www.ontoknowledge.org/oil
Ontologies
in Semantic Web
Based on tutorials and presentations:
D. Lee, F. Harmelen, M. Arumugam, C. Goble, I. Horrocks, N. F. Noy, D.L.
McGuinness, J. Broekstra, M. Klein, S. Decker, D. Fensel, DERI Group, H. Knublauch,
N. Drummond, M. Horridge
1
Communication between people
2
The More or Less Global Agreement about
Standard Terminology and Conceptual Hierarchy
for a Domain Description is Necessary for the
Interoperability in the Intelligent Web
3
Contents
 Introduction to Ontologies
 Ontology Engineering
 OWL: Web Ontology Language
4
5
What are ontologies?
 Ontologies are content theories about
the sorts of objects, properties of
objects, and relations between
objects that are possible in a
specified domain of knowledge.
6
What are ontologies? (3)
Studer(98):
Formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization
Machine
readable
Concepts, properties,
functions, axioms
are explicitly defined
Consensual
knowledge
Abstract model of
some phenomena
in the world
7
9
What Is “Ontology Engineering”?
Ontology Engineering: Defining terms in the
domain and relations among them




Defining concepts in the domain (classes)
Arranging the concepts in a hierarchy (subclasssuperclass hierarchy)
Defining which attributes and properties (slots)
classes can have and constraints on their values
Defining individuals and filling in slot values
10
Tool for Ontology Engineering
 Screenshots in further examples are from
Protégé-2000, which:



is a graphical ontology-development tool
supports a rich knowledge model
is open-source and freely available
(http://protege.stanford.edu/index.shtml)
11
Determine Domain and Scope
 What is the domain that the ontology will
cover?
 For what we are going to use the ontology?
 For what types of questions the information in
the ontology should provide answers
(competency questions)?
Answers to these questions may change during the
lifecycle
12
Example Ontology
Which wine
should
I serve with
seafood
today?
French wines
and
wine regions
A shared
ONTOLOGY
of
wine and food
California
wines and
wine regions
13
Competency Questions
 Which wine characteristics should I consider when
choosing a wine?
 Is Bordeaux a red or white wine?
 Does Cabernet Sauvignon go well with seafood?
 What is the best choice of wine for grilled meat?
 Which characteristics of a wine affect its appropriateness
for a dish?
 Does a flavor or body of a specific wine change with
vintage year?
14
Enumerating Terms - The Wine
Ontology
wine, grape, winery, location,...
wine color, wine body, wine flavor, sugar content,...
white wine, red wine, Bordeaux wine,...
food, seafood, fish, meat, vegetables, cheese,...
15
Define Classes and the Class
Hierarchy
 A class is a concept in the domain




a class of wines
a class of wineries
a class of red wines
…
 A class is a collection of elements (instances
of classes) with similar properties
16
Class Inheritance
 Classes usually constitute a taxonomic hierarchy
(a subclass-superclass hierarchy)
 A class hierarchy is usually an IS-A hierarchy:
an instance of a subclass is an instance of a superclass
 If you think of a class as a set of elements, a
subclass is a subset
17
Class Inheritance - Example
 Apple is a subclass of Fruit
Every apple is a fruit
 Red wines is a subclass of Wine
Every red wine is a wine
 Chianti wine is a subclass of Red wine
Every Chianti wine is a red wine
18
Modes of Development
 top-down – define the most general
concepts first and then specialize them
 bottom-up – define the most specific
concepts and then organize them in more
general classes
 combination – define the more salient
concepts first and then generalize and
specialize them
19
Documentation
 Classes (and slots) usually have
documentation



Describing the class in natural language
Listing domain assumptions relevant to the
class definition
Listing synonyms
 Documenting classes and slots is as
important as documenting computer code!
20
Define Properties of Classes – Slots
 Slots in a class definition describe attributes
of instances of the class and relations to
other instances
 Each wine will have color, sugar content,
producer, etc
21
Properties (Slots)
 Types of properties




