Chapter 11 & 12 Review
Remember to study actively, memorizing the answers will not help you
TRUE/FALSE
1. All carbohydrates, proteins, and fats (lipids) are organic compounds.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.01
2. The study of hydrocarbons is the study of a class of organic compounds that contain mostly
carbon and hydrogen but may also contain other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.01
3. In the early 19th century, most chemists believed that organic compounds could not be produced
in the laboratory setting.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.01
4. The production of the first organic compounds in the lab was due to chemists being able to
duplicate the "vital force" present in living organisms.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.01
5. Based on their physical properties, hydrocarbons are all nonpolar substances.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.03
6. All organic compounds can be classified as though they were hydrocarbons that were changed by
addition, subsitution, and atom rearrangement.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.03
7. This is one way to represent the structure of propane.
ANS: T
REF: I
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE2.02
8. Aliphatic compounds all contain the ring structure called benzene.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.02
9. The homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain only single carbon to carbon bonds with an
open chain are called alkanes.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.02
10. Petroleum is the fuel that is used in automobiles.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.2
LOC: HE1.01
11. Natural gas is the compound that emerges as gases from drilled wells and contain only those
compounds with low molar masses.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.2
LOC: HE1.01
12. In fractional distillation, the compounds with the lowest boiling points condense in the lower
parts of the tower.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.2
LOC: HE1.03
13. The process of cracking causes a larger hydrocarbon molecule to break into two smaller
hydrocarbon molecules.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.2
LOC: HE3.01
14. Reforming is the rearrangement of the carbon and hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.2
LOC: HE3.01
15. Oxygen is not always needed for combustion reactions to occur.
ANS: F
REF: I
OBJ: 11.3
LOC: HE2.05
16. When dealing with the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and carbon can all be products of the reaction.
ANS: T
REF: I
OBJ: 11.3
LOC: HE2.05
17. Isomers are chemicals with the same properties but with different molecular formulas.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.4
LOC: HE1.02
18. The naming of branched alkanes can follow two different systems—either the branches are
named in alphabetical order or in order of complexity (number of carbons in the branch).
ANS: T
REF: I
OBJ: 11.4
LOC: HE2.02
19. Alkanes are considered to be saturated since they contain the maximum number of hydrogen
atoms attached to the carbon backbone.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.4
LOC: HE2.01
20. The following molecule can correctly be named 1-butene or 3-butene.
ANS: F
REF: I
OBJ: 11.5
LOC: HE2.02
21. In geometric isomers the term "cis-" indicates that the two main groups on the molecule are
"across" the double bond, that is on opposite sides of the molecule.
ANS: F
REF: I
OBJ: 11.5
LOC: HE2.03
22. All polymers are synthetic, that is they are man-made products.
ANS: F
REF: I
OBJ: 11.5
LOC: HE3.02
1.An energy resource is a natural substance or process that provides a useful form of energy.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
LOC: HE1.06
2. Most familiar forms of energy are eventually converted to kinetic energy.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
LOC: HE1.05
3. The specific heat capacity is the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a unit
mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
LOC: HE1.05
4. The larger the specific heat capacity of a particular substance, the larger the temperature change
that substance will experience from a given amount of energy.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
LOC: HE1.05
5. The burning of hydrocarbons is an example of an endothermic reaction.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
LOC: HE1.06
6. Exothermic changes involve the release of energy to the surroundings.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
LOC: HE1.06
7. Temperature, theoretically, is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a
substance.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
LOC: HE1.05
8. According to one of the laws of thermodynamics, heat always transfers from a cooler object to a
warmer object.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.2
LOC: HE1.05
9. Inside a calorimeter, the amount of energy gained by the surroundings (the water) must equal the
amount of energy released by the reaction in the calorimeter.
ANS: T
REF: I
OBJ: 12.2
LOC: HE2.07
10. It can be assumed that all bomb calorimeters have the same heat capacity.
ANS: F
REF: I
OBJ: 12.3
LOC: HE2.07
11. The molar heat of reaction refers to the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of one
mole of a substance by one degree Celsius.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.3
LOC: HE1.05
12. The amount of energy required to break a chemical bond is referred to as bond energy.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.3
LOC: HE1.04
13. Breaking bonds requires energy, while forming bonds releases energy.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.3
LOC: HE1.04
14. In an endothermic reaction, the bond energy of the products is greater than the bond energy of the
reactants.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.3
LOC: HE1.04
15. In an exothermic reaction, more energy is released in forming new bonds than is absorbed in
breaking the bonds in the reactants.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.3
LOC: HE1.04
16. Canada is the world's second largest per capita consumers of energy.
ANS: T
REF: MC
OBJ: 12.4
LOC: HE3.02
17. Most of our current fossil fuel production is used to provide petrochemicals for manufacturing
plastics.
