Angol szovgyujt
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KIS ANGOL SZÖVEGGYŰJTEMÉNY Gyűjtötte: Mőcsényi Flóra Budapest, 2007. június 18. Tartalomjegyzék 1. Why is it worth knowing trees? 2. The city is nature….planting is the city: exploring some concepts of planting design for the 21st century 3. Garden Styles 4. About Boulder County Parks and Open Space 5. Johnson Park Rehabilitation Project 6. Outdoor Herb Culture Tips 7. The component layers of a typical pavement 8. Landscape Change Project 9. Garden types 10. Pedestrian environment, Old Bailey - City of London 11. RISC's edible roof garden 12. How to Plan & Design a Wise-Water-Use Landscape Prepared -1- 2 3 5 7 9 11 14 16 19 22 24 26 1. Why is it worth knowing trees? For almost 5 years now, I have specified trees for all kinds of designs and locations. But only since taking part in a course in Arboriculture am I aware just how much more there is to know about these fascinating living creatures. The course is held by Tree Life Ltd. and follows the ABC Awards syllabus for the Level 6 Professional Diploma in Arboriculture. It covers subjects like tree biology, soil & site management, tree health & risk management, contract management, stock selection and handling, aftercare and woodland management. The knowledge has already helped me when putting together specifications, particularly with regard to plant selection, plant handling, planting works and aftercare. By learning about problems like contaminated soil, root damage, pests and diseases I am more and more aware how important it is to make the right choice of tree for a certain location. Plant identification makes up an important part of this course and helps me getting to know trees and their characteristics better. This, again, contributes to being able to specify the best tree(s) possible for a project. As well as learning about choosing the right tree we also learn about inspecting and assessing existing trees for their health and safety. On completion of the course I will be able to carry out tree inspections myself and add this to the services provided by my employer. There is a lot more to this course and to trees. However, the above mentioned is what will benefit me most in my work as a Landscape Architect. Vocabulary: arboriculture living creature syllabus site management stock selection aftercare specification contaminated soil root damage pest disease plant identification inspect a tree for its health dendrológia élő szervezet tanmenet, tematika helyszín-menedzsment (faiskolai) áruválaszték utógondozás, fenntartás kiírás (növénylistáé, árajánlaté) szennyezett talaj gyökérzet sérülés kártevő (pl. rovar) kórokozó (pl. gombabetegség) növénymeghatározás, növényfelismerés fa egészségügyi vizsgálata -2- 2. The city is nature….planting is the city: exploring some concepts of planting design for the 21st century by Diarmaid Lawlor The intricacy and complexity of a plant is often captivating. Images of an elegant plant structure poised against the lush green background of a landscape are often used to captivate, and communicate a range of messages. Plants and planting can confer feelings of ‘goodness’ to an audience engaged by the complexity of natural beauty. Perhaps though, only thinking about planting in this way sees the medium as benign or unquestionably positive. In the spirit of “you can never get enough of a good thing”, can you never have too much planting? In recent times, there has been much discussion about the notion of complexity. The city is a complex thing. Streets, buildings and spaces combine in a particular way in the city to create diverse and adaptable physical structures. People move in, and people move out of these spaces for very different reasons. Yet, despite this constant change, the city remains as an entity. Brains work in a similar way. All through the day, our brain cells die and reproduce, yet we can still think and function. Increasingly, people are coming to understand problems of the world, and particularly, problems of the natural and physical environments as problems of complexity. Everything is linked. The components of these complex systems must combine in particular ways to create successful places for people. The question then, is how does planting work into this complex system to create successful urban places? Planting, as a concept, has something to do with scale. It implies quantity, a mass. The practice of planting also implies structure, a process that organises and overlays plants into particular groups by height, species, colour or hierarchy. It can be said that planting is a complex thing. However, although constructed from plants, many of which may be either benign or positive in themselves. The planted mass is neither neutral nor unquestionably positive. We might argue that some planting in the physical environment is actually problematic on a number of levels, by virtue of its location, its role as a physical barrier, or the lack of complexity in its structural composition. Unfortunately, some professional planting is banal, uninspiring and poorly cared for. The space, and its use could be determined democratically by the community, existing only between planting rotations. This might enable the community to create and remove landscape spaces, colonise them for particular uses and time periods, and then release the space again for community energy production. An adaptable planting structure which both responds to the changing demands of people, and enables people to take direct control of how, when and where landscape spaces are used might better link people and landscape in what some commentators term a ‘city-nature’ formation, an interdependent system of planting and people, a new nature. Vocabulary: lush benign notion diverse adaptable urban place imply overlay species buja üdvös eszme változatos alkalmazkodóképes városi hely magában foglal átfed faj -3- by virtue physical barrier structural composition professional planting uninspiring release vminél fogva fizikai akadály szerkezeti kompozíció hivatásos által készített kiültetés nem inspiráló felszabadít -4- 3. Garden Styles Paradise Garden The paradise garden is known to stimulate all five senses: smell, sound, sight, taste and touch. Based on the old Islamic culture, the garden was a place to get protection and relief from the severity of the hot day. Gardeners use fragrant flowers to delight the nose, flowing streams or fountains to capture the ears, amazing color to attract the eyes, edible berries and fruits for the mouth, and textures in plants or stones to encourage touch. As with most Middle Eastern architecture, the gardens are laid out in square patterns or geometric pattern. Greek / Roman Garden The Greek and Roman cultures were the first known to create gardens for entertaining and enjoyment instead of growing fruits and vegetables for eating. The area is usually an enclosed area, surrounded by walls, or large hedges. Roman gardeners often use large sculptures, often of Greek or Roman Gods, as a