);
M1-M2 (3)
Straight (0);
Curved (1)
3, 12
12
2, 12
1, 2, 9
Long (0);
3
Intermediate (1);
Short (2)
Posteriorly
3, 9
inclined (0);
Vertical (1);
Anteriorly
inclined (2)
Low (0); High
3
(1)
At or below
plane of orbital
rim (0); Above
plane of orbital
rim (1)
12
89.
Zygomatic bone
orientation
90.
Mediolateral
thickness of
zygomatic arch at
root of frontal
process
Expansion of
medial edge of
frontal process of
zygomatic bone
Angular
indentation of
lateral orbital
margin
Masseter origin
height
91.
92.
93.
94.
Masseteric
position relative
to sellion
95.
Zygomatic
temporal surface
96.
Zygomatic
prominence
development
Zygomaticomaxil
lary steps to
fossae present
Zygomatic arch
relative to inferior
orbital margin
97.
98.
The orientation of the
zygomatic bone relative to the
frontal. (Ordered)
The thickness of the zygomatic
arch. (Thick>8mm; Thin<8
mm) (Unordered)
Frontal (0);
Frontolateral
(1); Lateral (2)
Thin (0); Thick
(1)
12
The presence of a lateral flair
of the frontal process of the
zygomatic. (Unordered)
Vertical (0);
Laterally
divergent (1)
2, 8
The curvature of the lateral
orbital margin. (Unordered)
Indented (0);
Curved (1)
2
The index of
zygomaticoalveolar height
relative to orbitoalveolar
height. (Unordered)
The distance from the articular
eminence to the zygomatic
tubercle expressed as a
percentage of the horizontal
distance between the articular
eminence and sellion.
(Unordered)
The thickness of the body of
the zygomatic bone. "Deeply
excavated" surface is thinner in
the centre of the body.
(Unordered)
The development of the
zygomatic prominence.
(Unordered)
The presence of
zygomaticomaxillary steps to
fossae. (Unordered)
The position of the zygomatic
arch relative to the inferior
orbital margin. (Unordered)
Low (0); High
(1)
2, 3,
8, 12
Anterior (0);
Posterior (1)
2, 8,
12
Flat (0); Deeply
excavated (1)
8
Prominent (0);
Slight (1)
2
Absent (0);
Present (1)
2
Above (0);
Level (1)
2
2, 12
99.
Position of
zygomatic angle
100.
Lateral flaring of
zygomatic arches
101.
Zygomatic arch
alignment
102.
Zygomatic
process root
103.
Postorbital
constriction
104.
Temporal fossae
size
105.
Supraglenoid
gutter width
The position of the angle
formed between the frontal and
temporal processes of the
zygomatic relative to the
inferior orbital margin.
(Ordered)
The development of the lateral
flaring of zygomatic arches.
(Unordered)
The outline of the zygomatic
arch from the superior view.
This character refers to the
orientation of the zygomatic
arch at midpoint; whether it is
parallel to the sagittal plane or
not. (Unordered)
The number of planes at the
root of the zygomatic process.
The surface of the zygomatic
process root lateral to the
articular tubercle is divided
into two surfaces by a very
strong ridge that extends from
the lateral edge of the articular
tubercle. (Unordered)
The index of minimum frontal
breadth to superior facial
breadth (bifrontomalaretemporale).
(Marked constriction<0.65;
Moderate constriction=0.650.77; Slight constriction>0.77).
(Ordered)
The index of temporal fossa
size divided by orbital area.
(Ordered)
The maximum distance from
the temporal squame at the
anterior end of the root of the
zygomatic process to the most
lateral point at that location.
(Wide>25mm; Narrow<25).
(Unordered)
Below orbit (0);
At orbit (1);
Above orbit (2)
8
Marked (0);
Slight (1)
2
Sagittal (0);
Deviant (1)
8
Undivided (0);
Divided (1)
8
Marked (0);
Moderate (1);
Slight (2)
2-4, 6,
8, 9,
12
Large (0);
3
Intermediate (1);
Small (2)
Narrow (0);
2, 3,
Wide (1)
12
106.
Articular
eminence position
relative to
occlusal plane
107.
Articular
eminence summit
108.
Articular
eminence form
109.
Posterior slope of
articular tubercle
110.
Articular tubercle
development
111.
Articular tubercle
projection
The perpendicular distance
between the articular eminence
and the occlusal plane, divided
by the geometric mean (bientoglenoid breadth, bi-carotid
breadth, FM length,
basioccipital length).
(Unordered)
The position of the maximum
convexity of articular
eminence relative to the plane
of the posterior edge of
temporal foramen. (Unordered)
The angulation of the long axis
of the articular eminence in
basal view. (Unordered)
The degree and the length of
posterior portion of the
articular tubercle on the
zygomatic. (Ordered)
The development of the
articular tubercle on the
zygomatic. (Unordered)
The projection of the articular
tubercle. (Unordered)
112.
Articular tubercle
and sub-temporal
plane continuity
Articular tubercle
anteroposterior
curvature
The continuity of the articular
tubercle with the subtemporal
plane. (Unordered)
The anteroposterior curvature
of the articular tubercle in
norma lateralis. (Unordered)
114.
Transverse
concavity of
articular tubercle
The concavity of the articular
tubercle in norma frontalis.
(Unordered)
115.
Integration of
entoglenoid
formation with
articular tubercle
Ectoglenoid crest
The integration of the
entoglenoid process or spine
with articular tubercle.
(Unordered)
The presence of ectoglenoid
crest. (Unordered)
113.
116.
High above
plane (0); Near
plane (1)
1, 3,
12
Posterior (0);
Anterior (1)
8
Single plane (0);
Mediolateral
twisted (1)
Short (0); More
pronounced (1);
Steep (2)
8
Not developed
(0); Developed
(1)
Not or slightly
projecting (0);
Projecting (1)
Continuous (0);
Not continuous
(1)
Flat (0); Large
rounded profile
(1); Small
rounded profile
(2)
Flat (0); Large
rounded profile
(1); Small
rounded profile
(2)
Not integrated
(0); Integrated
(1)
13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
13
13
1, 13
1, 13
13
13
117.
118.
119.
Width between
the tympanic
plate and
entoglenoid
process
Entoglenoid
process position
relative to
anterior
zygomatic
tubercle or
ectoglenoid
process
Entoglenoid
process projection
120.
Subarcuate fossa
depth
121.
Preglenoid plane
extent
122.
Sphenoid
contribution to
mandibular fossa
Contribution of
tympanic plate to
mandibular fossa
Orientation of
anterior wall of
TMJ
Tubercle on
anterior wall of
TMJ
Medial recess of
mandibular fossa
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
Mandibular fossa
length
The width between tympanic
plate and entoglenoid process.