“intrinsic” properties: flavor and color of wine
“extrinsic” properties: name and price of wine
parts: ingredients in a dish
relations to other objects: producer of wine (winery)
 Simple and complex properties


simple properties (attributes): contain primitive values
(strings, numbers)
complex properties: contain (or point to) other objects
(e.g., a winery instance)
22
Slots for the Class Wine
(in Protégé-2000)
23
Slot and Class Inheritance
 A subclass inherits all the slots from the
superclass
If a wine has a name and flavor, a red wine also has a name
and flavor
 If a class has multiple superclasses, it inherits
slots from all of them
Port is both a dessert wine and a red wine. It inherits “sugar
content: high” from the former and “color:red” from the
latter
24
Property Constraints
 Property constraints (facets) describe or
limit the set of possible values for a slot
The name of a wine is a string
The wine producer is an instance of Winery
A winery has exactly one location
25
Common Facets
 Slot cardinality – the number of values a slot has
 Slot value type – the type of values a slot has
 Minimum and maximum value – a range of
values for a numeric slot
 Default value – the value a slot has unless
explicitly specified otherwise
26
Common Facets: Slot Cardinality
 Minimum cardinality


Minimum cardinality 1 means that the slot must have a value
(required)
Minimum cardinality 0 means that the slot value is optional
 Maximum cardinality


Maximum cardinality 1 means that the slot can have at most
one value (single-valued slot)
Maximum cardinality greater than 1 means that the slot can
have more than one value (multiple-valued slot)
27
Common Facets: Value Type




String: a string of characters (“Château Lafite”)
Number: an integer or a float (15, 4.5)
Boolean: a true/false flag
Enumerated type: a list of allowed values (high,
medium, low)
 Complex type: an instance of another class

Specify the class to which the instances belong
The Wine class is the value type for the slot
“produces” at the Winery class
28
Domain and Range of Slot
 Domain of a slot – the class (or classes) that
have the slot

More precisely: class (or classes) instances of
which can have the slot
 Range of a slot – the class (or classes) to
which slot values belong
29
Facets and Class Inheritance
 A subclass inherits all the slots from the superclass
 A subclass can override the facets to “narrow” the
list of allowed values


Make the cardinality range smaller
Replace a class in the range with a subclass
Wine
producer
is-a
French
wine
Winery
is-a
producer
French
winery
30
Create Instances
 Create an instance of a class


The class becomes a direct type of the instance
Any superclass of the direct type is a type of the
instance
 Assign slot values for the instance frame


Slot values should conform to the facet constraints
Knowledge-acquisition tools often check that
31
Creating an Instance: Example
32
Multiple Inheritance
 A class can have more than
one superclass
 A subclass inherits slots and
facet restrictions from all the
parents
 Different systems resolve
conflicts differently
33
Disjoint Classes
 Classes are disjoint if they cannot have common instances
 Disjoint classes cannot have any common subclasses either
Port
Wine
Dessert
wine
Red wine, White wine,
Rosé wine are disjoint
Dessert wine and Red
wine are not disjoint
Red
wine
White
wine
Rosé
wine
34
The Perfect Family Size (1)
 If a class has only one child,
there may be a modeling
problem
 If the only Red Burgundy we
have is Côtes d’Or, why
introduce the subhierarchy?
 Compare to bullets in a
bulleted list
35
The Perfect Family Size (2)
 If a class has more
than a dozen children,
additional
subcategories may be
necessary
 However, if no natural
classification exists,
the long list may be
more natural
36
Single and Plural Class Names
 A “wine” is not a kind-of
“wines”
 A wine is an instance of the
class Wines
Class
instance-of
Instance
37
Classes and Their Names
 Classes represent concepts in the domain, not
their names
 The class name can change, but it will still refer to
the same concept
 Synonym names for the same concept are not
different classes