centerpiece. Blue and white are popular colors in the Greek culture; you’ll often find that extends to the garden with elaborate tile designs in a patio area or walkway. You might also find blue and white decorated pots. You’ll also find olive and wine themes in both cultures; olive trees might be planted along a wall or fence; Italian Garden Italian gardens, just like Italian architecture, use classic principles, like symmetry, columns, and sculpture. With symmetry, the gardens are usually divided equally on two sides by sidewalks or trees. Then, each side is designed exactly the same. The geometric design might also be used in smaller planters used near the home to plant patterns of flowers or herbs. Sculptures, water fountains or statuaries might be a focal point in the garden surrounded by exquisite plants or flowers. While a wide variety of trees will grow in Italy, they’re most known for olive and cypress trees. Oriental Garden An oriental garden includes what would appear to be elements of an informal garden, but in reality is a very purposeful spatial arrangement, with its clipped shrubs and trees, meticulously placed rocks and garden elements. Incorporating constantly changing views as one walks from space to space, coupled with thoughtfully placed water, plants and rocks to convey visual serenity. Oriental gardens are full of deep meanings and symbolism. There are many different types of Japanese or Oriental gardens, but most use similar elements. Instead of colorful flowers and shrubs, like you might see in a Western garden, most Asian gardeners concentrate on the use of rocks, stones, trees, plants, bridges, water and waterfalls. You’ll often see rocks that surround a pond or stream that are then encased with plants or shrubs. In Japanese ponds or streams, you’ll often find koi – a common fish. The gardens purpose is to capture nature and become a quiet place for reflection or meditation. Cottage Garden The cottage garden can be one of the most charming of all the styles because of the unassuming nature and humble origin. It is marked by informal plantings and style. Low picket fences or walls and small walks to the porch setting are some of the elements that the cottage garden employs. A Cottage Garden is just as it sounds, a smaller cozy garden. Because of the limited space, gardeners play up patches of plants, instead of grass or trees. Since these areas are the focus of the yard, gardeners use colorful plants and groundcovers. This is the area to be creative; pick a wide variety of plants you like, that compliment one another in the space. Gardeners often surround these colorful spaces with borders of brick or stone walkways. -5- Vocabulary: five senses relief severity fragrant stream edible enclosed hedge centerpiece elaborate tile design patio pot olive and wine theme principle herb statuary focal point exquisite plant spatial arrangement clip meticulous incorporate couple convey serenity shrub pond encase koi fish cottage garden charming unassuming humble informal planting picket fence porch cozy patches of plant yard groundcover compliment one another brick border stone walkway az öt érzék megkönnyebbülés hevesség illatos patak ehető zárt sövény központi elem kidolgozott, aprólékos csempe borítás, mozaik belső udvar, terasz cserép olajfás és szőlős téma elv fűszer- és/vagy gyógynövény szobrászati dísz fókuszpont különleges növényzet térbeli elrendezés nyesni aprólékos megtestesít, magában foglal párosít, összekapcsol továbbít, közvetít derű, békesség cserje tó körbe zár koi ponty kunyhó-kert bájos igénytelen, szerény egyszerű szabálytalan, laza, kötetlen kiültetés karó kerítés tornác, veranda barátságos, meghitt növényfoltok udvar talajtakaró egymást kiegészítik téglaszegély kő burkolatú járda -6- 4. About Boulder County Parks and Open Space Boulder County's Parks and Open Space program was initiated in the mid-1960s by citizens interested in preserving land from rapid development. At that time, there were fewer than 130,000 people living in Boulder County. Now, there are nearly 300,000. In 1975, Ernie Betasso's 773-acre ranch, six miles west of Boulder, became our first major openspace acquisition. Today, we own or oversee almost 70,000 acres of open space. Our mission is to promote and provide for the preservation of open space, environmental and cultural resources and non-urban recreational opportunities in a way that reflects sound resource management and community values. Open space is acquired in a variety of different ways using a variety of funding sources. It is used to: Shape and buffer urban areas. Preserve critical ecosystems, cultural resources and scenic vistas. Provide access to lakes, streams and other public lands. Conserve forests, agricultural land and water resources. Protect areas of environmental concern. Open Space properties are governed by the Parks and Open Space Advisory Board (POSAC), which makes recommendations concerning acquisition and use to the County Commissioners. Other Department Functions Boulder County Parks and Open Space acquires land, preserves historic buildings and features, builds and maintains trails, operates farm leases, controls weeds, tracks and protects wildlife, and preserves wetlands, forests and other plant communities. Our planners work closely with the Current and Long-Range Planning divisions of the Land Use Department to assess the environmental impact of new development and open space issues related to the Boulder County Comprehensive Plan. Vocabulary open space initiate citizen preserve the land rapid development ranch acquisition promote resource non-urban buffer critical ecosystem scenic vista access to lakes environmental concern szabad tér kezdeményez polgár megőrizni a tájat gyors fejlesztés vidéki birtok szerzeményezés, megszerzés támogat erőforrás nem-urbánus, vidéki pufferel, tompít, körülvesz kritikus állapotó ökoszisztéma látványos, szép kilátás, átlátás, látványkapcsolat lejárat a tavakhoz környezeti veszély -7- historic building feature maintain trail farm lease weed control wildlife wetland plant community Current and Long-Range Planning division Land Use Department environmental impact Boulder County Comprehensive Plan történeti épület építmény, létesítmény fenntart ösvény gazdaságok lízingelése gyomok visszaszorítása vadvilág mocsár, láp növényközösség, növénytársulás Rövid- és Hosszútávú Tervezési részleg Területhasználati Osztály környezeti hatás Boulder Megye Átfogó Fejlesztési Terve -8- 5. Johnson Park Rehabilitation Project As one of the most significant properties in the State of New Jersey from an architectural, cultural, and historical perspective, the reclamation of Johnson Park is long overdue. Not only is the park an important part of Camden’s heritage, it represents an opportunity to develop pride among City residents and reestablish the City as the cultural center of southern New Jersey. The Johnson Park Rehabilitation Project entails a complete rehabilitation of the historic Eldridge R. Johnson Park to a state mimicking its original grandeur upon completion in 1930. This is the period from which most elements remain extant, and in which the park attained the unique and playful character for which it is remembered. There are five main areas of effort in the overall rehabilitation including restoration of important sculptures within the park; the restoration of the fountains and pools; rehabilitation of the landscape; historic interpretation; and accessibility improvements. 