(Ordered)
Absent (0);
Narrow (1);
Wide (2)
1, 13
The position of the entoglenoid
process or spine in sagittal
plane relative to the
ectoglenoid process. (Ordered)
Same level (0);
Posterior (1);
Farther back (2)
1, 13
The projection of the
entoglenoid process or spine.
(Unordered)
The depth of subarcuate fossa,
which is a small triangular
fossa or shallow area inferior
to the arcuate eminence on
temporal bone. (Ordered)
The extent of the preglenoid
planum. (Unordered)
Projecting (0);
Not projecting
(1)
Deep (0);
Moderately deep
to shallow (1);
Very shallow to
absent (2)
Not stretched
(0); Stretched
(1)
The contribution of sphenoid to Absent (0);
mandibular fossa. (Unordered) Present (1)
1, 13
The contribution of the
tympanic plate to the
mandibular fossa. (Unordered)
The orientation of the anterior
wall of mandibular fossa.
(Ordered)
The presence of a tubercle on
the anterior wall of the
mandibular fossa. (Unordered)
The presence of a recess in the
medial wall of the mandibular
fossa. (Unordered)
The anteroposterior length of
mandibular fossa. (Unordered)
None (0);
Exclusive (1)
1, 13
Horizontal (0);
Oblique (1);
Vertical (2)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
1, 13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
5
Narrow (0);
Wide (1)
1, 3,
13
12
1, 13
5
13
128.
Mandibular fossa
depth
129.
Mandibular fossa
overhang
130.
Convexity of
posterior wall of
mandibular fossa
Postglenoid
process shape in
norma frontalis
Postglenoid and
tympanic fusion
131.
132.
The index of mandibular fossa
depth perpendicular to
Frankfurt Horizontal (depth
from the base of the articular
eminence to the apex of the
fossa, divided by the breadth of
the eminence from the articlar
tubercle to the entoglenoid
process). (Unordered)
The proportion of the
mandibular fossa that
overhangs the external cranial
vault. (Unordered)
The curvature on the posterior
wall of the mandibular fossa.
(Unordered)
The shape of the postglenoid
process in norma frontalis.
(Unordered)
The fusion of the tympanic
element and the postgelnoid
process in coronal plane.
(Unordered)
The size of postglenoid
process. (Ordered)
133.
Postglenoid
process size
134.
Postglenoid
process extent
relative to the
tympanic
The extent of the postglenoid
process relative to the
tympanic. (Unordered)
135.
Vaginal process
size
The size of the vaginal process
of tympanic. (Unordered)
136.
Styloid process
fusion
Petrous apex
ossified beyond
spheno-occipital
synchondrosis
The presence of styloid
process. (Unordered)
The degree of ossification of
the petrous apex. (Unordered)
137.
Shallow (0);
Deep (1)
3, 6,
8, 9,
12, 13
<50% (0); ≥50% 9
(1)
Flat or concave
(0); Convex (1)
13
Rectangular (0);
Round (1); Flat
(2)
Fused (0);
Unfused (1)
13
Large (0);
Medium (1);
Small (2)
No overlap (0);
Overlaps (1);
Rudimentary or
no postglenoid
process (2)
Small or absent
(0); Moderate to
large (1)
Unfused (0);
Fused (1)
Not ossified (0);
Ossified with
projection (1)
1, 3,
6, 8,
12, 13
1
3, 8,
12
3, 8,
12
5, 6
12
138.
Petrous
orientation
139.
Crista petrosa
development
140.
Tympanic shape
141.
Tympanic trough
142.
Tympanic plate
thickness
143.
Lateral tympanic
extension
144.
Tegmen tympani
145.
Middle ear depth
146.
Axis of ear bones
147.
Area of inner ear
148.
Mediolateral
position of
external auditory
meatus
External auditory
meatus size
149.
The orientation of the petrous.
The angle is measured relative
to the bitympanic line.
(Coronal<50 degrees;
Intermediate=50-60;
Sagittal>60). (Ordered)
The development of crista
petrosa, a sharp lower margin
of the tympanic plate that
bounds a single anteriorly
directed face. (Unordered)
The shape of the tympanic
canal and the orientation of the
anterior tympanic plate.
(Unordered)
The presence of a tympanic
trough. (Unordered)
The thickness of the tympanic
plate around the external
auditory meatus. (Thick>2mm;
Thin<2mm). (Unordered)
The degree of tympanic
extension laterally relative to
the location of the porion
saddle. (Unordered)
The presence of tegmen
tympani on the roof of the
tympanic cavity. (Unordered)
The depth of middle ear.
(Deep>8.5mm;
Shallow<8.5mm). (Unordered)
The angle of the axis of ear
bones. (Unordered)
The area of inner ear.
(Low<50mm sq; Higher>50
mm sq) (Unordered)
The mediolateral position of
the inferolateral tip of the
tympanic relative to porion.
(Unordered)
The size of external auditory
meatus. (Unordered)
Sagittal (0);
3, 5,
Intermediate (1); 6, 9,
Coronal (2)
12
Absent or weak
(0); Moderate to
strong (1)
8
Tubular (0);
Platelike (1)
3, 8,
9, 12
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Thin (0); Thick
(1)
1
Medial to saddle
(0); Lateral to
saddle (1)
8
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
Shallow (0);
Deep (1)
12
Right angle or
more (0); Acute
angle (1)
Low (0); Higher
(1)
12
Medial (0);
Lateral (1)
3, 8,
12
Small (0); Large
(1)
3, 12
1, 13
12
150.
Tubercle behind
external auditory
meatus
151.
Orientation of the
long axis of
external auditory
meatus
Suprameatal spine The presence of a suprameatal
spine/crest. (Unordered)
Eustachian
The development of the
process of
eustacian process of tympanic.
tympanic
(Unordered)
152.
153.
154.
Mastoid fissure
155.
Squamotympanic
fissure
156.
Squamotympanic
fissure depth
Maximum lateral
projection of
mastoid
157.
158.
Mastoid process
lateral inflation
159.
Mastoid process
size
Mastoid process
orientation
160.
The presence of a tubercle
below the external auditory
meatus where the mastoid crest
branches downwards.
(Unordered)
The orientation of the axis of
the external auditory meatus.
(Unordered)
The presence of a mastoid
fissure, which occurs when the
tympanic is not fused to the
anterior face of the mastoid
process. (Unordered)
The presence of
squamotympanic fissure.
(Unordered)
The depth of squamotympanic
fissure. (Unordered)
The position of the lateral-most
point of the mastoid process on
the temporal viewed
posteriorly. (Unordered)
The inflation of mastoid
process.("Not inflated" means
that it extends up to but not
beyond the supramastoid crest;
"Inflated" when the mastoid is
inflated lateral to the
supramastoid crest).
