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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 102 – ANIMAL BIOLOGY
REVIEW SHEET FOR SECOND EXAMINATION
THIS REVIEW SHEET IS MEANT TO BE AN AID TO YOU IN YOUR STUDIES FOR THE EXAM. IT
DOES NOT NECESSARILY INCLUDE ALL OF THE INFORMATION WHICH WAS PRESENTED IN
LECTURE AND LAB FOR THE EXAM. THIS REVIEW SHEET IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR
REGULAR, DILIGENT STUDY OF THE COURSE MATERIAL.
REVIEW QUESTIONS & VOCABULARY:
1. What is a peptide? What is a protein?
2. What is the primary structure of a protein?
3. What is the secondary structure of a protein?
4. How does the tertiary structure of a protein differ from the quaternary structure of a protein?
5. What are two different types of nucleic acids?
6. What is a nucleotide? What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide?
7. List 3 structural differences between RNA and DNA.
8. Where is RNA found inside cells? Where is DNA found inside cells?
9. What is an enzyme?
10. How do enzymes act as catalysts? Are enzymes specific and selective? If so, why?
11. What is an organelle?
12. List all of the organelles that can typically be found in eukaryotic cells.
13. Briefly describe the basic functions of all of the following organelles: cell membrane, mitochondria,
flagella, cilia, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosome, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, fibers of the cytoskeleton.
14. How is the function of a mitochondrion dependent on the function of a chloroplast?
15. What are the three major types of fibers that make up the cell cytoskeleton?
16. In addition to maintaining cell shape, what is another function of the cell cytoskeleton?
17. At the most basic level, what is a ribosome and what does it do?
18. Which organelles are found in animal cells? Which are found in plant cells?
19. Do bacterial cells possess organelles?
20. What is the advantage of compartmentalization of chemical reactions within the organelles of a
cell? (what does this allow for and what does is prevent?)
21. Define the following terms: autotrophy, heterotroph, phagocytosis, pinocytosis.
22. Briefly describe the theory of endosymbiosis. What basic steps/processes are involved? When in
Earth's history might this first have occurred?
23. How does a protist differ from a protozoan?
24. Describe the basic cytoskeletal structure of a eukaryotic flagellum (draw a cross sectional diagram
of a eukaryotic flagellum). What energy molecule is required to cause a flagellum to move back and
forth?
25. Basically, how does a cilium differs in structure from a flagellum.
26. Briefly describe the hypothesized mechanism for the movement of a pseudopodia which we
described in the text and in lecture.
27. What cellular structure varies in shape in the three major groups of ameba?
28. What is the function of the contractile vacuoles in ciliates such as Paramecium?
29. What is osmoregulation? Why is osmoregulation so important to all animal cells?
30. In Paramecia, what changes occur in the micronucleus and the macronucleus during conjugation?
Which nucleus undergoes meiosis?
31. Relative to protozoa, what is encystment and why is it important to the life cycle of some
protozoans?
32. Briefly describe the life cycle of Plasmodium? Which species of Plasmodium is responsible for most
cases of malaria? What are some symptoms of malaria?
33. What animal other than humans is a host for Plasmodium?
34. Briefly define the theory of natural selection?
35. What was the Cambrian Explosion?
36. How does a monoecious animal differ from a dioecious animal?
37. Define the following terms regarding protists and animals: binary fission, budding, gemmulation,
fragmentation.
38. How does aerobic cell respiration differ from anaerobic cell respiration (answer involves oxygen)?
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39. How does alcoholic fermentation differ from lactic acid fermentation? What are the starting
products and ending molecules made during these processes? Are these processes more or less
efficient with regard to the amount of ATP made as compared to aerobic cell respiration?
40. Given the choice, why do yeast, muscle cells and other cells always choose aerobic cell respiration
if enough oxygen is available?
41. Which types of cell respiration produce carbon dioxide? From what molecule is carbon dioxide
derived from during cell respiration?
42. What does the abbreviation ATP stand for? Why is ATP useful to cells?
43. What are the three basic steps of aerobic cell respiration? In what specific part of the cell does each
step occur?
44. In which specific part of a mitochondrion does electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation occur?
45. Basically, what molecules enter into and are produced from each of the following: glycolysis, Kreb’s
cycle, electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation, lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation.
(you do not need to learn or memorize any of the intermediate molecules or enzymes).