Many systems allow listing synonyms as part of the
class definition
38
A Completed
Hierarchy of Wines
39
Inverse Slots
Maker and
Producer
are inverse slots
40
41
Semantic Web “Layered Cake” (2001)
???
???
Reasoning
 Semantics+inference
OWL
 Relational Data
 Data Exchange
42
Semantic Web “Layered Cake” (refreshed)
43
OWL-RDFS Relationship
 Both use the same data model:
page.html
hasAuthor
“Dieter Fensel“
Resource
Property
Value
(subject)
(predicate)
(object)
 OWL extends vocabulary and adds axioms
44
Description Logic Family
 DLs are a family of logic based KR formalisms
 Particular languages mainly characterized by:


Set of constructors for building complex concepts and roles from simpler
ones
Set of axioms for asserting facts about concepts, roles and individuals
 Examples:

“Female persons”
• Person ⊓ Female

“Non-female persons”
• Person ⊓ Female

“Persons that have a child”
• Person ⊓ hasChild.Person

“Persons all of whose children are female”
• Person ⊓ hasChild.Female

“Persons that are employed or self-eployed”
• Person ⊓ (Employee ⊔ SelfEmployed)

“Persons that have at most one father“
• Person ⊓ ≤1.hasFather
45
Description Logic Family
Necessary and sufficient conditions
 Inclusion axioms provide necessary
conditions:

concept ⊑ definition
 Equivalence axioms provide necessary and
sufficient conditions:
concept ≡ definition
{
concept ⊑ definition and
definition ⊑ concept
46
Complex Classes
Union of Classes

Instances of the Union of two Classes are either the
instance of one or both classes
Person ≡ Man ⊔ Woman
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Person">
<owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Woman" />
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Man" />
</owl:unionOf>
</owl:Class>
47
Complex Classes
Intersection of Classes

Instances of the Intersection of two Classes are
simultaneously instances of both class
Man ≡ Person ⊓ Male
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Man">
<owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Person" />
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Male" />
</owl:intersectionOf>
</owl:Class>
48
one of: Enumerated Classes
 Specify a class via a direct enumeration of
its members:
WhineColor ≡ {White, Rose, Red}
<owl:Class rdf:ID="WineColor">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#WineDescriptor"/>
<owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Thing rdf:about="#White"/>
<owl:Thing rdf:about="#Rose"/>
<owl:Thing rdf:about="#Red"/>
</owl:oneOf>
</owl:Class>
49
Complex Classes
Property Restrictions
 Defining a Class by restricting its possible instances
via their property values
 OWL distinguishes between the following two:

Value constraint
• (Mother ≡ Woman ⊓ hasChild.Person)

Cardinality constraint
• (MotherWithManyChildren ≡ Mother ⊓ ≥3hasChild)
 Property restrictions are local

remember RDFS allows only global properties
50
Complex Classes - Property Restrictions
someValuesFrom
 A Mother is a Woman that has a child (some Person)
Mother ⊑ Woman ⊓ hasChild.Person
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Mother">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Woman" />
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasChild" />
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Person" />
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
51
Complex Classes - Property Restrictions
allValuesFrom
 To express the set of parents that only have female
children (daughters) you would write:
ParentsWithOnlyDaughters ⊑ Person ⊓ hasChild.Woman
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“ParentsWithOnlyDaughters">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person" />
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasChild" />
<owl:allValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Woman" />
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
...
</owl:Class>
52
Complex Classes - Property Restrictions
hasValue
 hasValue allows to define classes based on the existence of particular
property values, their must be at least one matching property value
 The set of all childs of the woman MARY would be expressed like
following:
MarysChildren ⊑ Person П hasParent.{MARY}
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“MarysChildren">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person" />
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasParent" />
<owl:hasValue rdf:resource="#MARRY" />
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
...
</owl:Class>
53
Complex Classes - Property Restrictions
cardinality
 Definition of cardinality: the number of occurrences, either
maximum (maxCardinality) or minimum (minCardinality) or exact
(cardinality) based upon the context (class) in which it is used
 To define a half-orphan (Halbwaise) you would write the following:
HalfOrphan ⊑ Person П =1hasParent.Person
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“HalfOrphan">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person" />
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasParent"/>
<owl:cardinality rdf:datatype="&xsd;NonNegativeInteger">1</owl:cardinality>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
…
54
</owl:Class>
Properties OWL vs. RDF
 RDF Schema provides a couple of pre defined properties:



rdfs:range used to indicate the range of values for a property.
rdfs:domain used to associate a property with a class.
rdfs:subPropertyOf used to specialize a property.
 OWL provides additional poperty classes, which allow
reasoning and inferencing, i.e.