(Unordered)
The size of mastoid process.
(Unordered)
The orientation of the mastoid
process in coronal plane.
(Unordered)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
Oblique (0);
Vertical (1)
13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Present and
prominent (0);
Absent or slight
(1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
1, 13
Shallow (0);
Deep (1)
High (0); Low
(1)
13
Not inflated (0);
Inflated (1)
3, 12
Small (0); Large
(1)
Not medial (0);
Medial (1)
4, 5,
9, 13
13
3, 12
1, 5,
13
8
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
Mastoid tip
position
The position of the tip of the
mastoid process relative to
porion measured as the mastoid
tip position index, which is a
percentage of the horizontal
distance between the tip of
mastoid to porion and asterion
and porion. The cut-off for a
"posterior" position seems to
be aorund 40% index.
(Unordered)
Mastoid face
The contact between mastoid
process and the peripheral
bony structures. A deep and
posteriorly extended digastric
groove "cleaves" the posterior
face fo the mastoid process,
confining it to the lateral part
of the temporal bone's basal
aspect. With a very weak
posterior indentation by the
digastric fossa, the mastoid
process is firmly connected to
the pars mastoidea with a
continuous posterolateral face.
A posterior extension of the
digastric fossal all the way to
the rear margin of the temporal
bone completely isolates the
mastoid process. (Unordered)
Supramastoid
The development of
crest development supramastoid crest at porion.
(Unordered)
Supramastoid
The continuity of supramastoid
crest and
crest with the zygomatic
zygomatic
process. (Unordered)
process contact
Supramastoid
The continuity of supramastoid
crest and lower
crest with the lower temporal
temporal line
line. (Unordered)
continuity
Supramastoid
The continuity of supramastoid
sulcus closes
crest and mastoid crest.
anteriorly
(Unordered)
Anterior (0);
Posterior (1)
8
Single
8
posterolateral
(0); Discrete
posterior and
lateral (1);
Single lateral (2)
Weak (0);
Marked (1)
1, 6,
9, 13
Not continuous
(0); Continuous
(1)
13
Not continuous
(0); Continuous
(1)
1, 13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
Supramastoid
sulcus width
The width between mastoid
crest and supramastoid crest.
(Ordered)
Tubercle above
The presence of a tubercle
the supramastoid anterior to supramastoid crest.
process
(Unordered)
Tubercle on
The presence of a tubercle on
supramastoid
the posterior portion of the
crest
supramastoid crest.
(Unordered)
Mastoid crest
The projection of mastoid
projection
crest. (Unordered)
Mastoid crest and The continuity of mastoid crest
upper temporal
with upper temporal line.
line contact
(Unordered)
Mastoid crest and The orientation of the anterior
supramastoid
portion of the mastoid and
crest orientation
supramastoid crests.
(Unordered)
Juxtamastoid
The presence of a juxtamastoid
eminence
crest. (Unordered)
Digastric fossa
The depth of digastric fossa.
depth
(Unordered)
Digastric fossa
The length of digastric fossa.
length
(Unordered)
Digastric fossa
The width of digastric fossa.
width
(Unordered)
Digastric fossa
The transverse cross-sectional
cross-section
shape of digastric fossa.
shape
(Unordered)
Digastric groove
The morphology of digastric
morphology
groove located medially and
posterior to the mastoid
process. (Unordered)
Angular torus
The presence of an angular
torus. (Unordered)
Pneumatization of The extent of the pneumatic
temporal squama tracts relative to the squamosal
suture. Pneumatization extends
beyond squamosal suture
leading to a thickening of the
squamous temporal (squamous
antrum) = extensive. Absence
of antrum = not extensive
(Unordered)
Absent (0);
Narrow (1);
Wide (2)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
5, 13
Weak (0);
Strong (1)
Not continuous
(0); Continuous
(1)
Divergent
anteriorly (0);
Parallel (1)
1, 13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Shallow (0);
Deep (1)
Short (0); Long
(1)
Narrow (0);
Wide (1)
Round (0); Ushaped (1); Vshaped (2)
Bridged (0); Not
bridged (1)
1, 4,
6, 13
1, 3,
12, 13
8, 13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Extensive (0);
Reduced (1)
4-6,
13
2, 3,
8, 12
1, 13
13
1, 4,
13
3, 12,
13
13
5
181.
Temporal squama
height
188.
Position of
temporal
emphasis
The height of the temporal
squama on the vault.
(Unordered)
The shape of the temporal
squama on the vault.
(Unordered)
The curvature of the anterior
edge of the temporal squama.
(Unordered)
The curvature of the superior
edge of the temporal squama.
(Unordered)
The contour of the posterior
temporal squama of the facies
temporalis in the asterionic
region. (Unordered)
The superior and
posterosuperior aspects of the
squamosal suture. (Unordered)
The course of the superior
temporal line bewteen
frontomalaretemporale and the
point of maximum inflection
on the line as it turns from
being medially directed to
posteriorly directed. (Ordered)
The location of the most
strongly expressed part of the
temporal lines. (Ordered)
182.
Temporal squama
shape
183.
Anterior contour
of temporal
squama
Superior contour
of temporal
squama
Posterior contour
of temporal
squama
189.
Temporal line
projection
The development of the
temporal band. (Unordered)
190.
Depression
beneath the upper
temporal line
191.
Position of
temporal lines on
parietal bones
Depression
between temporal
lines
The presence of a depression
on the superior temporal line in
the posterior half of the
parietal. (Unordered)
The width between the
temporal lines in superior
view. (Unordered)
The presence of a depression
between the temporal lines in
the posterior half of the
parietal. (Unordered)
184.
185.
186.
187.
192.
Squamosal suture
overlap extensive,
at least in males
Anteromedial
incursion of the
superior temporal
lines
High (0); Low
(1)
5, 6,
8, 13
Polygonal (0);
Triangular (1)
1, 13
Rounded (0);
Rectilinear (1)
13
Rounded (0);
Rectilinear (1)
5, 6,
8, 13
Flattened (0);
Vertical (1)
8
Not extensive
(0); Extensive
(1)
Weak (0);
Moderate (1);
Strong (2)
3, 8,
12
2, 3,
12, 13
Posterior (0);
8
Intermediate 1
(1); Intermediate
2 (2); Anterior
(3)
Slight (0);
1, 13
Marked
projection (1)
Absent (0);
13
Present (1)
Crest (0); Wide
(1)
2
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
Temporal band
width in lateral
view
Temporal band
projection
Temporal line
position
Parietomastoid
angle
development
Prelambdoidal
depression
198.