46. Draw a generalized animal life cycle for a sexually reproducing animal from fertilization through
the larval stage to the adult (include fertilization, cleavages, morula, blastula and metamorphosis).
47. What are the two basic reproductive strategies in animals relative to fecundity (number of eggs
produced)? Which is the r-selected strategy and which is the K-selected strategy? Briefly describe the
differences between each of these strategies (what are the advantages and disadvantages of each
reproductive strategy?). Why are they called r and K – to what do these letters correspond?
48. What is an hermaphroditic animal?
49. Draw and label a diagram of a typical neuron (nerve cell).
50. How do cnidarian nerve nets differ from nervous system seen in bilaterally symmetrical animals?
51. Evolutionarily, which phylum shows the first example of an integrated neuromuscular system?
52. List TWO differences between protostome and deuterostome animals?
53. How does spiral cleavage differ from radial cleavage? Which types is regulative and which type is
mosaic?
54. Draw a basic diagram of a generalized complete animal digestive tract from mouth to anus
indicating the basic function of each organ.
55. What are 3 common accessory digestive organs and what is the basic function of each.
56. Are Ctenophores bioluminescent? What is bioluminescence?
57. How do acoelomates, pseduocoelomates and eucoelomates differ with regard to their
developmental body plans?
58. What is a coelom?
59. What is the simplest animal phyla that has an excretory system?
60. Define the following anatomical directional terms: superior, inferior, dorsal, ventral, lateral,
medial, anterior, posterior, superficial, deep.
61. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical true jelly.
62. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical hard coral.
63. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical solitary
hydrozoan (eg. Hydra).
64. Briefly describe the lifecycles of the following Cnidarians: Obelia sp., Aurelia sp.
65. Briefly describe the lifecycles of the following helminths: Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma sp.,
Taeniarhynchus saginatus (or similar Taenia worm), Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis.
66. List the basic body plan characteristics and biological contributions of the following animal
phyla: Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Nematoda, Rotifera, Mollusca,
Annelida, Arthropoda.
67. How do the following classes and subclasses of Cnidarians differ?
 Class Hydrozoa
 Class Scyphozoa
 Class Cubozoa
 Class Anthozoa
 Subclass Hexacorallia
 Subclass Ceriantipatharia
 Subclass Octocorallia
How do the following classes of Ctenophores differ?
 Class Tentaculata
 Class Nuda
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Be aware of the definitions and importance of the following terms:
Phylum Cnidaria
cnidocyte
operculum (multiple phyla
nematocyst
involved)
germ layer
epitheliomuscular cell
endoderm
sensory cells
mesoderm
hydrostatic skeleton
ectoderm
planula larva
gastrovacular cavity
coenosarc
polyp
perisarc
medusa
thecate
polymorphism
athecate
ciliary comb plates
velum
nerve cell (neuron)
manubrium
nerve net
statocysts
hydranth
ocelli
gonangium
radial canals
cnidocil
scyphistoma
stobila
ephyra
zooxanthellae
pedalium
rhobalium
oral disc
siphonoglyph
primary septa
hermatypic coral
fringing reef
barrier reef
atoll
reef crest
reef flat
Be aware of the definitions and importance of the following terms:
Phylum Ctenophora
statocyst
cilia
comb plates
tentacles
colloblasts
cydippid larva
Be aware of the definitions and importance of the following terms:
Phylum Platyhelminthes
acoelomate
gastrovascular cavity
pharynx
protonephridia
rhabdites
flame cells
cilia
ventral nerve cords
columnar epithelium
ocelli
longitudical muscles
ovary
circular muscles
oviduct
extracellular digestion
uterus
testes
vas deferens
seminal vesicle
miracidium
sporocyst
cercariae
scolex
oral sucker
68. How does a triploblastic animal differ from a cnidarian?
69. What is parenchyma?
70. What is cephalization and why is it important in the evolution of various animal
groups?
71. Briefly describe a few characteristics that show how members of the Phylum
Nemertea (Rhynchocoelea) differ from members of the Phylum Platyhelminthes.
72. What major animal phyla comprise the Superphylum Ecdysozoa? What characteristic do these
animals share in common?
73. Is an animal has a dorsoventrally flattened body, what does it look like?
74. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical tapeworm
(cestode).
75. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical fluke worm
(trematode).
76. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical free-living
flatworm (turbellarian).