owl:functionalProperty
owl:transitiveProperty
owl:symetricProperty
55
Properties OWL vs. RDF
 OWL (DL and Lite) distinguishes between data type
ptoperties and object properties (RDFS does not)
An ObjectProperty relates one Resource to another Resource:
Resource
ObjectProperty
Resource
A DatatypeProperty relates a Resource to a Literal or an XML Schema data type:
Resource
DatatypeProperty
Value
56
Properties in OWL
Transitive Property
 Example: If person A is a ancestor of person B and
B of C then A is also an ancestor of C.
ancestor+  ancestor
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“ancesotor">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;TransitiveProperty" />
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Person" />
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Person" />
</owl:ObjectProperty>
58
Properties in OWL
Symmetric Property
 Example: If Mary is relative to John then John is
also relative to Mary
relative-  relative
and
relative  relative-
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“relative">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;SymmetricProperty" />
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Person" />
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Person" />
</owl:ObjectProperty>
59
Properties in OWL
Inverse Property
 Example: If Mary is a child of John then John is
the parent of Mary
hasChild  hasParent-
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“hasChild">
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="hasParent" />
</owl:ObjectProperty>
60
Properties in OWL
Functional Properties
 A functional property states that the value of range
for a certain object in the domain is always the
same:
 Example: A child has always the same Father
(biological)
Person  1hasFather
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“hasFather">
<rdf:tyoe rdf:resource="&owl;FunctionalProperty"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
61
OWL Property Classes
 The symmetric and transitive property may
only used for connecting two resources:
rdf:Property
owl:ObjectProperty
owl:SymmetricProperty
owl:DatatypeProperty
owl:FunctionalProperty
owl:InverseFunctionalProperty
owl:TransitiveProperty
62
OWL as DL: Axioms
Description Logic
First Order Logic
63
OWL as DL: Axioms
Social Security Number
64
Accessing the Reasoner (“Racer”) in
Protégé
Classify taxonomy
(and check consistency)
Compute inferred types
(for individuals)
Just check consistency
(for efficiency)
65
Subsumption
 The presented examples contain a number of classes and
properties intended to illustrate particular aspects of
reasoning in OWL.
 We can make inferences about relationships between
classes, in particular subsumption between classes
 Recall that A subsumes B when it is the case that any
instance of B must necessarily be an instance of A.
A
B
66
Subsumption
An Example






Woman ≡ Person ⊓ Female
Man
≡ Person ⊓ Woman
Mother ≡ Woman ⊓ hasChild.Person
Father ≡ Man ⊓ hasChild.Person
Parent ≡ Father ⊔ Mother
Grandmother ≡ Mother ⊓ hasChild.Parent
We can further infer (though not explicitly stated):
 Grandmother ⊑ Person
Grandmother ⊑ Man ⊔ Woman
etc.
67
Subsumption
Example in Protégé
68
Subsumption
Inferred Hierarchy in Protégé
69
Inconsistency
 You may define Classes were no individual
can fulfill its definition. Via reasoning
engines such a definition can be found also
in big ontologies.
70
Inconsistency
Example




Cow ≡ Animal ⊓ Vegetarian
Sheep ⊑ Animal
Vegetarian ≡ eats  Animal
MadCow ≡ Cow ⊓ eats.Sheep
71
Inconsistency
Example in Protégé
72
Inconsistency
Detected Inconsistency in Protégé
73
OWL on one Slide






