Projection on
lambdoid suture
(processus
asteriacus)
199.
Asterionic notch
200.
Upper occipital
squama curvature
201.
Occipital squama
shape
202.
Nuchal plane
inclination
203.
Relative height of
nuchal area
204.
Compound
temporal nuchal
crest in males
The width between the
temporal lines on in lateral
view. (Unordered)
The width of the temporal band
on the parietal bone. The
position, relief and the
existence of a stephanion
disconection of the space
between temporal lines.
(Ordered)
The position of temporal lines
on the parietal. (Unordered)
The angle at parietomastoid.
(Unordered)
Narrow (0);
Wide (1)
13
High (0); Low
(1)
Strong (0);
Weak (1)
2, 13
The presence of a
prelambdoidal depression.
(Unordered)
The presence of an asteriacus
process, which is an elevation
limited to the inferior segment
of the upper temporal line of
the parietal. (Unordered)
The presence of an asterionic
notch. (Unordered)
The curvature of the upper
occipital squama above the
inion where superior nuchal
lines merge in the medial
sagittal plane. (Unordered)
The shape of the upper part of
the occipital squama in norma
occipitalis. (Unordered)
The angle between the inionopisthion chord and Frankfurt
Horizontal. (Ordered)
The anteroposterior height of
the nuchal area of the cranial
base relative to the
bisupramastoid width.
(Unordered)
The presence of compound
temporal nuchal crest in males.
(Ordered)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
1, 13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Flat or slightly
concave (0);
Convex (1)
3, 12,
13
7
Pentagonal (0);
Triangular (1)
13
Lines absent or
13
weak (0); Lines
visible but not
protruding (1);
Lines protruding
(2)
12
Steep (0);
3, 8,
Intermediate (1); 12
Weak (2)
High (0); Low
8
(1)
Extensive (0);
Partial (1);
Absent (2)
2, 3,
8, 12
205.
Nuchal crest
emphasis
206.
Occipital
angulation
207.
Lower occipital
squama shape
208.
Longus capitis
insertion size
209.
Occipital torus
development
210.
Expansion of
occipital torus
Occipital plane
length
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
Occipital
supratoral sulcus
Lateral occipital
depression on
occipital sulcus
Occipital bun
Depression above
external occipital
protuberance.
External occipital
protuberance
217.
Tuberculum
linearum on
occipital
218.
External occipital
crest
Suprainiac fossa
219.
The location of the most
projecting part of the nuchal
crest. (Ordered)
The angle formed between the
lambda-inion chord and the
inion-opisthion chord.
(Ordered)
The curvature of the lower
occipital squama. (Unordered)
The sizeand orientation of the
depression of longus capitis
where visible and the degree of
development of muscle
markings. (Unordered)
The development of the
occipital torus. (Ordered)
The lateral extent of occipital
torus. (Unordered)
The length of occipital plane
relative to the nuchal plane.
(Unordered)
The presence of occipital
supratoral sulcus. (Unordered)
The presence of lateral
depressions on occipital sulcus
(Unordered)
The presence of an occipital
bun. (Unordered)
The depression above external
occipital protuberance.
(Unordered)
The presence of external
occipital protuberance formed
by supreme nuchal lines.
(Unordered)
The presence of tuberculum
linearum formed by the
superior nuchal lines.
(Unordered)
The presence of the external
occpital crest. (Unordered)
The presence of a suprainiac
fossa. (Unordered)
Lateral (0);
Medial (1);
Absent (2)
<100 (0); 100 to
110 (1); >110
(2)
8
Convex (0); Flat
or slightly
concave (1)
Large (0); Small
(1)
13
Absent (0);
Weak (1);
Strong (2)
Median (0);
Transversal (1)
Lengthened (0);
Shortened (1)
1, 5,
6, 9,
13
13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
4, 13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
5, 13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
5, 13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
1, 13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
6
3, 12
1, 4, 6
13
13
5, 13
220.
Walls of
suprainiac fossa
221.
Retromastoid
process
222.
Occipitomastoid
crest
223.
Occipital torus
and supramastoid
crest contact
Occipital torus to
mastoid crest
contact
Occipital torus to
upper temporal
line contact
Inion location
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
Inion/endinion
location
The orientation of the lateral
walls of the suprainiac fossa.
(Ordered)
The presence of a retromastoid
process at the junction of the
superior nuchal line and the
secondary branch of the
inferior nuchal line, between
the inion and mastoid process.
(Unordered)
The presence of an
occipitomastoid crest.
(Unordered)
The continuity of the occipital
torus with the supramastoid
crest. (Unordered)
The continuity of the occipital
torus with the mastoid crest.
(Unordered)
The continuity of the occipital
torus with the upper temporal
line. (Unordered)
The location of inion relative
to the opisthocranion.
(Unordered)
The location of inion on the
external cranial surface and
endinion on the endocranial
surface. (Unordered)
Occipitomarginal The frequency of the presence
sinus frequency
of occipitomarginal sinus.
(Ordered)
Foramen magnum The shape of foramen
shape
magnum. (Unordered)
Foramen magnum The position of foramen
position
magnum relative to bitympanic line. (Ordered)
Foramen magnum The angle between the basioninclination
opisthion chord and Frankfurt
Horizontal. (Ordered)
Convergent (0);
Parallel (1);
Divergent (2)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
13
Absent (0);
Present (1)
1, 4,
13
Not continuous
(0); Continuous
(1)
Not continuous
(0); Continuous
(1)
Not continuous
(0); Continuous
(1)
Below
opisthocranion
(0); At
opisthocranion
(1)
Separate (0);
Coincide (1)
13
Low (0);
Intermediate (1);
High (2)
Oval (0); Heart
(1)
Posterior (0); At
line (1);
Anterior (2)
Posteriorly (0);
Horizontal (1);
Anteriorly (2)
3, 8,
12
13
13
13
4
4
3, 12
3, 8,
12
3, 12
232.
Cranial base
breadth
233.
Basioccipital
length
234.
Ethmo-sphenoid
contact
235.
Cranial base
flexion
236.
Posterior base
shape
237.
Condylar canal
238.
Cerebellum
position
239.
Anterior pole
shape
Dental characters
240. Enamel thickness
241.
The index of bi-porion chord
divided by orbital height chord.