1. Restoration of Sculptures The original designs for Johnson Park included a number of unique bronze and limestone sculptures. While there are several pieces which exist intact, a number of items exist in pieces or in photographic record only. The major restorative efforts of the project include the rehabilitation of the Peter Pan statue, including reconstructing Peter Pan’s flute; restoring the lamp columns and four globe light standards at each side of the base of the library steps; rebuilding the magnificent bronze railing surrounding the base of the Pan Fountain; and restoring the light fixtures on the balustrade wall at each walkway. 2. Rehabilitation of Pools and Fountains When Johnson Park fell into disrepair, the pools were filled with soil and planted. The Rehabilitation Project calls for the excavation of the soil and the creation of reflecting pools at the Buddha fountain and surrounding the Peter Pan statue. Updated plumbing, a filtration system, and other changes will be made to minimize hazards and maintenance issues. 3. Landscape Rehabilitation Rehabilitation of the landscape includes a broad range of activities such as repairing and replacing paving, plantings, and site structures. This includes adding seating areas and increased lighting to expand the use of the park as a tourist destination and community gathering area. 4. Historic Interpretation The Johnson Park Rehabilitation Project presents an opportunity to interpret and present the history of the park. The pergolas being built to mimic the changing pagodas that once stood in the park will offer additional seating in the park. And, through interpretive signage and future exhibitions we hope to share the history of the park with people throughout the region. 5. Accessibility Improvements The project’s accessibility improvements will not only make the Cooper Library building fully A.D.A. accessible, it will repair the damage that has been caused by the introduction of the handicap ramp in the rear of the building. The project entails removing the existing handicap ramp, which was added in 1979, and creating a basement level entrance into the building by excavating portions in the rear of the park. An elevator will then be added into the building to make all three floors of the building fully accessible. Vocabulary reclamation overdue heritage szanálás, rehabilitálás régen esedékes örökség -9- resident rehabilitation project entail grandeur extant unique landscape accessibility improvement limestone intact item globe light standard railing fixture balustrade excavation reflect plumbing filtration system hazard paving tourist destination community gathering interpret pergola seating signage A.D.A. accessible handicap ramp lakos rehabilitációs munka, projekt vele jár pompa létező, meglévő egyedi táj akadálymentesítési fejlesztés homokkő érintetlen elem, tétel gömb állólámpa korlát rögzítés balusztrád kiásás tükröz vízvezeték szerelés szűrő rendszer veszély burkolat turista célpont közösségi találkozóhely tolmácsol, közöl, közvetít pergola, lugas ülés jelzésrendszer akadálymentesített, ADA(=Americans Disabilities Act), akadálymentesítő rámpa - 10 - with 6. Outdoor Herb Culture Tips Herb Garden Size First, decide on the size of your herb garden; this will depend on the amount of variety you want. Generally, a kitchen garden can be an area 20 by 4 feet. Individual 12- by 18-inch plots within the area should be adequate for separate herbs. You might like to grow some of the more colorful and frequently used herbs, such as parsley and purple basil, as border plants. Keep annual and perennial herbs separate. A diagram of the area and labels for the plants also will help. Site and Soil Conditions When selecting the site for your herb garden, consider drainage and soil fertility. Drainage is probably the most important single factor in successful herb growing. None of the herbs will grow in wet soils. If the garden area is poorly drained, you will have to modify the soil for any chance of success. To improve drainage at the garden site, remove the soil to a depth of 15 to 18 inches. Place a 3-inch layer of crushed stone or similar material on the bottom of the excavated site. Before returning the soil to the bed area, mix some compost or sphagnum peat and sand with it to lighten the texture. Then, refill the beds higher than the original level to allow for settling of the soil. The soil at the site does not have to be especially fertile, so little fertilizer should be used. Generally, highly fertile soil tends to produce excessive amounts of foliage with poor flavor. Plants, such as chervil, fennel, lovage, and summer savory, require moderate amounts of fertilizer. Adding several bushels of peat or compost per 100 square feet of garden area will help improve soil condition and retain needed moisture. Sowing Herb Seed Nearly all herbs can be grown from seed. Although rust infects mints, very few diseases or insects attack herbs. In hot, dry weather, red spider mites may be found on low-growing plants. Aphids may attack anise, caraway, dill, and fennel. A few herbs, such as mints, need to be contained or they will overtake a garden. Plant them in a no. 10 can or bucket; punch several holes just above the bottom rim to allow for drainage. A drain tile, clay pot, or cement block also can be used. Sink these into the ground; this should confine the plants for several years. Herbs can also be grown in containers, window boxes, or hanging baskets. These methods will require more care, especially watering. If possible, sow seeds in shallow boxes in late winter. Transplant seedlings outdoors in the spring. A light, well-drained soil is best for starting the seedlings indoors. Be careful not to cover the seeds too deeply with soil. Generally, the finer the seed, the shallower it should be sown. Sow anise, coriander, dill, and fennel directly in the garden since they do not transplant well. Most biennials should be sown in late spring directly into the ground. Work the soil surface to a fine texture and wet it slightly. Sow the seeds in very shallow rows and firm the soil over them. Do not sow the seeds too deeply. Fine seeds, such as marjoram, savory, or thyme, will spread more evenly if you mix them with sand. Some of the larger seeds can be covered by as much as one-eighth of an inch of soil. With fine seeds, cover the bed with wet burlap or paper to keep the soil moist during germination. Water with a fine spray to prevent washing away of the soil. Cutting and Division Cutting and division also are useful in propagating certain herbs. When