Symmetric: if P(x, y) then P(y, x)
Transitive: if P(x,y) and P(y,z) then P(x, z)
Functional: if P(x,y) and P(x,z) then y=z
InverseOf: if P1(x,y) then P2(y,x)
InverseFunctional: if P(y,x) and P(z,x) then y=z
allValuesFrom: P(x,y) and y=allValuesFrom(C)
someValuesFrom: P(x,y) and y=someValuesFrom(C)
hasValue: P(x,y) and y=hasValue(v)
cardinality: cardinality(P) = N
minCardinality: minCardinality(P) = N
maxCardinality: maxCardinality(P) = N
equivalentProperty: P1 = P2
intersectionOf: C = intersectionOf(C1, C2, …)
unionOf: C = unionOf(C1, C2, …)
complementOf: C = complementOf(C1)
oneOf: C = one of(v1, v2, …)
Legend:
equivalentClass: C1 = C2
Properties are indicated by: P, P1, P2, etc
disjointWith: C1 != C2
Specific classes are indicated by: x, y, z
sameIndividualAs: I1 = I2
Generic classes are indicated by: C, C1, C2
differentFrom: I1 != I2
Values are indicated by: v, v1, v2
Instance documents are indicated by: I1, I2, I3, etc.
AllDifferent: I1 != I2, I1 != I3, I2 != I3, …
74
A number is indicated by: N
Thing: I1, I2, …
P(x,y) is read as: “property P relates x to y”
Back to the OWL Layers (Lite, DL, Full)
 OWL Lite
(sub)classes, individuals
(sub)properties, domain, range
intersection
(in)equality
cardinality 0/1
datatypes
inverse, transitive, symmetric
hasValue
someValuesFrom
allValuesFrom
OWL DL
Negation (disjointWith, complementOf)
unionOf
Full Cardinality
Enumerated types (oneOf)
RDF Schema
Full
DL
Lite
 OWL Full
 Allow meta-classes etc
75
Summary
 Compared with RDF/RDFS, OWL provides a
more formal language which allows expressing
more axioms, but also adds some restrictions
 We can do inferences such as classify instances,
detect inconsistencies, etc.
 Last version Feb. 2004, but still under progress
 http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/
76
Resources
 W3C Documents
 Guide: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/
 Reference: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/
 Semantics and Abstract Syntax:
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-semantics/
 OWL Tutorials
 Ian Horrocks, Sean Bechhofer:
http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Slides/Innsbruck-tutorial/
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs:
http://www.xfront.com/owl/
 Example Ontologies, e.g. here:
http://www.daml.org/ontologies/

77
Tutorial: Designing Ontologies with Protégé
 Protégé is an ontology editor and a knowledgebase
editor
(download
from
http://protege.stanford.edu ).
 Protégé is also an open-source, Java tool that
provides an extensible architecture for the
creation of customized knowledge-based
applications.
 Protégé's OWL Plug-in now provides support
for editing Semantic Web ontologies.
http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Teaching/cs646/
http://www.co-ode.org/resources/tutorials/ProtegeOWLTutorial.pdf
78
RDF/OWL in Protégé
Example
79
Protégé Screenshot: Classes
80
Creating Properties
Delete Property
New Object Property:
Associates an individual to another individual
- New Datatype Property (String, int etc)
- New Annotation Properties for metadata
- New SubProperty – ie create “under” the
current selection
81
Naming Properties
 We often create properties using 2 standard naming patterns:
 has… (eg. hasColour);
 is…Of (eg. isTeacherOf) or other suffixes (eg. …In …To).
 This has several advantages:
 It is easier to find properties;
 It is easier for tools to generate a more readable form;
 Inverses properties typically follow this pattern
eg. hasPart, isPartOf .
82
Protégé Screenshot: Datatype properties
83
Protégé Screenshot: Object Properties
84
Protégé Screenshot: Instances (1)
85
Protégé Screenshot: Instances (2)
86
Protégé Screenshot: Instances (3)
87
Protégé Screenshot: Forms
88
Protégé Screenshot: Ontologies
89
Protégé Screenshot: Code-1 (OWL/RDF)
90
Protégé Screenshot: Code-2 (OWL/RDF)
91
Some issues on Editing OWL
Ontologies with Protégé
From Holger Knublauch
Stanford University
July 06, 2004
http://protege.stanford.edu/doc/tutorial/get_started/
http://www.co-ode.org/resources/tutorials/ProtegeOWLTutorial.pdf
92
Restrictions (Overview)
 Define a condition for property values