(Ordered)
The index of basionsphenobasion length divided
by cranial base geometric
mean. (Ordered)
The frequency of contact
between ethmoid and sphenoid
bones. (Ordered)
Narrow (0);
3, 8
Intermediate (1);
Broad (2)
Long (0);
3
Intermediate (1);
Short (2)
The angle between Frankfurt
Horizontal and the basionhormion chord (the inclination
of the basioccipital and
basisphenoid measured
externally). (Ordered)
The horizonal disatnce
between the coronal plane of
the mastoid crests and the most
posterior part of the cranial
base between the supramastoid
crests. (Unordered)
The presence of condylar canal
on the skull base. (Unordered)
3, 9,
12
The position of the cerebellum
relative to the cerebrum.
(Unordered)
The shape of the anterior poles
of the frontal lobe as seen in
the endocast. Strongly
anteriorly tapered lobes are
considered "beaked".
(Unordered)
The relative thickness of
enamel. (Ordered)
Dental
The differences in the
development reate calcification and eruption
patterns of the permanent teeth
in extant hominoids and fossil
hominids. (Ordered)
Usually absent
(0); Variable
(1); Usually
present (2);
Present (3)
Flat (0);
Moderate (1);
Flexed (2)
3, 12
Moderate (0);
Squat (1);
Elongate (2)
8
Absent or
infrequent (0);
Frequently
present (1)
Not tucked (0);
Tucked (1)
12
Rounded (0);
Beaked (1)
8
3, 8,
12
Thin (0); Thick
2, 3,
(1); Hyperthick
12
(2)
Delayed (0);
12
Intermediate (1);
Accelerated (2)
242.
Cingulum
expression
243.
Sulcus obliqus
development
244.
Fovea posterior
development
245.
Incisal reduction
246.
Maxillary incisor
heteromorphy
Incisor
procumbency
Presence of
Maxillary I2/C
diastema
Maxillary incisorto postcanine
ratio
Lingual
crenulations of
maxillary I1
247.
248.
249.
250.
The presence of labial
cingulum in lower canines and
premolars. (Unordered)
The development of oblique
sulcus. (Unordered)
Present (0);
Absent (1)
6
Weak to
moderate (0);
Strong (1)
The development of fovea
Absent or weak
posterior. (Unordered)
(0); Well
developed (1)
The summed mediodistal
Not reduced (0);
means of the I1 and I2.
Moderate (1);
(Ordered)
Reduced (2)
The index of I1 area divided by Dissimilar (0);
I2 area. (Unordered)
Similar (1)
The orientation of incisors.
Procumbent (0);
(Unordered)
Vertical (1)
The presence of maxillary
Present (0);
diastema. (Unordered)
Absent (1)
12
The ratio of maxillary incisorto-postcanine teeth. (Ordered)
Small (0);
Moderate (1);
Large (2)
Absent (0);
Marginal (1);
Whole surface
(2)
Trace (0); Weak
(1); Moderate
(2); Pronounced
(3)
Absent (0);
Faint (1); Trace
(2)
Absent (0);
Fraint (1)
2
Classic (0);
Triangular (1);
Absent (2)
Slender (0);
More robust (1)
10
The extent of enamel
crenulations on the lingual
surface of maxillary I1.
(Unordered)
The development of labial
curvature of maxillary I1.
(Ordered)
251.
Labial curvature
of maxillary I1
252.
Shovel on
maxillary I1
253.
Double shovel on
maxillary I1
254.
Shovel shape in
maxillary I2
255.
Canine robusticity The robusticity of the canines.
(Unordered)
The development of shovelshaped maxillary I1.
(Unordered)
The presence of double shovelshaped maxillary I1.
(Unordered)
The shape of maxillary I2.
(Unordered)
12
3, 12
3, 12
2
2
12
7
7
7
3, 12
256.
Canine sexual
dimorphism
257.
Mandibular
deciduous canine
shape
258.
Canine size
reduction
259.
Extensive mesial
groove on
maxillary canine
260.
Lingual ridge
development on
maxillary canine
Bushman canine
on maxillary
canine
Distal accessory
ridge
development on
maxillary canine
Lingual shape of
maxillary canine
261.
262.
263.
Sexual dimorphism in canine
size. (Unordered)
Hyper
dimorphic (0);
Strongly
dimorphic (1);
Moderately
dimorphic (2);
Monomorphic;
small canines
(3);
Monomorphic;
large canines (4)
The mesiodistal disposition of
Apex central,
the apex, the height of mesial
mesial
crown convexity and the height convexity low
of the mesial end of the lingual (0); Apex
cingulum. (Unordered)
mesial, mesial
convexity high
(1)
The degree of canine reduction No (0);
calibrated relative to Pan and
Somewhat (1);
Gorilla. Canine size and canine Very (2)
root dimentions compared to
canines of extant African apes.
(Ordered)
The presence of a mesial
Yes (0); No (1)
groove on the upper canine that
extends to the crown apex.
(Unordered)
The development of the lingual Marked (0);
ridges on maxillary C.
Weak (1)
(Unordered)
The presence of Bushman
Absent (0);
canine. (Unordered)
Present (1)
12
The development of the distal
accessory ridge on maxillary
canine. (Ordered)
Absent (0);
Faint (1); Weak
(2)
7
The symmetry of the maxillary
canine in lingual views,
assessed by the position of the
mesial and distal crown
shoulder positions relative to
the crown apex. (Ordered)
Asymmetric (0);
More symmetric
(1); Symmetric
(2)
8
12
3, 8,
12
12
2
7
264.
Shape of
maxillary canine
The shape and the sharpness of
maxillary canine. (Unordered)
265.
Shape of
mandibular
canine
Lingual ridge
development on
mandibular
canine
Basal keel on
mandibular
canine
Maxillary
premolar
molarization
Buccal grooves
on maxillary
premolars
P3 position
The shape of mandibular
canine. (Unordered)
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
273.
274.
275.
276.
Sharp, flared
(0); Rounded,
no cuspule (1)
Asymmetrical
(0);
Symmetrical (1)
Prominent (0);
Weak (1)
10
The presence of the basal keel
of mandibular canine.
(Ordered)
The degree of molarization on
maxillary premolars. (Ordered)
Present (0);
Reduced (1);
Absent (2)
None (0); Minor
(1); Marked (2)
12
The development of buccal
grooves on maxillary
premolars. (Unordered)
The position of P3 relative to
canine. (Unordered)
Marked (0);
Weak (1)
2
The prominence of medial
lingual ridge of mandibular
canine. (Unordered)
Posterior (0);
Posterolateral
(1)
Maxillary P3 cusp The size of paracone of upper
Paracone much
heteromorphy
premolars relative to the
larger than
protocone. (Ordered)
protocone (0);
Paracone larger
than protocone
(1); Paracone
equals
protocone (2)
Maxillary P3 root The number of roots on
Two (0); >Two
number
maxillary P3. (Unordered)
(1)
Maxillary P3
The extent of mesiobuccal line Always (0);
mesiobuccal line
on maxillary P3. (Ordered)
Frequent (1);
extent
Rare (2); Absent
(3)
Mesiobuccal
The degree of overall
Strong (0);
protrusion of P3
asymmetry of the crown of
Moderate (1);
crown base
maxillary and mandibular P3.