seeds are slow to germinate, cuttings may be the answer. Some herbs, however, spread rapidly enough to make division a main source of propagation. Tarragon, chives, and mint should be divided while lavender should be cut. Harvesting Herbs - 11 - Fresh leaves may be picked as soon as the plant has enough foliage to maintain growth. To ensure good oil content, pick leaves or seeds after dew has disappeared but before the sun becomes too hot. For dry, winter use, harvest leaves before the flower buds open. Pick the seed heads as the color changes from green to brown or gray. Wash dirty leaves and seed heads in cold water; drain thoroughly before drying. Winter Protection Perennial and biennial herbs should be winter protected. Many herbs are shallow-rooted, which makes them susceptible to heaving during spring thaws. Mulch with straw, oak leaves, or evergreen boughs 4 inches deep to protect the plants. Apply the mulch after the ground has frozen in early winter. Do not remove the mulch until plants show signs of growth in early spring. Early removal could result in some early frost damage. Vocabulary herb culture plot adequate parsley purple basil border plants annual perennial diagram conditions drainage soil fertility poorly drained crushed stone bed compost sphagnum peat texture settling of the soil fertilizer foliage chervil fennel lovage summer savory bushel retain moisture sow seed grown from seed rust mint mite gyógynövény-kultúra ágyás megfelelő petrezselyem lila bazsalikom szegélynövény egynyári évelő ábra, terv adottság, körülmény vízelvezetés talaj termékenység rossz vízelvezetésű zúzottkő ágyás komposzt sfagnum moha tőzeg (savanyú tőzeg) állag talaj tömörödés (mű)trágya levélzet zamatos turbolya édeskömény lestyán borsikafű vékányi (kb. 35 liter) visszatart nedvesség vetni mag magról nevelt rozsda menta atka - 12 - aphid anise caraway dill to contain overtake no. 10 can or bucket bottom rim clay pot cement confine window boxes hanging baskets shallow transplant seedling biennial to firm marjoram thyme burlap germination cutting division propagating tarragon lavender harvest flower buds pick dew seed head shallow-rooted susceptible heaving spring thaws mulch straw oak boughs levéltetű ánizs kömény kapor bekonténerezni, becserepezni növényt eluralkodik, elburjánzik 10-es cserép cserép alja agyagcserép cement behatárol, határt szab virágláda függőkosár sekély átültet palánta kétéves növény elegyenget majoranna kakukkfű anyag csírázás dugványozás, dugvány tőosztás szaporítás tárkony levendula szüretelés, begyűjtés virágbimbó lecsípni harmat magvakat tartalmazó termés sekélyen gyökerező érzékeny fölfagyás tavaszi enyhülés, olvadás mulcs szalma tölgy gally, faág - 13 - 7. The component layers of a typical pavement A pavement is any surfaced construction used to carry foot or vehicular traffic. It includes footpaths, patios, hardstandings, roads, driveways, motorways, and even airport runways. There are rigid pavements constructed from large bays of reinforced concrete and flexible pavements constructed from many other materials, including tarmac, and blocks of concrete or stone (block pavers, flags, setts, etc.). Monolithic pavements are constructed from materials that bind together to form a single mass, such as tarmac or concrete, whereas elemental pavements are constructed from individual components, such as flags, setts, block pavers. The most commonly encountered layers are detailed below.... Sub-grades The sub-grade layer is essentially the existing ground, cleared of any organic material. This may or may not require preparatory work, depending on chosen paving type and existing ground conditions. Capping Layer An 'improvement' layer, usually laid over the sub-grade to strengthen or re-grade the existing ground. Only used on heavy applications and usually composed of crushed rock, hardcore or a cement-bound material up to 600mm thick. Sub-bases This is the load-bearing layer of the pavement. Typically constructed from crushed and graded stone. Essential beneath pavements subject to vehicular traffic, it may be omitted in certain other applications. Base Courses (Binder Course) Most commonly, this is a layer of bound material, (cement-bound or bitumen-bound) at the bottom of the surfacing layer. Normally only used in heavy applications, notably public carriageways, it is sometimes referred to as the Road Base when used beneath a tarmac, asphalt or block paved surface. Wearing Course (Surface Course) In a tarmac or asphalt pavement, the visible upper surface layer that carries the traffic. Also known as the surfacing or a 'carpet'. Laying Course Also known as the "Bedding Layer". In an elemental pavement such as block paving or flags, this is the layer that carries the final surface layer. For segmental paving, this is usually a coarse grit sand, with a low clay content and with good drainage properties. Paving layer The final hard surface of an elemental or segmental pavement. This may be concrete or clay blocks, pre-cast concrete flags, natural stone or any other form of paving. Jointing This is determined by the type of paving. Flags may be pointed with a mortar, whilst most popular brick/block pavers are jointed with a clean, fine sand. Cobbles and setts can be jointed with pitch or with mortar. Drainage All paving should be designed to drain freely to gullies or other disposal points. Recommended fall is usually quoted as 1 in 40; In practice, 1 in 80 is adequate for smaller, domestic areas. - 14 - Vocabulary component layer pavement foot or vehicular traffic footpaths hardstandings driveways runways rigid pavement bays reinforced concrete flexible pavements tarmac block of concrete block pavers flag sett paving Monolithic pavements bind together elemental pavements Sub-grades Capping Layer hardcore cement-bound material Sub-bases omit Base Courses Wearing Course Laying Course coarse grit sand Paving layer pre-cast Jointing mortar cobble pitch gully disposal point összetevő réteg burkolat gyalogos- vagy járműforgalom gyalogjárda szilárd burkolatú parkolóhely felhajtóutak kifutópálya merev burkolat rekesz vasbeton rugalmas burkolat kátrányos makadámburkolat beton blokk elemes műkő burkolat kőlap elemes burkolat helybenöntött burkolat egybe köt elemes burkolat termett talaj ágyazati réteg (nagyobb méretű zúzott kőből) szemcsés anyag cementkötésű anyag ágyazati réteg (kisebb méretű zúzott kőből) kihagy ágyazati réteg, kötő réteg fedő réteg, kopóréteg alap réteg, ágyazati réteg durva homokos kavics burkolati réteg előre-öntött fugázás habarcs macskakő kátrány, bitumen víznyelő akna lefolyó - 15 - 8. Landscape Change Project Representatives from each Canadian biosphere reserve attended a workshop to explore and develop landscape change detection methods. Experts in this field provided training to workshop attendees. Landscape change information (what has been done and what was needed) was assessed for each participating biosphere reserve. Projects were undertaken based on local objectives and