77. Do flatworms possess circular and longitudinal muscles?
78. Do turbellarian flatworms possess a ciliated epidermis? If so, where are the cilia?
79. What is the function of the dual-gland releasing organ in a flatworm?
80. Where are the rhabdite cells found in a flatworm and what is their function?
81. Do flatworms have muscles? If so, where?
82. Where are the protonephridia in a flatworm and what is their function? What
specialized cell type is found in the protonephridia?
83. Where is the pharynx in a planarian flatworm? Do they have an anus?
84. What is a syncitium? In addition to skeletal muscle cells, what other cells in
what animals (which phylum & class) form a syncitium.
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85. How does a miracdium differ from a sporocyst?
86. What is a cercaria?
87. Why are many internal parasites monoecious (hermaphroditic)?
88. How does a cestode get longer – where are the least and most mature proglottids? Which
proglottids contain reproductive organs?
89. What is the function of a vitelline gland in an animal?
90. What is the evolutionary significance of a parasite having two or three different
hosts? (really think about this one – there might be multiple correct answers)
Be aware of the definitions and importance of the following terms:
Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela)
eversible proboscis
flame cells
stylets
rhynchocoel
91. Which is the simplest animal group to have a closed loop (closed) circulatory
system?
92. Do nemerteans possess circular and longitudinal muscles?
93. What is the function of a proboscis in most animals such as a nemertean?
94. What is a pseudocoelom?
95. What are some adaptive advantages of a pseudocoelom compared to the acoelomate
condition?
Be aware of the definitions and importance of the following terms:
Phylum Nematoda
pseudocoel
sensory papillae
hydrostatic skeleton
copulatory spicules
epidermis
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
microfilariae
96. How does a hydrostatic skeleton work to allow an animal to move?
97. Do nematodes possess circular and longitudinal muscles?
98. What is the importance of Caenorhabditis elegans to biological research? What is eutely?
99. In nematodes, which sex possesses copulatory spicules?
100. Cite three different examples of common parasitic nematodes and their basic
mode of infection – how and what organs or tissues do they infect in which species.
101. What are microfilariae?
102. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical nematode.
103. Briefly describe the lifecycle of any nematode except Wucheria bancrofti.
104. Briefly describe the lifecycle of Wucheria bancrofti. What disease does this
organism cause?
Be aware of the definitions and importance of the following terms:
Phylum Rotifera
corona
eyespots
pedal glands
syncitial epidermis
foot
mastax
flame bulb
parthenogenesis
amictic eggs
mictic eggs
105. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical rotifer.
106. Do rotifers possess circular and longitudinal muscles?
107. Briefly describe the lifecycle of of a rotifer in the class Monogononta. What is
108. unusual about this lifecycle?
109. What is parthenogenesis?
110. What are the sex chromosomes in a mammal? A bird?
111. What is temperature dependent sex determination? Give an example of an
animal in which this process occurs.
112. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical mollusc.
113. Roughly, how many species of living mollusks have been identified?
114. What are some basic body plan characteristic illustrated by the “hypothetical
ancestral mollusk” or HAM?
115. What are the three layers of a mollusk shell?
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116. Briefly describe how and why oysters make pearls.
117. What are metanephridia and what is their function?
118. How does a trochophore larva differ from a veliger larva?
119. On a mollusc shell, identify the apex, the whirls and differentiate between
sinistral and dextral shells.
120. In molluscs, what is torsion? Why might it have evolved?
121. In what larval stages does torsion occur and briefly describe what happens in each stage.
122. In molluscs, what is coiling? Why might this shell structure have evolved?
123. In a snail, what is an operculum and what is its function?
124. How do members of the Subclass Pulmonata (garden snails) breathe?
125. How does a prosobranch differ from an opisthobranch?
126. How do nudibranchs differ from other types of sea slugs in the Subclass Opisthobranchia?
127. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical aeolid
nudibranch.
128. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical dorid
nudibranch.
129. What do aeolid nudibranchs primarily eat? How is this related to the cerata they possess?
130. Briefly describe how a bivalve such as a mussel or clam eats.
131. What is the function of the adductor muscles in a bivalve? Where are they
found?
132. Briefly describe the lifecycle of an oyster.
133. What is the function of the siphuncle in Nautilus?
134. What is the function of the chromatophores in cephalopods?
135. What is the function of the statocysts in cephalopods and crustaceans?
136. List two different groups of monoecious molluscs.
137. What were the ammonites relative to mollusks?
138. What is an index fossil?
139. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic lifecycle of a typical mollusc. Be sure to
include both the trochophore and veliger larval stages.
140. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical bivalve
such as Mytilus.
141. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical squid such
as Loligo.
142. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical
prosobranch snail (gastropod) such as Haliotis.
143. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical chiton
(polyplacophoran).
144. How does the structure of a carnivorous radula differ from that of an herbivorous radula?
145. Cephalopods and earthworms both show direct development. What does this mean?
Be aware of the definitions and importance of the following terms:
Phylum Mollusca
true coelom (coelomate)
heart
visceral mass
arteries
head-foot
veins
mantle
capillaries
mantle cavity
torsion
shell
coiling
radula
apex
metanephridia
whorl
trochophore larva
dextral
veliger larva
sinistral
periostracum
operculum
prismatic layer
aperture
nacreous layer (nacre)
ammonites
open circulatory system
conotoxins
gills (ctenidium)
prosobranch
lungs
opisthobranch
cerata
dorid nudibranch
aeolid nudibranch
filter feeding
umbo
valves
lamellae
anterior adductor
posterior adductor
incurrent siphon
excurrent siphon
boring bivalves
siphuncle
funnel/siphon
chromatophores
ink gland/sepia
146. What is metamerism and which animal phyla that we have studied have it?
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147. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical leech.
148. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical polychaete.
149. Draw and clearly label a simple diagram of the basic body structure of a stereotypical
oligochaete.
150. In annelids what are the names of the first and last segments and which
segments are the “oldest”?
151. What are nephridia and what is their function?
152. What are parapodia and which class(es) of annelids have them?
153. Describe peristalsis as it occurs in an earthworm showing the alternating
contractions of smooth and longitudinal muscles that cause locomotion.
154. Does an earthworm have reflex arcs?
155. What are the functions of the setae in annelids?
156. Where are setae found in oligochaetes versus polychaetes?
157. On what do sedentary polychaetes feed? and errant polychaetes?
158. Draw a simple diagram to illustrate the major internal anatomical features of
the anterior end of an earthworm (see oligochaete above).
159. Can an earthworm replace lost setae?
160. Briefly describe the lifecycle of an earthworm such as Lumbricus.
161. Where is the clitellum on an earthworm and what is its function?
162. What is the importance of Hirudo medicinalis to medicine?
163. What important molecules/substances are found in leech saliva that allow it to effectively feed on
blood from a host?
164. How many segments does a leech possess?
165. Briefly describe how the parchment tubeworm Chaetopterus feeds and what it
typically eats.
166. How does the polychaete clam worm Nereis eat?
Be aware of the definitions and importance of the following terms:
Phylum Annelida
metamerism
circular muscles
prostomium
longitudinal muscles
pygidium
metanephridia
mesenteries
closed circulatory system
septa
hemoglobin
hydrostatic skeleton
aortic arches/dorsal hearts
parapodia
pharynx
setae
esophagus
cuticle
crop
gizzard
small intestine
large intestine
clitellum
cocoon
cerebral ganglia
ventral nerve cord
167. Can cnidaria possess ciliated cells? Give an example of a ciliated cnidarians structure.
168. Draw a simple diagram of a reflex arc.
169. What is a neuromuscular system?
170. How does an incomplete digestive system differ from a complete one?
171. Draw a simple diagram to describe the basic parts of a generalized animal digestive
system.
172. Draw a simple diagram to describe the most basic parts of a generalized single circuit
closed circulatory system.
173. Draw a simple diagram to describe the most basic parts of a generalized two circuit
closed circulatory system with pulmonary and systemic circuits.
174. How does a closed circulatory system differ from an open one?
175. How does simple epithelium differ from stratified epithelium?
176. What are the three basic shapes/types of epithelial cells in animals?
177. Indicate if cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle cells:
 are uninucleate or multinucleate
 are voluntary or involuntary
 are striated or non-striated
 possess intercalated disks
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178. How do the following classes differ?
 Class Oligochaeta
 Class Polychaeta
 Class Hirudinea
179. How do the following classes differ?
 Class Turbellaria
 Class Trematoda
 Class Cestoda
180. How do the following classes differ?
 Class Monoplacophora
 Class Polyplacophora
 Class Scaphopoda
 Class Gastropoda
 Class Bivalvia
 Class Cephalopoda
181. In terms of basic physics, what is color?
182. Give 5 different specific examples where color plays an important role in the life history of
animals.
