BIOLOGY 30
Cell Anatomy, Cellular Processes,
Scientific Process and Biological Scale
REVIEW
Name: ______________________________________________
Animal Cells
Animal cells, unlike plant cell, do not have a regular shape. In fact, some
animal cells, such as phagocytes, are able to alter their shape for various
purposes (e.g., engulfment of foreign material). Animal cells differ from plant
cells in other ways too: they lack a cell wall, and some of their structures and
organelles are different. The diagram below shows the features of a typical
animal cell. Some of these are common to plants. Further organelle
descriptions are given on the page of plant cells.
Plant Cells
Plant cells are enclosed in a cellulose cell wall. The cell wall protects the cell,
maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake. It does not interfere
with the passage of materials into and out of the cell. In the diagram below,
descriptions have been provided for most of the cellular structures and
organelles. Further descriptions are provided on the page on animal cells.
Eukaryote Cells
Cell Structures and Organelles
1. Nuclues
2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
3. ribosome
4. centrioles
5. mitochondrion
6. cytoplasm
7. cell membrane
8. golgi apparatus
9. lysosomes
10. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
11. vacuole
12. cell wall
Label the organelles depicted in the diagram.
1. Briefly describe the function of the following cell
structures:
a.) Cell membrane: regulates movement of material
in and out of the cell
b.) Cell wall: provides structure and protection (rigid)
c.) Cytoplasm: maintains shape of cells, contains
various solutes as well as contains the other
organelles
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d.) Nucleus: control centre, contains genetic
material
Cell Processes
e.) Endoplasmic reticulum: transportation of
materials
f.) Mitochondria: Powerhouse of cells, cell
respiration – glucose to ATP
g.) Chloroplasts: converts solar E to strored
chemical E in sugar via P.S
h.) Golgi apparatus: stores, modifies, and
packages materials for transport
1. For each of the processes listed below, state which organelles or structures
are associated with that process (there may be more than one associated
a.) Secretion
Cell
membrane
b.) Respiration
Cell
membrane
c.) Pinocytosis Cell
membrane
d.) Phagocytosis Cell
membrane
e.) Protein
ribosomes
synthesis
2. Define the term cell organelle: component of
cell that carries out specific functions
3. Describe the role of the cytoskeleton in the cell: flexible
structure that maintains shape, guides the movement
of materials as well as holding the organelles in
place.
f.) Photosynthesis chloroplast
g.) Cell division
h.) Autolysis
Centrioles,
nucleus
lysosome
i.) Transport in /
out of cell
Cell
membrane
with a process):
2. Define the term metabolism: Active and Passive
Transport
Metabolism – The whole range of biochemical
processes that occur within us (or any living
organism).
4. Explain the role of centrioles in animal cell division:
Form spindle fibres what attach to chromosomes which
in turn pull the sister chromatids apart during cell
division to opposite sides of the pole
Active Transport –processes that requires energy by
the cell
Passive Transport – processes that do no require
energy by the cell
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b.) Distinguish between pinocytosis and
phagocytosis:
pino = cell drinking, not specific, gulps
surrounding ECF
Phago = cell eating, specific, larger
molecules/ organisms
6. Name a type of human blood cell that uses
phagocytosis in its functional role:
White blood cells/ leucocytes
7. Name two gases that move into or out of our
bodies by diffusion:
CO2, O2
1. Briefly describe the energy requirements of
passive and active transport:
Passive = no E
Active = E
2. Name a type of cell in the human body that
requires an ion pump in order to function.
Nerve cell
3. a.) Describe what happens in the process of
exocytosis:
Materials are transported out of the cell
via vesicles that fuse with the cell
membrane  active transprort
4. b.) Name a secretory gland which has cells
where exocytosis takes place.
Pancreas, thymus, gonads
5. a.) Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are two
forms of endocytosis. Describe the general
process of endocytosis:
materials transported into the cell via active
transport
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Biology 30: Basic Components to the Scientific Process
1. Problem Statement/ Objective:
 Formulate a cause and effect question
 Usually stated as:
o What is the effect of the manipulated variable on the responding
variable?
o Example: What is the effect of the amount of sunlight on the growth of
a plant?
2. Hypothesis/ Prediction:
 A prediction is simply answering the problem statement based on previous
knowledge and experience (State what you think is going to happen).