resources. The Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve synthesized land use and land cover change information for the Escarpment and identified linkages at different scales of analysis (regional, area and site level). The term "land use" was used to describe the alterations made to the landscape by humans, while "land cover" referred to types of naturally occurring vegetation. Regional Level Classified satellite imagery from 1976 and 1995 were compared to examine changes in land use along the southern portion of the Escarpment (Niagara to Peel Region). The most drastic change was an increase in recreational areas (e.g. golf courses) from 0.7% to 1.8%. Forest cover in the study area slightly increased over the 20 year period (from 43% to 44%). The 1995 forests were likely composed of the original (1976) forests and areas where trees matured from early successional stages. However, forest fragmentation analysis showed that the landscape in 1995 consisted of more numerous, smaller patches with a greater variability in size compared to 1976. The amount of interior habitat (i.e. forest >100m from the nearest edge) decreased over the 20 year period from 52% of the study area to 39%. This decline may represent one of the most serious threats affecting forest interior-dependent bird species. Area Level Area level analysis provides a more detailed view of the landscape than at a regional scale. For example, forests can be broken down into physiognomic classes (deciduous, coniferous, or mixed) and the connectivity of forests can be examined. Area level analysis is directed at monitoring the cumulative effects of land use change i.e. the sum of human impacts within a defined area over time. Cumulative effects monitoring of landscape conditions was conducted for the northern portion of the Halton Region. Aerial photographs dating 1974 and 1994 were the primary tool for classifying the landscape. GIS was used to generate two final maps: one where landscape change within the study area resulted in positive cumulative effects; and the other showing negative cumulative effects. An example of a positive cumulative effect is increased habitat for forest interior bird species. The conversion of a forest stand to farmland is an example of a negative cumulative effect. The results showed that most areas with negative cumulative effects in north Halton were associated with habitat fragmentation, isolation and loss due to resource extraction along the Escarpment brow. Areas of positive cumulative effects (increased connectivity between forests, increased forest interior habitat) occurred in small, isolated areas, most of which were farms or resource extraction areas that were abandoned between 1974 and 1994 and left to regenerate. Site Level Site level analysis addresses threats or targets stress areas identified at the regional and area levels of analysis. This "micro" scale of analysis can answer specific monitoring questions identified at broader scales. Investigations at the site level (within the Hilton Falls Conservation Area in the Halton Region) focused on two integrated research areas: - 16 - a detailed inventory of a 1 hectare plot to examine long-term changes in forest biodiversity and dynamics forest bird productivity monitoring to examine breeding success of Wood Thrush in different sized forests Summary of Integrated Analysis Regional level analysis provides a broad overview of historic and existing land use and land cover patterns. This includes establishing a baseline of information and examining landscape change. Locations for area level analysis are selected based on where significant landscape change has been identified at the regional level. Land use and land cover classifications established at the regional level can also be confirmed at the area level. The identification of stresses / threats at the area level of analysis guides the location of intensive monitoring plots to assess the effects of development. The selection of sites to monitor the breeding success of forest interior-dependent bird species can also be based on area level information. Vocabulary landscape change biosphere reserve detection method attendee assess local objective escarpment land use land cover linkage regional level area level site level alteration vegetation satellite imagery recreational areas golf courses forest cover mature successional stage fragmentation interior habitat interior-dependent bird species broken down deciduous coniferous connectivity tájváltozás bioszféra rezervátum mérési módszer résztvevő tanulmányoz, viszgál helyi cél meredek lejtő területhasználat területborítás összeköttetés regionális szint kistérségi szint helyi szint változtatás vegetáció műholdfelvétel üdülőterület golfpálya erdőborítás érik, növekszik szukcessziós állapot töredezettség belső élőhely területfüggő marárfaj feloszt lombhullató fenyő, örökzöld összekapcsoltság - 17 - cumulative effects aerial photographs classifying the landscape GIS to generate conversion habitat fragmentation isolation brow abandoned stress area detailed inventory breeding historic and existing land use baseline significant halmozódó hatás légifotó tájosztályozás térinformatikai rendszer (GIS=Geographic Informational System) létrehoz átalakítás élőhely-darabolódás elszigetelődés orom, hegytető széle elhagyatott konfliktus terület részletes jegyzék szaporodás történeti és jelenlegi tájhasználat alapvető jelentős - 18 - 9. Garden types Rain Garden A rain garden is a shallow depression (4”-8” deep) that collects run off from impervious surfaces and filters the water using the soil and vegetation. These gardens serve as water conservation tools by allowing the storm water to re-enter the groundwater system gradually. This helps to protect the water quality of downstream lakes and rivers by reducing the amount of water that flows into storm sewers and then to local bodies of water. Rain gardens are planted with native perennials that are adapted to Wisconsin’s environmental conditions. These gardens are low-maintenance and provide food and habitat for many native birds, toads, and insects like butterflies and dragonflies. These animals feed on harmful insects reducing the need for pesticides. Rain gardens are an essential part of any environmentally conscientious landscape. Bird and Butterfly Garden Bird and butterfly gardens are specially designed to attract our winged friends. Carefully chosen plants create mini-ecosystems that sustain butterflies through all stages of their life, and provide food and habitat for native and migrating birds. The perennials selected for these gardens grow naturally in Wisconsin and are, therefore, naturally lowmaintenance and hardy. The addition of a bird and butterfly garden to your backyard will create a wildlife haven for many types of birds, butterflies and beneficial insects. Your garden may attract birds such as: hummingbirds, cardinals, house finches, goldfinches, chickadees and migrating birds such as warblers, rose-breasted grosbeaks, and indigo buntings. Some butterflies need