Weak or absent
(Ordered)
(2)
Mandibular P3
The number of roots on
One (0); Two
root number
mandibular P3. (Unordered)
(1)
Frequency of well The frequency of a wellAbsent (0);
developed
developed P3 metacnoid within Infrequent (1);
metaconid on
each species sample.
Frequent (2)
mandibular P3
(Ordered)
10
2, 12
2
9
12
7
8
3, 12
2, 7
3, 8,
12
277.
Mandibular P3
shape
The shape and symmetry of
mandibular P3. (Ordered)
278.
Lingual cusp on
mandibular P4
The number of cusps on
mandibular P4. (Unordered)
279.
Mandibular P4
root number
Mandibular P4
shape
The number of roots on
mandibular P4. (Unordered)
The symmetry of mandibular
P4. (Ordered)
281.
Postcanine crown
area
The summed area of
postcanine teeth. (Ordered)
282.
Size of M1
relative to M2
Size of M1
relative to M3
Size of M2
relative to M3
Molar cingulum
development
The ratio of crown area of M1
relative to M2. (Unordered)
The ratio of crown area of M1
relative to M3. (Unordered)
The ratio of crown area of M2
relative to M3. (Unordered)
The development of molar
cingulum on maxillary molars.
(Unordered)
280.
283.
284.
285.
286.
Molar dentine
horn height
Asymmetrical
(0); Less
asymmetrical,
talonid reduced
(1); Much less
asymmetrical,
talonid absent
(2); Circular (3)
Two, mesial
cusp much
larger (0); Two,
mesial cusp
larger (1); Two,
cusps equal size
(2); Two, distal
cusp larger (3)
One (0); Two
(1)
Asymmetrical,
wide polygon
(0);
Asymmetrical,
reduced polygon
(1);
Symmetrical (2)
Small (0);
Moderate (1);
Large (2)
≥ 1 (0); <1 (1)
10
≥ 1 (0); <1 (1)
9
≥ 1 (0); <1 (1)
9
Reduced,
incomplete (0);
Fragmented or
absent (1)
The height of the molar dentine High (0); Low
horns. (Unordered)
(1)
7
1
10
1, 3,
8, 12
9
3, 12
12
287.
Maxillary molar
morphology
The development of cusps and
enamel on the maxillary molar.
(Unordered)
288.
Protocristid
groove
prominence of
mandibular
molars
Lingual marginal
ridge
development
The development of
protocristic groove on molars.
(Unordered)
289.
The development of the lingual
marginal ridges of molars.
(Ordered)
290.
Positions of
The positions of the buccal and
buccal and lingual lingual cusp tips relative to the
cusps relative to
crown base. (Unordered)
crown margin
291.
Protoconid/metac
onid more mesial
cusp on molars
Peak of enamel
thickness between
the roots of
molars
Maxillary M1
shape
292.
293.
The most mesial cusp on
mandibular molars.
(Unordered)
The thickness of enamel
between the roots of molars.
(Unordered)
The shape of maxillary M1.
(Unordered)
Well developed 3
cusps and cristae
(0); Inflated
cusps, limited
cristae (1); Low
cusps with
enamel
wrinkling (2);
Flat, bunodont
morphology (3)
Prominent (0);
12
Barely visible
(1)
Hardly
appreciable (0);
More prominent
(1); Very
prominent (2)
BC and LC at
margin (0); LC
margin, BC
slightly lingual
(1); LC margin,
BC moderately
lingual (2); LC
slightly buccal,
BC moderately
lingual (3); LC
moderately
buccal, BC
strongly lingual
(4)
Equal (0);
Protoconid (1)
12
Thin (0);
Thicker (1)
2
Squared (0);
Rhomboidal (1)
10
2, 3,
8, 12
2
294.
Cusp 5 on
maxillary M1
The development of cusp 5 on
maxillary M1. (Unordered)
295.
Enamel extension
on maxillary M1
Carabelli’s cusp
on mandibular
M1
The extension of enamel on
maxillary M1. (Unordered)
The development of Carabelli's
cusp of maxillary M1.
(Unordered)
297.
Anterior fovea on
mandibular M1
7
298.
Cusp number on
mandibular M1
Protostylid on
mandibular M1
The development of anterior
fovea of mandibular M1.
(Ordered)
The number of cusps on
mandibular M1. (Unordered)
The development of protostylid Absent (0);
of mandibular M1.
Absent-pit (1);
(Unordered)
Curved buccal
groove (2);
Curved mesial
and distal
grooves (3);
Trace cusp (4);
Small cusp (5)
The development of cusp 7 on Absent (0);
mandibular M1. (Ordered)
Faint (1); Small
(2)
The number of roots on
Two (0)
mandibular M2. (Unordered)
The presence of mid trigonid
Absent (0);
crest on mandibular M1 and
Present (1)
M2. (Unordered)
The presence of cusp 5 on
mandibular M1 and M2.
(Unordered)
The shape of the maxillary M2
measured by the length divided
by breadth of the molar crown.
(Unordered)
Present (0);
Absent (1)
10
Broader than
Long (0);
Square (1)
3
296.
299.
300.
Cusp 7 on
mandibular M1
301.
Root number on
mandibular M1
Presence of midtrigonid crest in
mandibular M1
and/or M2
Absence of cusp 5
in mandibular M1
and/or M2
Maxillary M2
shape
302.
303.
304.
Faint cuspule
(0); Trace
cuspule (1);
Small cuspule
(2)
Absent (0);
Faint (1)
Lingual
cingulum (0);
Absent (1);
Groove, small
cusp (2); Pit,
small cusp (3);
Large
depression, cusp
(4)
Faint (0); Weak
(1); Moderate
(2); Large (3)
Five (0); Six (1)
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
10
305.
Hypocone on
maxillary M2
The development of hypocone
on maxillary M2. (Ordered)
306.
Groove pattern on
mandibular M2
Cusp number on
mandibular M2
The groove pattern of
mandibular M2. (Unordered)
The number of cusps on
mandibular M2. (Ordered)
Root number on
mandibular M2
Maxillary M3
agenesis
Torsomolar angle
on mandibular
M3
Protocone size
relative to
paracone of
deciduous m1, in
occlusal view
Deciduous
mandibular m1
shape
The number of roots on
mandibular M2. (Unordered)
The degree of maxillary M3
agenesis. (Unordered)
The torsomolar angle on
mandibular M3. (Unordered)
313.