ANS: F
REF: MC
OBJ: 12.4
LOC: HE3.02
18. Although 95% of our fossil fuel production is burned for energy, the jobs created from the 5%
used for petrochemicals is much greater.
ANS: T
REF: I
OBJ: 12.4
LOC: HE3.02
1.DNA, RNA, chromosomes, and genes are composed of ____________________ compounds.
ANS: organic
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
2. Polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, and polyester are organic ____________________.
ANS: polymers
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.01
3. A theory called ____________________ proposed that the laws of nature were somehow
different for living and nonliving systems and that organic compounds could not be synthesized
outside of living organisms.
ANS: vitalism
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
4. The theory of vitalism was shown to be unacceptable when Wohler was able to synthesize
____________________ in a laboratory setting.
ANS: urea
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
5. The physical properties of hydrocarbons form clear trends largely explained by
____________________.
ANS:
London forces
dispersion forces
REF:
K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.03
6. Coal, crude oil, oil sands, heavy oil, and natural gas are the ____________________ sources of
fuels that power our society.
ANS: nonrenewable
LOC: HE3.02
REF: I
OBJ: 11.1
7. Coal, crude oil, oil sands, and heavy oil are classified as ____________________ because of the
way they are formed.
ANS: fossil fuels
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
8. ____________________ is the technology that includes separating complex mixtures into more
simple, purified components.
ANS: Refining
LOC: HE3.01
REF: I
OBJ: 11.1
9. Organic compounds that are classified as aromatic are based on a ring-type structure called
____________________.
ANS: benzene (
LOC: HE1.02
)
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
10. ____________________ is a complex mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons.
ANS: Crude oil
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.2
11. The differences in boiling points or the compounds making up petroleum allow us to physically
separate these componds in the process called _________________________.
ANS: fractional distillation
LOC: HE3.01
REF: I
OBJ: 11.2
12. The term ____________________ refers to the trapping of thermal energy in the atmosphere.
ANS: greenhouse effect
LOC: HE3.02
REF: I
OBJ: 11.2
13. Many reactions involving alkanes are relatively slow at SATP because these molecules are
considered to be ____________________.
ANS: saturated
LOC: HE2.01
REF: I
OBJ: 11.3
14. _________________________ are hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula, but with
different structural diagrams.
ANS: Structural isomers
LOC: HE2.03
REF: C
OBJ: 11.3
15. Organic compounds with double and triple carbon-to-carbon bonds are said to be
____________________ because fewer atoms are attached to the carbon framework than if the
bonds were single.
ANS: unsaturated
REF: I
OBJ: 11.5
LOC: HE2.01
1.Coal, oil, and natural gas are natural resources whose ____________________ energy is converted
into heat and other forms of energy.
ANS: chemical
LOC: HE3.02
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
2. ____________________ energy and ____________________ energy are often too variable or
produce too little energy. They are, therefore, used to a limited extent.
ANS: Solar, geothermal
LOC: HE3.02
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
3. ____________________ is the energy that is transferred between substances.
ANS: Heat
LOC: HE1.05
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
4. The temperature change of a substance, , varies ____________________ with the quantity of
heat, q, flowing into or out of the substance.
ANS: directly
LOC: HE1.05
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
5. Each substance has a _________________________ that indicates the quantity of energy
required to produce a given temperature change per unit mass of the substance.
ANS: specific heat capacity
LOC: HE1.05
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
6. Compared to most other substances, water has a relatively ____________________ specific heat
capacity.
ANS: high
LOC: HE1.05
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
7. A reaction in which energy is ____________________ to its surroundings is classified as
exothermic.
ANS: released
LOC: HE1.06
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
8. A reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings is classified as ____________________.
ANS: endothermic
LOC: HE1.06
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.1
9. ____________________ is the energy absorbed or released by a system per degree Celsius and is
represented by the symbol "c".
ANS: Heat capacity
LOC: HE2.07
REF: I
OBJ: 12.2
10. A chemical equation that includes the heat transferred during the reaction is called a
_________________________.
ANS: thermochemical equation
LOC: HE2.06
REF: I
OBJ: 12.3
11. The conversion factor between a specific heat of reaction and a molar heat of reaction is the
____________________ of the substance.
ANS: molar mass
LOC: HE2.06
REF: I
OBJ: 12.3
12. ____________________ is the energy required to break a chemical bond.