specific host plants in order to survive. By providing golden alexander for swallowtails, butterfly weed for monarchs and fox sedge for the skipper family of butterflies you can create crucial sanctuaries for these species. Other types of butterflies you might expect to see are red admirals, cabbage whites, and the clouded and cloudless sulfur butterflies. Additionally, bird and butterfly gardens are attractive to the dragonfly, most popular for being voracious mosquito eaters. Bog Garden Bogs are a defining feature of Wisconsin's landscape and account for much of its rugged beauty and mystery. Bogs are acidic, low nutrient wetlands dominated by Sphagnum mosses and are distributed in several locations around the state. This plant community provides important niche habitats for groups of rare plants and animals. The harsh conditions of this unique ecotype has led to unusual and interesting adaptations by the plants and animals that live within this system. Bogs are home to many endangered and threatened butterflies including: brush-footed butterflies, skippers, owlet moths, harvesters, coppers, hairstreaks, and blues. The plants found in bogs are diverse and include many pitcher plants along with sedges, sundews, rare orchids, and arrow-grasses. By installing a bog garden in your yard you can help preserve and sustain this delicate ecosystem. Kitchen Garden Kitchen gardens are a very utilitarian type of garden. They have no real place in a yard that is strictly native, however they do provide some very real ecological benefits. By raising your own organic herbs and vegetables you can eliminate purchasing produce that has been grown, using pesticides and herbicides, on a massive corporate farm. In addition, by using compost from your kitchen to amend the soil in your kitchen garden you will begin to create the sustainability circle. - 19 - Herbs are plants whose stems, roots, leaves and flowers or fruits (seeds or seed pods) have medicinal, culinary, dye and scent uses. Many of the herbs in the garden are annuals or tender perennials, meaning that each year new plants may need to be planted. The herbs will also be continuously trimmed as you enjoy the benefits of the plants. These circumstances provide a unique opportunity for very formal layouts. Just one walk through an herb garden and you will find the intricate designs and rich aromas within the garden almost overwhelming. Vocabulary depression run off impervious surfaces water conservation storm water groundwater system downstream lake storm sewer water body low-maintenance habitat toad dragonfly environmentally conscientious migrating bird hardy beneficial insect hummingbird finch host plat sanctuary voracious mosquito eater bog rugged beauty acidic low nutrient wetland Sphagnum moss plant community niche habitat ecotype endangered threatened pitcher plant sedge sundew utilitarian garden amend the soil mélyedés lefolyó csapadékvíz nem vízáteresztő felület víz-visszatartás esővíz talajvíz-rendszer alvízi tó csapadékvíz-akna víztest alacsony/extenzív fenntartású élőhely varangy szitakötő környezettudatos költözőmadár tűrőképes hasznos rovar kolibri pinty gazdanövény szentély falánk szúnyog fogyasztó láp kócos szépség savas alacsony-tápanyagtartalmú vizes terület tőzegmoha (Sphagnum faj) növénytársulás niche (ejtsd nis) élőhely ökotóp kihalással fenyegetett faj veszélyeztetett faj kancsóka sás harmatfű (Drosera fajok) haszonkert talajt javítani - 20 - stem seed pod culinary dye tender perennial trim formal layout intricate design szár termés tok étkezési festés érzékeny évelő nyesés szabályos kiültetés bonyolult minta - 21 - 10. Pedestrian environment, Old Bailey - City of London Despite being set in a prominent and historic location, this space was previously dominated by cars and traffic. Now, as part of the wider City of London street scene challenge, this project impressed our judges so much they have named it winner of the Pedestrian Environment category. The main objective of this scheme was to create a high quality pedestrian space, incorporating new seating, lighting and tree planting. The end result is a pedestrian area that maintains public access to the surrounding buildings, while creating a space that people want to move through and enjoy. One of the most impressive aspects of this project is the new oval water feature, located on the middle terrace platform. Not only does it create a central focus point to the space, but it also offers a dramatic foreground for the listed building at 16 Old Bailey. The water feature is a shallow pool with a weir at the southern end where water slips across and down into the plant room below. The height of the 15 water jets, set within the pool in a rising curve, are automatically adjusted by an anemometer discreetly attached to a nearby lamp column. This allows the height of the water jets to drop when the wind levels rise. The new design of the space is very modern, uncluttered and of high quality to reflect its location. It is paved in large granite paving slabs in a neutral pink/grey colour. The circulation spaces on the perimeter of the space are paved in Yorkstone, with the access roads that cut through the area paved in grey granite slabs. Tactile paving is used to signal the steps for disabled users and the crossing points. The same pink/grey colour has been used on the sculptural planters, which help define and protect the new scheme. They also help block out the noise of traffic while allowing for good visibility. The design of the planters related to the building frontages on the west side of the space, creating a formalised entrance point as part of a truly integrated design. They also contain modern topiary hedging. A variety of other low level planting has also been used throughout, including grasses and flowering shrubs. Throughout the scheme, high quality stone and timber benches have been installed, with seating also available on the edges of the many planters. Visitors are encouraged to use the space to eat lunch and socialise in. To help define the space further, three mature trees have also been planted. The two London Plane trees are located at the north side of the space, linked with the other trees planted on Holburn Viaduct. The third tree is an ornamental one and was planted at the south side to set the limit of the space. In order to create an attractive night-time environment, up lighters have been placed below the tress, and a dynamic lighting system has been incorporated into the water feature. The general lighting of the area has also been enhanced for pedestrians with the installation of three street lighting columns, each with two luminaries in soft white light for ambiance. Vocabulary pedestrian environment wider City of London street scene public access gyalogos környezet Nagy-London utcakép nyilvános elérhetőség - 22 - water feature foreground listed building weir plant room water jets automatically adjusted anemometer wind levels design of the space uncluttered paved slabs circulation space Yorkstone access