 A hypothesis not only answers the problem statement but also provides a
explanation for the provided answer (State what you think is going to happen
and why).
 Hypothesis statements usually have the following format:
o If….then…..because…
o Example: If a plant is exposed to increased light, then it will
experience more growth because plants use light in photosynthesis to
make their own food.
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A quick Exercise: For each of the following questions: identify the
manipulated, responding, and controlled variables; provide a
hypothesis; identify the control and experimental groups.
3. Experimental Design:
A. Background Information –Write a 2 to 3 sentence statement that
summarizes how the experiment will be carried out (a brief
overview of what is to be done). A diagram may be used to
illustrate how the equipment is set up
B. Variables –
 Manipulated Variable – A condition that is deliberately
changed by the experimenter (the one factor that will be
changed
 Responding variable – a condition that changes in
response to the to the change in the manipulated variable
(the one factor that will be measured)
 Controlled Variables – conditions that are kept the same
by the experimenter (provide a minimum of 3 controlled
variables)
Note:
Variables in an experiment may also be independent or dependent
variables. An independent variable is any variable that influences the
effect being studied, but is not itself affected by the experimental
conditions. Time is often an independent variable. The dependent
variable is the same as the responding variable.
What is the effect of the amount of Diet Coke consumed on the frequency of
urination?
2.
What is the effect of the amount of carbon dioxide concentration in the blood
on breathing rate?
Microscope Use Review
Calculating Magnification Summary chart:
Objective lens
used
Eyepiece
Mag
Object
lens Mag
Total Mag F.O.V
Low Power
Medium power
High Power
Calculations:
Converting micrometers to millimetres:
1000 micrometers = 1 millimetre
1000 µm = 1 mm
1 µm = 0.001 mm
Along with variables, often an experiment will have two parts for
comparison:
1. The experimental group or part that tests the condition
2. The control group (commonly called the control) – conditions
remain unchanged/ constant or do not experience the manipulated
variable.
Estimating Size of Object: (S.O.O)
1. Determine the field of view. (F.O.V.)
2. Determine the fit number (fit#) (How many times does the
object fit across the viewing area?)
3. S.O.O. = F.O.V. calc. on the back of your drawing.
fit#
EXAMPLE:
This worm was found under medium power
and fit across the screen twice. Calculate
the actual size of the worm.
Step 1. F.O.V. = 1.6 mm
Step 2. fit# = 2
Example:
What is the effect of the amount of light on the growth of a tomato plant?
Control Group:
Plant grown in light
1.
Experimental Group:
Plant grown in dark
Step 3. S.O.O. = F.O.V.
fit#
= 0.8 mm
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= 1.6 mm
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MAKING A BIOLOGICAL DIAGRAM
Example: Calculate S.O.O and Scale for the cell labelled “a” in the
diagram below using the provided information:
All diagrams must follow the following rules:
1. Use unlined, white paper.
2. Draw only one cell (one image) - draw only what you can see!!
(Some slides may have several cells showing, pick only one and
draw it!!)
3. Draw the image approximately half a page in size using clear,
unbroken lines.
4. Add details to your diagram using only the OUTLINE of the
structure.
***Do NOT shade or colour your diagrams!! Stains used in slide
preparation alter the natural colour.
5. Labels are drawn using straight horizontal lines and written in
lower case (no capital letters) to the right of the diagram!!
6. Measure, with a ruler, and record on the diagram the length of
the diagram in millimetres.
7. In the lower right hand corner of your diagram include:
1. Your name
2. Subject of drawing
3. Power Magnification of microscope
4. Size of the object.
5. Scale of drawing
8. On back page of drawing include the following information:
1. Power Magnification of microscope
2. F. O. V.
3. Fit number
4. Calculation of size of object
5. Scale Calculation
Onion Cell Viewed under
medium power magnification
a
CALCULATING SCALE OF YOUR DRAWING
300 cm
To calculate the scale of your drawing, use the following formula:
SCALE = S.O.D = Size of Drawing
S.O.O Size of Object
Student Biological Drawing
Note: Using a ruler, measure the size of your drawing (S.O.D)
in millimetres. NOTE: Always measure along the longest
span. Put this on your drawing.
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