183. What is the wavelength and frequency of a wave?
184. Define the following terms:
 gene
 allele
 phenotype
 genotype
 dominant allele
 recessive allele
 homozygous dominant
 heterozygous recessive
 heterozygous
 Punnett square
185. How is sex determined in mammals? What are the sex chromosomes involved and which are
present in each sex?
186. How is sex determined in birds? What are the sex chromosomes involved and which are present
in each sex?
187. How is sex determined in some insects and some reptiles such as turtles or some lizards? Are
sex chromosomes always involved?
188. Myopia (nearsightedness) is a single recessive gene trait. M = abbreviation for normal; m =
abbreviation for myopic allele. Draw a Punnett square to show the possible offspring of a male who
was heterozygous for myopia who mated with a female who was also heterozygous for myopia.
189. Draw another Punnett square for a mating between a homozygous recessive female and a
homozygous dominant male.
190. Draw a Punnett square to show that the probability of mammals having a male or female
offspring is typically 50%.
191. List one contribution to the study of evolution by each of the following scientists: Carolus
Linneaus, James Hutton, Charles Lyell,
192. What is the fossil record?
193. Why is the Galapagos Archipelago a particularly good place to study evolution (or any island
group in general)?
194. List 5 observations that Darwin made that helped him generate his ideas about evolution.
195. List 5 inferences that Darwin made that led him to the theory of natural selection.
196. Define reproductive fitness.
197. Draw a diagram to show the water cycle for a typical ecosystem on Earth.
198. Briefly describe nutrient cycling in a basic food web in the nearshore pelagic ocean.
199. Briefly describe nutrient cycling in a basic food web in the Arctic Ocean.
200. Briefly describe nutrient cycling in a basic food web in the ocean near Antarctica.
201. Briefly describe nutrient cycling in a basic food web in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent community.
202. Briefly describe nutrient cycling in a basic food web in a coral reef.
203. Briefly describe nutrient cycling in a basic food web in a river or stream.
204. Briefly describe nutrient cycling in a basic food web in a freshwater lake.
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205. List and briefly describe the basic life history of three typical and common invertebrates and
vertebrates in each of the following environments:
(life history includes the animals: mode of locomotion, reproductive habits, feeding habits, and any
unusual characteristic of the animal)
 nearshore pelagic ocean
 Arctic Ocean
 ocean near Antarctica
 deep-sea hydrothermal vent
 coral reef
 river or stream
 freshwater lake
206. Describe the basic function of each of the following organ systems and note any important basic
differences between invertebrates and vertebrates (as reviewed in lecture):









integumentary system
endocrine system
immune system
endocrine system
excretory system
muscular system
digestive system
nervous system
skeletal system
207. For each of the animals listed below:
Hydrozoan
Syphozoan (true jelly)
Hexacorallian
Octocorallian
Ctenophore
Planarian flatworm
Trematode
Cestode
Nemertean
Nematode roundworm
Rotifer
Chiton
Abalone (Halitotis sp.)
Garden snail
Sea hare (Aplysia sp.)
Nudibranch
Mussel
Squid
Chambered Nautilus
Polychaete
Oligochaete
Leech
indicate if they generally possess the following structures, organs and/or organ
systems:
(you might want to make a large table based on phyla & class to help you study):
true tissues
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
nematocysts
tentacles
pedalium
ciliary comb plates
pedal disc
diploblastic body
plan
triploblastic body
plan
nerve net
colloblasts
free-swimming
larval stage
longitudinal/ventral
nerve cords
complete digestive
tract
gastrovascular
cavity
cerebral ganglion/
“brain”
supraesophageal
ganglion
monoecious
reproduction
dioecious
reproduction
eyespots
ocelli
compound eyes
chemoreceptive cells
proglottids
eversible proboscis
scolex
acoelomate
pseudocoel
true coelom
(eucoelomic)
hydrostatic skeleton
exoskeleton
cutaneous
respiration
gills
tracheal
tubes/system
book lungs
lungs
internal fertilization
external fertilization
corona of cilia
mantle
radula
shell
heart
stomach
gizzard
crop
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umbo
kidney
funnel/siphon
ink gland
pen
closed circulatory
system
open circulatory
system
setae
protonephridia
metanephridia/nep
hridia
clitellum
circular muscles
longitudinal
muscles
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
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