road tactile paving disabled user crossing point planter define the scheme building frontage integrated design topiary hedging low level planting flowering shrub timber bench socialize mature tree plane tree ornamental tree set the limit up lighter luminary ambiance vízjáték előtér védett épületek listáján szereplő épület túlfolyó gépészeti tér víz fúvóka automatikusan szabályozott szélmérő szélerősség a tér formavilága tiszta burkolt járólap közlekedési útvonal York-i homokkő kiszolgálóút vakvezető burkolat fogyatékossággal élő használó átkelőhely planténer, nagyméretű (több m2-es) ültetőedény lehatárolja a látványt épülethomlokzat integrált tervezés formára nyírt sövény alacsony növénykiültetés virágos cserje fa pad társadalmi életet él túlkoros fa platán fa díszfa behatárol fölfelé világító reflektor világítótest hangulatos környezet - 23 - utcai 11. RISC's edible roof garden The original flat roof covering the rear of RISC's (Reading International Solidarity Centre = RISC) building had become run down, and as well as requiring repair; it also was insufficiently insulated for both heat and sound. This in itself was not enough to attract the necessary funds, so a bigger scheme was hatched: The Growing our Futures project and the roof was transformed. This program was developed to both design and install the garden, with the help of a team of volunteers and to employ an education worker to oversee its continued development. This broader aim successfully attracted a grant from SEED (the lottery's environment fund) and the Environment Trust for Berkshire (via landfil tax). So as well as fixing and insulating the roof RISC suddenly had this amazing new space to work with. The garden is fed by rain water stored in tanks below the roof, where it is filtered and pumped around the garden in a water efficient irrigation system. The pumps and automatic timers for the watering system are mostly powered by the renewable energy installation on the roof, comprising of a small wind generator and an array of solar electric panels (photovoltaic). The garden itself is designed to evolve into a mixed forest system with a wide variety of useful plants, with a strong focus on perennial herbs, shrubs and trees. There are already over 120 species of plants from around the world, with medicinal, herbal, edible and all sorts of other uses. Complimenting this there is also an organic vegetable garden and greenhouse where the focus is on producing fresh salads and herbs for the Global Cafe downstairs. In turn the garden is fed by composted vegetable peelings, tea bags and coffee grounds from the cafe and staff kitchen. Now we are four years into the project and the garden has to be seen to really appreciate how much it has flourished. It is attracting increasing amounts of attention from the public and we are regularly hosting visits from schools and other community groups. It won an award from Britian in Bloom as the most innovative garden, has been recognised as a Reading Heritage site and is a member of the prestigeous National Gardens Scheme. Positive effects of roof gardens: promoting biodiversity; valuable inner city habitat and feeding stations especially for insects and birds producing food and other useful plants reducing urban heat islands which distort local ecologies. storing tonnes of water and helping reducing flooding encouraging organic waste recycling via composting increasing thermal and noise insulation of buildings creating valuable usable space for people Vocabulary flat roof rear run down heat and sound insulation fund bigger scheme hatch education worker oversee lapostető hátulja elhasználódik hő- és hangszigetelés forrás nagyobb terv kiforral, kieszel oktatási dolgozó felügyel - 24 - broader aim rain water irrigation system timer renewable energy installation comprise wind generator solar electric panels (photovoltaic) evolve forest system perennial herb organic vegetable garden greenhouse vegetable peeling coffee ground staff kitchen flourish hosting visits Britian in Bloom biodiversity inner city habitat feeding station heat island distort flooding waste recycling szélesebb cél esővíz öntözőrendszer időzítő megújuló energia berendezés magában foglal szélerőmű napelem (fotovoltaikus, a napkollektor más) kifejlődik erdei élő rendszer évelő gyógynövény organikus zöldségeskert üvegház zöldség héjj kávézacc személyzeti konyha virágzik vezetéseket tart Virágos Anglia biodiverzitás belvárosi élőhely etetőhely hősziget deformál áradás hulladék újrahasznosítás - 25 - 12. How to Plan & Design a Wise-Water-Use Landscape Prepared by: M. A. Powell, Extension Specialist This publication leads you through seven steps for planning and designing an attractive, useful, and water-efficient landscape, known as a xeriscape. 1. Start with a Base Map. A base map is a plan of the property drawn to scale on graph paper showing the location of the house, its orientation to the sun, other structures on the site, unusual features such as stone outcroppings, and existing vegetation. Accuracy in the base map helps determine if your site can accommodate all of your plans. It also helps in deciding on the quantity of construction materials and plants needed. 2. Analyze Site Characteristics. Lay a sheet of tracing paper over the base map and label it "Site Analysis". Use arrows to indicate the direction of the views you want to emphasize, undesirable views you want to screen, and the drainage patterns of the property, including any low spots or eroded areas. Make plans to correct potential drainage problems before planting. This may require regrading, bringing in additional soil, building retaining walls, installing drainage tiles, or shaping terraces. Any changes in the existing landscape should be subtle so that the natural character of the landscape is retained. Incorporate as many of the natural elements of the site into the design as possible. Undisturbed native plants do not require the additional water that new plants need for establishment. Because they are already adapted to the site, native plants may also be more water efficient than plants added to the landscape. Note the orientation of the home to the sun to determine where to locate plants best suited for sun or shade. Areas exposed to direct afternoon sun are likely to dry out more rapidly than those in the shade. In these locations, your plan should include drought-tolerant plants, some method of providing supplemental water, and cultural practices that help conserve moisture. 