Talonid basin of
deciduous m1
314.
Presence of
metaconid of
mandibular
deciduous m1
The distal opening of the
talonid basin on mandibular
deciduous m1. (Unordered)
The presence of the metaconid
on mandibular deciduous m1.
(Unordered)
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
Small cusp (0);
Large cusp (1);
Very large cusp
(2)
Y (0); Some X
(1); X (2)
Four (0); Five
(1); Six (2);
Greater than 6
(3)
Less than 2 (0);
Two (1)
Absent (0);
Minimal (1)
Absent (0);
Minimal (1)
7
The protocone size of
maxillary deciduous m1 in
crown view. (Unordered)
Larger than
paracone (0);
Smaller than
paracone (1)
12
The shape of deciduous
mandibular m1. (Unordered)
Buccolingually
8
narrow (0);
Buccolingually
broad (1);
Molarized (2)
Open distally
12
(0); Closed
distally (1)
Absent or poorly 12
defined (0);
Well defined (1)
7
7
7
7
7
315.
Deciduous m1
mesial crown
profile
This character comprises
several inter-related traits.
These are: the position of the
protoconid relative to the
metaconid, the disposition of
the mesial marginal ridge, and
the structure of the fovea
anterior. (Unordered)
316.
Distal marginal
ridge height of
deciduous m2
Distal trigonid
crest on
mandibular
deciduous m2
The development of the distal
marginal ridge of deciduous
second molar. (Unordered)
The length of crista obliqua
relative to protoconid apex.
(Unordered)
317.
318.
Crista obliqua of
maxillary
deciduous m2
Mandibular characters
319. Mandibular
symphysis
robusticity
The development of the postprotocrista on maxillary
deciduous m2. (Ordered)
320.
Mandibular
symphysis
orientation
Projection of
mental
protruberance
The orientation of the
mandibular symphysis.
(Unordered)
The degree of mental
protuberance projection.
(Ordered)
322.
Central keel
323.
Mandibular
incurvation
The presence of a central keel.
(Unordered)
The development of a
depression on the
anterosuperior symphyseal
region in norma lateralis
(Ordered)
38.
The index of mandibular
symphysis breadth divided by
mandibular height. (Ordered)
MMR absent,
protoconid
anterior, fovea
open (0); MMR
slight,
protoconid
anterior, fovea
open (1); MMR
thick,
protoconid even
with metaconid,
fovea closed (2)
Low (0); High
(1)
3, 8,
12
Does not reach
protoconid apex
(0); Reaches
protoconid apex
(1)
Weak (0);
Moderate (1);
Strong (2)
12
12
12
Gracile (0);
3
Intermediate (1);
Robust (2);
Extremely
robust (3)
Receding (0);
2, 3,
Vertical (1)
6, 8,
12
Absent (0);
1, 2,
Weakly
5, 6
projecting (1);
Strongly
projecting (2)
Absent (0);
5, 6
Present (1)
Absent (0);
6
Weakly
developed (1);
Strongly
developed (2)
324.
Incisura
submentalis
325.
Medial crest in
digastric fossa
Digastric fossa
direction
326.
327.
328.
329.
330.
331.
The presence of semilunar
space beneath the inferior rim
of the symphysis (Unordered)
The presence of a medial crest
in digastric fossa. (Unordered)
The orientation of digastric
fossa. (Ordered)
Lateral tubercle
The presence of a lateral
tubercle. (Unordered)
Inferior transverse The development of superior
torus
and inferior transverse tori.
development
(Unordered)
Post-incisive
planum
development
Position of
genioglossus
insertion
The development of postincisive planum. (Unordered)
Position of
geniohyoideus
insertion
The location of the
geniohyoideus insertion
relative to the inferior
transverse torus. (Ordered)
The location of the insertion of
genioglossal muscle relative to
the inferior transverse torus.
(Unordered)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
6
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Downward (0);
Downwardbackward (1);
Backward (2)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Inferior torus
stronger than
superior torus
(0); Both tori of
similar
development
(1); Superior
torus stronger
than inferior
torus (2); Both
tori undeveloped
(3)
Prominent (0);
Weak (1)
6
Above inferior
transverse torus
(0); On inferior
transverse torus
(1)
Basally on
inferior
transverse torus
(0); Higher on
inferior
transverse torus
(1); Above
inferior
transverse torus
(2)
12
6
5, 6
1, 3, 6
2, 6,
12
12
332.
Position of
digastric insertion
The location of the digastric
muscle insertion relative to the
inferior transverse torus.
(Unordered)
333.
Fossae
genioglossus
definition
The development of the
excavated area delineated by
the transverse tori. (Ordered)
334.
Submandibular
fossa depth
335.
Anterior marginal
tubercle position
Mental foramen
opening direction
The depth of submandibular
fossa located beneath the
alveolar region. (Unordered)
The position of the marginal
tubercle. (Unordered)
The direction of the mental
foramen opening. (Ordered)
336.
337.
Mental foramen
position
338.
Mental foramen
height
339.
Mental foramen
number
Hollowing above
and behind
mental foramen
340.
341.
342.
343.
Torus marginalis
superius
development
Torus marginalis
inferius
development
Mandibular
corpus depth
along tooth row
The position of the mental
foramen along tooth row.
(Ordered)
The index of the height of
mental foramen position
relative to the height of the
mandibular corpus. (Ordered)
The number of mental
foramen. (Unordered)
The presence of a hollowing
contour of the lateral face of
the mandibular corpus above
and behind the mental
foramen. (Unordered)
The development of the
superior marginal torus.
(Unordered)
The development of the
inferior marginal torus.
(Unordered)
The height of mandibular
corpus along tooth row.
(Ordered)
Posterior to
inferior
transverse torus
(0); Inferior
transverse torus
(1); Not on
symphysis (2)
Not defined, flat
surface (0);
Weak (1); Well
defined (2)
Shallow (0);
Deep (1)
12
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Anterior (0);
Lateral (1);
Posterior (2)
P3-P4 (0); P4M1 (1); M1 (2)
5, 6
Very low (0);
Low (1);
Intermediate (2);
High (3)
Single (0);
Multiple (1)
Present (0);
Absent (1)
6, 8
Weak/absent
(0); Clearly
visible (1)
Weak/absent
(0); Clearly
visible (1)
Shallow
mesially (0);
Constant (1);
Deepens
mesially (2)
6
6
6
2, 3,
12
5, 6
6
3, 8,
12
2, 6
12
344.
345.
346.
347.
348.
Mandibular cross- The geometric mean of the
sectional area at
area of the corpus at M1. The
M1
area is caculated as an ellipse
and the square root of area was
then used to assess the
character. (Small<25.5mm sq;
Large>25.5mm sq).
