Lab Practical #2 Review Sheet
Lab 5 – Mosses & Ferns
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Know the life cycles of a moss and a fern inside out and backwards!!!
know the 3 phyla of bryophytes and the 2 divisions of seedless vascular plants
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Phylum Anthocerophyta
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Phylum Hepatophyta
o gametophyte & sporophyte stages in the life cycle of the liverwort
o thallus of gametophyte
o antheridial head
o archegonial head
o male gametophore with antheridium
o antheridium with sperm
o female gametophore with archegonium
o archegonium structure - egg, neck, venter
o sporophyte- sporangium, foot & seta
o gemmae cups
o rhizoids
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Division Pterophyta
o gametophyte & sporophyte stages in the life cycle of the fern
o prothallus with rhizoids & notch
o sporophyte structure
 megaphyll or frond – petiole, blade, pinnae, fiddlehead
 rhizome
 roots
o sori –with sporangium & indusium
o sporangium – annulus, spores
o Whisk ferns – synangium/sporangium with spores
Be able to identify the following in a picture, drawing or under the microscope:
Phylum Bryophyta
o gametophyte & sporophyte stages in the life cycle of the moss
o antheridial head
o archegonial head
o antheridium & archegonium
o neck, venter & egg in the archegonium
o sporophyte- stalk, sporangium, seta, foot, calyptra
o leaves – leaf blade or lamina
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Equisetum – strobilus, leaves, stem, sporangiophores with sporangia
Division Lycophyta
o Sporophyte stage
o strobilus with sporophylls
o Selaginella cones (heterosporous)
 megaspores within megasporangia
 megasporophylls with megasporangia
 microspores within microsporangia
 microsporophylls with microsporangia
o Lycopodium cones (homosporous) – sporangia with spores, sporophylls
Lab 6a – Gymnosperms – be able to identify the following:
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Know the 4 phyla
Phylum Cycadophyta
o Male & female cone structure
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Phylum Gingkophyta
o Leaves
o Ovules
o Male cone structure
o Fruit
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Phylum Gnetophyta
o male and female cone structure
o female ovules
o male microsporangia
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Phylum Coniferophyta
o needle cross section – epidermis, hypodermis, endodermis, resin canal, vascular bundle,
stomata, mesophyll
o female cone structure – cone axis, ovule scale or megasporophyll, cone bract, cone
ovule, megasporangium inside the ovule, megaspore/egg
o male cone structure – cone axis, microsporophyll, microsporangia with microsporangia
or pollen grains
o pollen grain - air bladder or wings, pollen tube, tube cell nucleus, germinative cell
nucleus
Lab 6b – Flowers and Fruits
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flower structure
o sepals
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o petals
o stamens – anther & filament
o carpels – style, stigma, ovary with ovules
perfect vs. imperfect flower
inflorescence types: raceme, spike, composite/compound flowers
o compound inflorescence: ray flowers, disc flowers, receptacle
fruit structure
o pericarp (ovary wall)
o exocarp
o mesocarp
o endocarp
o seeds
types of fruit: simple vs. aggregate vs. multiple
examples of these fruits: pome, drupe, berry, aggregate, multiple
male pollen grains
o microsporangia with pollen grains
o pollen grain structure – tube cell nucleus, germinative cell nucleus, pollen tube
o anther cross section – filament and anthers
female ovules
o seeds
o seed placentation patterns from diagrams – free central, axial, parietal
o fruit examples of these placentation patterns
Lab 7: Plant Anatomy
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tissue types
o parenchyma
 primary cell walls
 spongy & palisade – also called spongy and palisade mesophyll in leaves
o collenchyma
o sclerenchyma – secondary cell walls
o sclerids
chloroplasts
o thylakoid membranes
o grana
o stroma
o inner & outer membranes
dermal tissue/epidermis
o trichomes
o guard cells & stomata
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vascular tissue
o xylem – tracheids & vessel elements with bordered pits
 pits & perforations
o phloem – sieve tubes & sieve tube members
 sieve plates/areas
 sieve pores (plasmodesmata)
vascular bundles of leaves, roots and stems
o xylem – primary vs. metaxylem
o phloem
o sclerenchyma
o vascular cambium (if present)
Stems – monocots vs. dicots
o nodes and internodes
o axillary buds
o terminal or apical buds
o bud scales
o 4 phyllotaxy patterns for leaves
Stem growth
o apical meristem
o leaf primordia
o subapical meristem
o axillary buds
o developing vascular tissue
Stem modifications
o rhizomes
o bulbs
o stolons
o tubers
Stem tissues
o epidermis
o cortex
o pith
o vascular bundles
o medullary rays of dicots with interfasicular cambium
Roots – monocots. vs. dicots
o types of roots – prop, storage, aerating
o taproots vs. fibrous root systems
o root apical meristem
o quiescent cells
o root cap
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Root growth: 3 zones
Root modifications
Root tissues
o epidermis & root hairs
o cortex
o vascular cylinder – stele in monocots
o endodermis & pericycle
o core of parenchyma tissue
Leaves – structure in monocots vs. dicots
Leaf types
o simple - with blade or lamina & petiole
o compound - with leaflets (pinna) and petiole
o double compound - with leaflets (pinnules) and petiole
o axillary bud
o leaf mid-vein and lateral veins
o vein patterns – monocot vs. dicot
- Leaf modifications
o tendrils
o spines
o needles – know the cross section of a pine needle
o storage leaves
o bracts
- Leaf tissues
o epidermis with guard cells and stomata
o mesophyll layers – spongy vs. palisade
o vascular bundle structures (veins) – monocot vs. dicot
 xylem & phloem
 bundle sheath cells & bundle sheath
o cuticle & waxy layer
Secondary growth
o lenticels
o cork
o secondary xylem with xylem rays
o rings of secondary xylem
o bark – secondary phloem
o pith
o earlywood vs. latewood
o heartwood vs. sapwood