3. Incorporate Shade into the Design. Shade from trees or structures in the landscape keeps the landscape cooler, reduces water loss, and helps create a comfortable living environment. A shaded landscape may be 20oF cooler than a landscape in full sun. A person standing in an open parking lot is bombarded with 1,000 heat units from the sun and another 1,000 heat units reflected from the paved surface. Walking beneath a shade tree provides immediate relief from the sun as the tree acts like an umbrella, blocking 400 heat units. If the tree is growing in moist soil, it not only blocks heat but also dissipates heat by evaporative loss from the leaves. A moist soil surface also evaporates water and thereby consumes energy (heat) and reduces heat load further. This cooling effect reduces water loss in the area beneath the tree. Shade also prevents heat build-up in other hard landscape surfaces, such as brick or stucco walls, driveways, and gravel walks. Therefore, a moist landscape with trees feels cooler. In addition to trees, structures like trellises, arbors, walls, and fences can provide shade. A vine or espalier on these structures improves their shading and cooling effects. Shading makes the landscape more water efficient, which is the main objective of xeriscape planning. 4. Plan Areas for Different Uses. To begin your plan, place a piece of tracing paper over the base map and site analysis sheet. On this sheet indicate the public, private, and service areas of your landscape. Consider how these areas will be developed based on the space requirements for each activity. - 26 - The public area is the area that most visitors see, such as the entrance to the home. In a traditional landscape, this area usually receives the most care, including the most water. It is, however, possible to design this area to require minimal water and maintenance without sacrificing quality or appearance. The private area of the landscape, usually the backyard, is where most outdoor activity occurs. It is generally the family gathering place and may also include a vegetable garden or fruit orchard. The landscape here needs to be functional, attractive, and durable; it should also be suitable for conservative water use. The service area is the working or utility area of the landscape, an area that is usually screened from view and may contain items such as garbage cans, outdoor equipment, airconditioning units, or a dog house. In terms of routine maintenance, this area would be designed to require the least care and water. 5. Establish Water-Use Zones. In addition to dividing the landscape into use areas, a xeriscape plan further divides the landscape into three water-use zones: high (regular watering), moderate (occasional watering), and low (natural rainfall). Several of these zones may be included within an individual landscape. High-water-use zones are small, highly visible and highly maintained areas of the landscape, such as the public area and the area around the patio where plants are watered regularly in the absence of rainfall. In the moderate-water-use zones, established plants are watered only when they show symptoms of moisture stress, such as wilting or changing color. Possible plants for this zone include azalea, dogwood, redbud, Japanese maple, and many herbaceous perennials. In the low-water-use zones, plants receive no water except natural rainfall. For greatest water conservation, design as much of your landscape as possible into lowwater-use zones. Most people are surprised to learn that the majority of North Carolina's woody ornamental trees and shrubs, turfgrasses, some herbaceous perennials, and even some annuals, like vinca and verbena, grow well in low-water-use zones. Don't be alarmed by a slight loss of quality during extended dry periods . Some established plants literally shut down during drought and cease growing. Most turfgrasses go dormant and turn brown during drought, then bounce back with the first rain. Learning to accept this "less than perfect" appearance during dry periods is one of the most difficult parts of creating a waterconserving landscape. One exception to the water-use zone rule is newly planted ornamental plants and turfgrasses. These plants require regular irrigation during the establishment period (8 to 10 weeks after planting), regardless of their intended water-use zones. To maximize water savings, concentrate seasonal color beds in areas of the landscape where they can be watered and maintained. Avoid scattering a number of small color beds throughout the landscape. Now, add another sheet of tracing paper over the base map and sketch your desired wateruse zones. The landscape is beginning to take shape and you can visualize the form of the various beds. 6. Develop a Master Plan. Once you have settled on a design scheme and a water management arrangement, give form and definition to the various spaces in your plan. With the identification of planting spaces as well as edging materials, ground covers, and paving, the master plan begins to take shape. In the landscape, just as in nature, smooth, flowing curves are best; tight curves or unnecessary bends can be maintenance problems. Avoid sharp angles that are difficult to - 27 - maintain and irrigate. Remember that simplicity in the design will ensure easy maintenance and water-use efficiency. 7. Choose Plants that Fit the Design. Once you achieve the style and overall effect you want, it is time to select plants to fill the assigned spaces. It is important to choose plants that complement and accent the good features of your architecture and construction materials rather than overpower them. Group plantings to conform to the shape of plant beds. Avoid rigid, formal geometric plantings as much as possible. Plants grouped in large beds, informal balance, and free-flowing curves are popular and practical design concepts. Place plants to ensure easy maintenance and efficient use of water. It is important to space plants far enough apart so that they can achieve their mature size without being crowded. Crowding not only increases your costs, but also results in long-term maintenance problems and increases the potential for water stress. Vocabulary water-efficient xeriscape graph paper orientation stone outcropping construction material tracing paper screen eroded area regrading retaining wall subtle establishment drought-tolerant parking lot dissipate evaporative loss heat load gravel trellis arbor vine espalier space requirement sacrifice outdoor activity gathering place orchard durable garbage can in the absence of hatékony vízfelhasználású száraz kert milliméterpapír tájolás sziklakibúvás építőanyag skiccpausz eltakar erodált terület tereprendezés támfal finom megeredés szárazságtűrő parkolóhely szétoszt párolgási veszteség hőteher sóder falirács lugas futónövény spalírra (falhoz símuló, gyümölcsfa területigény feláldoz kinti tevékenység találkozóhely gyümölcsöskert tűrőképes hulladékgyűjtő edény vmi hiányában - 28 - "lapos") nevelt symptom moisture stress wilting dogwood redbud Japanese maple turfgrass vinca verbena drought go dormant bounce back irrigation seasonal color bed scattering master plan settled on sg water management arrangement edging material flowing curve overpower rigid tünet vízhiányos stressz herdavás som júdásfa japánjuhar pázsitfű-faj meténg vasfű aszály nyugalmi peridódusba megy újból kivirít öntözés szezonális egynyári ágyás szétszór kertterv megállapodik vmiben, vmi mellett dönt vízgazdálkodási elrendezés szegélyanyag széles ív uralkodik vmin merev - 29 -