(Unordered)
Horizontal
The ratio of the distance
distance between between the TMJ and M2/M3
TMJ and M2 or
relative to bi-foramen ovale
M3
breadth. (Short<58; Long>58)
(Unordered)
Mandibular
The width of the extramolar
extramolar sulcus sulcus. (Narrow<6.5mm;
width
Broad>6.5mm). (Unordered)
Retromolar space The presence of retromolar
space. (Unordered)
Retromolar area
The orientation of the
inclination
retromolar area. (Ordered)
349.
Orientation of
mandibular
premolar row
350.
Separation of
mandibular tooth
rows
351.
Inferior alveolar
margin
orientation
Sulcus intertoralis
development
The orientation of the inferior
alveolar margin. (Unordered)
353.
Prominentia
lateralis relief
The development of lateral
prominence. (Ordered)
354.
Prominentia
lateralis position
355.
Ramus length
The position of lateral
prominence along tooth row.
(Ordered)
The length of mandibular
ramus. (Unordered)
352.
The orientation of the dental
arcade measured as the ratio
between the internal bialveolar
margin distances at mandibular
canine and M2 positions.
(Unordered)
The width of the dental arcade.
(Unordered)
The development of intertoral
sulcus. (Ordered)
Small (0); Large
(1)
1, 3,
8, 12
Long (0); Short
(1)
2, 3,
12
Broad (0);
Narrow (1)
3, 6,
12
Absent (0);
Present (1)
Horizontal (0);
Inclined (1);
Vertical (2)
U shaped (0);
Parabolic (1)
5, 6
Widely
separated (0);
Narrow
separation (1)
Steep (0);
Slowly inclined
(1); Parallel (2)
Flatsurface (0);
Weak (1); Well
defined (2)
Flatsurface (0);
Weak (1);
Strong (2)
M1-M2 (0); M2M3 (1); M3 (2)
12
Narrow (0);
Large (1)
11
6
2, 3,
8, 12
11
11
11
11
356.
Ramus root
anterior position
357.
Ramus root
vertical position
358.
Internal coronoid
pillar orientation
359.
Crista
ectocondyloidea
development on
the lateral face of
the ramus.
Crista
endocondyloidea
relief on the
medial face of the
ramus
Crista
endocondyloidea
orientation
Position of the
junction between
the mandibular
notch and the
condyle articular
surface
Position of the
deepest point of
the mandibular
notch
Crest of the
mandibular notch
360.
361.
362.
363.
364.
The position of the origin of
the ascending ramus relative to
the anteroposterior axis of the
mandibular corpus. Anterior
origin is where the ramus rises
at the M1 level. (Ordered)
The position of the origin of
the ascending ramus relative to
the mandibular corpus height.
(Ordered)
The orientation of the ridge
that extends inferiorly from the
coronoid tip. (Unordered)
The development of crista
ectocondyloidea, a ridge that
extends inferiorly from the
condyle tip on the lateral face
of the ramus. (Unordered)
The development of crista
endocondyloidea, a ridge that
extends inferiorly from the
condyle tip on the medial face
of the ramus. (Unordered)
The orientation of crista
endocondyloidea on the medial
face of the ramus. (Unordered)
The position of the condyle
articular surface relative to the
mandibular notch. (Unordered)
Posterior (0);
8
Intermediate (1);
Anterior (2)
High (0);
8
Intermediate (1);
Low (2)
Vertical (0);
Concave (1);
Oblique (2)
Weak/absent
(0); Clearly
defined (1)
11
Weak/absent
(0); Clearly
defined (1)
11
Oblique (0);
Diagonal (1)
11
Lateral (0);
Medial (1)
11
The position of the deepest
point of the mandibular notch.
(Unordered)
Centered (0);
Condylar (1)
5, 11
The position of the crest on the
mandibular notch (Ordered)
Lateral edge of
condyle (0);
Less lateral (1);
Less than a third
of distance from
medial end (2);
Medial end (3)
5
11
365.
Planum
triangulare size
366.
Planum
triangulare depth
Condyle height
relative to the
coronoid
Lateral condylar
tubercle
development
367.
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
The development of planum
triangulare defined by the
internal coronoid pillar and the
crista endocondyloidea
(Ordered)
The depth of planum
triangulare. (Ordered)
The height of mandibular
condyle relative to the
coronoid. (Ordered)
The development of lateral
condylar tubercle. (Ordered)
Fossa
subcondylea
depth
Fossa
subcondylea
development
The depth of subcondylar
fossa. (Ordered)
Mandibular
foramen shape
Lingula
mandibulae
The shape of the mandibular
canal opening. (Unordered)
The presence of lingula
mandibulae, a projection of the
edge of the mandibular
foramen. (Unordered)
The orientation of the
mylohyoid line that crosses the
medial corpus surface.
(Unordered)
The position of mylohyoid line
at M3. (Ordered)
The development of
subcondylar fossa. (Ordered)
373.
Mylohyoid line
orientation
374.
Mylohyoid line
position
375.
Mylohyoid
The orientation of the
groove orientation mylohyoid groove on the
medial surface of the ramus.
(Unordered)
Weakly
developed (0);
Intermediate (1);
Strongly
developed (2)
Flat (0); Shallow
(1); Deep (2)
Lower (0);
Equal (1);
Higher (2)
No tubercle (0);
Swelling under
lateral lip (1);
Laterally
projected
tubercle (2);
Strongly
projected
tubercle (3)
Flat (0); Shallow
(1); Deep (2)
11
11
11
5
11
Weakly
11
developed (0);
Intermediate (1);
Strongly
developed (2)
Oval (0);
5, 11
Circular (1)
Absent (0);
11
Present (1)
Parallel (0);
Inclined (1);
Diagonal (2)
11
Low (0);
11
Intermediate (1);
High (2)
Inclined (0);
11
Diagonal (1)
376.
377.
378.
379.
380.
Bony bridge in
The presence of a body bridge
mylohyoid groove in mylohyoid groove.
(Unordered)
Fossa masseterica The depth of masseteric fossa
depth
on the lateral surface of the
gonial angle. (Ordered)
Gonial profile
The profile of the
posteroinferior corner of the
mandible in norma lateralis.
(Unordered)
Distinctiveness of The development of the
angular process of angular process. (Unordered)
mandible
Pterygoid fossa
depth
The depth of pterygoid fossa.
(Unordered)
Absent (0);
Present (1)
11
Flat (0); Shallow 11
(1); Deep (2)
Not truncated
(0); Truncated
(1)
5, 11
Distinct with
posterior
projection (0);
Not distinct (1)
Shallow (0);
Deep (1)
12
11
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