ANS: Bond energy
LOC: HE1.04
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.3
13. Electrolysis of water is the simplest way to decompose water into its constituent elements.
Electricity must be continually supplied to ____________________ the bonds between hydrogen
and oxygen.
ANS: break
LOC: HE1.04
REF: K/U
OBJ: 12.3
14. The quantity of heat transferred in a chemical reaction is called the ____________________.
ANS: heat of reaction
LOC: HE2.07
REF: I
OBJ: 12.3
15. _________________________ is equal to the mass of the substance multiplied by the specific
heat capacity of the substance multiplied by the change in temperature of the substance.
ANS: The quantity of heat (q).
LOC: HE2.07
REF: I
OBJ: 12.2
Essay Questions
1.DNA, RNA, chromosomes, and genes are composed of ____________________ compounds.
ANS: organic
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
2. Polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, and polyester are organic ____________________.
ANS: polymers
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
3. A theory called ____________________ proposed that the laws of nature were somehow
different for living and nonliving systems and that organic compounds could not be synthesized
outside of living organisms.
ANS: vitalism
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
4. The theory of vitalism was shown to be unacceptable when Wohler was able to synthesize
____________________ in a laboratory setting.
ANS: urea
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
5. The physical properties of hydrocarbons form clear trends largely explained by
____________________.
ANS:
London forces
dispersion forces
REF:
K/U
OBJ: 11.1
LOC: HE1.03
6. Coal, crude oil, oil sands, heavy oil, and natural gas are the ____________________ sources of
fuels that power our society.
ANS: nonrenewable
LOC: HE3.02
REF: I
OBJ: 11.1
7. Coal, crude oil, oil sands, and heavy oil are classified as ____________________ because of the
way they are formed.
ANS: fossil fuels
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
8. ____________________ is the technology that includes separating complex mixtures into more
simple, purified components.
ANS: Refining
LOC: HE3.01
REF: I
OBJ: 11.1
9. Organic compounds that are classified as aromatic are based on a ring-type structure called
____________________.
ANS: benzene (
LOC: HE1.02
)
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.1
10. ____________________ is a complex mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons.
ANS: Crude oil
LOC: HE1.01
REF: K/U
OBJ: 11.2
11. The differences in boiling points or the compounds making up petroleum allow us to physically
separate these componds in the process called _________________________.
ANS: fractional distillation
LOC: HE3.01
REF: I
OBJ: 11.2
12. The term ____________________ refers to the trapping of thermal energy in the atmosphere.
ANS: greenhouse effect
LOC: HE3.02
REF: I
OBJ: 11.2
13. Many reactions involving alkanes are relatively slow at SATP because these molecules are
considered to be ____________________.
ANS: saturated
LOC: HE2.01
REF: I
OBJ: 11.3
14. _________________________ are hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula, but with
different structural diagrams.
ANS: Structural isomers
LOC: HE2.03
REF: C
OBJ: 11.3
15. Organic compounds with double and triple carbon-to-carbon bonds are said to be
____________________ because fewer atoms are attached to the carbon framework than if the
bonds were single.
ANS: unsaturated
LOC: HE2.01
REF: I
OBJ: 11.5
Essay Questions
1.Describe and give examples of the different ways in which hydrocarbons can be expressed.
2.Explain, using examples, why the physical properties of alkenes are similar to alkanes, but the
chemical properties are quite different.
3."Of the more than 10 million compounds known, at least 90% are molecular compounds of the
element carbon." Explain.
4.Explain the process of refining petroleum from the point of extracting it from an underground
deposit through the process of fractional distillation into its many useful components. Indicate
some of the compounds that are refined in this way.
5.If Earth's supply of petroleum was to suddenly disappear, how would your life change? Explain by
using examples of consumer goods that would no longer be available to you.
6.The term "global warming" has become a well-recognized term in the past few years. What is global
warming and what are the most likely causes of it? What are the predicted effects if this trend
continues?
2.Canada's petrochemical industry provides not only heat and energy for Canadians but also numerous
jobs. Use an example of a petrochemical such as ethylene and discuss the number of jobs that are
created by the petrochemical industry.
1. In 1997, Canada was ranked as the second largest consumer of energy per capita. It was outdone
only by the United States. Discuss reasons why Canada may need such a large consumption of
energy and suggest ways in which some of this energy can be conserved.