allValuesFrom
someValuesFrom
hasValue
minCardinality
maxCardinality
cardinality
 An anonymous class consisting of all
individuals that fulfill the condition
93
Cardinality Restrictions
 Meaning: The property must have at least/at
most/exactly x values

is the shortcut for
and
 Example: A FamilyDestination is a Destination
that has at least one Accomodation and at least 2
Activities
94
(Create defined class FamilyDestination)
95
allValuesFrom Restrictions
 Meaning: All values of the property must be
of a certain type
 Warning: Also individuals with no values
fulfill this condition (trivial satisfaction)
 Example: Hiking is a Sport that is only
possible in NationalParks
96
someValuesFrom Restrictions
 Meaning: At least one value of the property
must be of a certain type
 Others may exist as well
 Example: A NationalPark is a RuralArea
that has at least one Campground and offers
at least one Hiking opportunity
97
hasValue Restrictions
 Meaning: At least one of the values of the
property is a certain value
 Similar to someValuesFrom
but with
Individuals and primitive values
 Example: A PartOfSydney is a Destination
where one of the values of the isPartOf
property is Sydney
98
Enumerated Classes
 Consist of exactly the listed individuals
OneStarRating
ThreeStarRating
TwoStarRating
BudgetAccomodation
99
Logical Class Definitions
 Define classes out of other classes



unionOf (or)
intersectionOf (and)
complementOf (not)
 Allow arbitrary nesting of class descriptions
(A and (B or C) and not D)
100
unionOf
 The class of individuals that belong to class
A or class B (or both)
 Example: Adventure or Sports activities
Adventure
Sports
101
intersectionOf
 The class of individuals that belong to both
class A and class B
 Example: A BudgetHotelDestination is a
destination with accomodation that is a
budget accomodation and a hotel
BudgetAccomodation
Hotel
102
Implicit intersectionOf
 When a class is defined by more than one
class description, then it consists of the
intersection of the descriptions
 Example: A luxury hotel is a hotel that is
also an accomodation with 3 stars
Hotel
LuxuryHotel
AccomodationWith3Stars
103
complementOf
 The class of all individuals that do not
belong to a certain class
 Example: A quiet destination is a
destination that is not a family destination
Destination
QuietDestination (grayed)
FamilyDestination
104
Class Conditions
 Necessary Conditions:
(Primitive / partial classes)
“If we know that something is a X,
then it must fulfill the conditions...”
 Necessary & Sufficient Conditions:
(Defined / complete classes)
“If something fulfills the conditions...,
then it is an X.”
105
Class Conditions (2)
NationalPark
(not everything that fulfills these
conditions is a NationalPark)
QuietDestination
(everything that fulfills these
106
conditions is a QuietDestination)
Classification
NationalPark
 A RuralArea is a
Destination
 A Campground is
BudgetAccomodation
 Hiking is a Sport
 Therefore:
Every NationalPark is a
Backpackers-Destiantion
BackpackersDestination
107
(Other BackpackerDestinations)
Classification (2)
 Input: Asserted class definitions
 Output: Inferred subclass relationships
108
(Create an enumerated class out of individuals)
109
(Create a hasValue restriction)
110
(Create a hasValue restriction)
111
(Create a defined class)
112
(Classify Campground)
113
(Add restrictions to City and Capital)
114
(Create defined class BackpackersDestination)
115
(Create defined class QuietDestination)
116
(Create defined class RetireeDestination)
117
(Classification)
118
Individuals
119
Individuals
120