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Unit-II: POPULAR MOVEMENTS
CONTENT
1.Type of Movements:
Long Term and Short Term (Popular Movements)
i. Long Term - [Indian National Movement]
ii. Short Term- [Bolivia Water War]
2. Various Popular Movements
A. Women’s Movement(Case Studies)
i. India
ii. China
iii. USA
B. Social Movements
i. Definition
ii. Types of Social Movements
iii. Industrialization & Urbanization in 1990
(Kenya: Mao Moa)
iv. American Civil Rights Movement
C. Political Movements
I. Meaning
ii. Globalization.
iii. Russian Revolution
D. Environmental movements
i. Meaning
ii. US Environment Movements
iii. Chipko Movement
3.Relationship between Popular Movements and Political Parties
4.Conclusion
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CONTENT
1. POPULAR MOVEMENTS: Movements that are popular among masses and of, representing, or carried on by the people at
large: are known as “popular movements”. Popular Movements helps a lot in shaping and
bringing democracy in a Country.
2. TYPES OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS
A. Short term movements
B. Long term movements
A. SHORT TERM MOVEMENTS
Short Term movements achieve a single objective within a limited time frame. There is a clear
leadership in the movement. People’s organizations run these movements. These movements’
active life is usually very short. For instance, Anticorruption Movement.
They are more of general movements that seek to achieve a broad goal in the long run. These
movements have independent leadership. Example:
The Environmental and the Women’s
Movements.
B. LONG TERM MOVEMENT –
The Indian National Movement
The term Indian National Movement encompasses a wide spectrum of political organizations,
philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending the British Colonial Rule in
India. This movement is also known as the Indian Freedom Struggle, Indian Independence
Movement etc. The movement incorporates various national and regional campaigns, agitations
and efforts of both non-violent and militant philosophies.
The first organized militant movements were in Bengal, but it later took political stage in the
form of a mainstream movement in the then newly-formed Indian National Congress (INC)in
1885, with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for civil service
examinations, as well as more economic rights for the people of the soil. The early part of the
20th century saw a more radical approach towards political independence proposed by leaders
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such as the Lala Lajpat Ray, Balagangadhara Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Sri Aurobindo etc.
Militant Nationalism also emerged in the first decades.
The last stages of the freedom struggle from the 1920s onward saw the adoption of Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi's policy of nonviolence and civil resistance, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's
constitutional struggle for the rights of minorities in India, and several other campaigns by the
Congress. Prominent leaders such as Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, later came to adopt a
military approach to the movement, and others like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who, along
with political freedom, wanted economic freedom for India's peasants and toiling masses. Poets
like Allama Iqbal used literature, poetry and speech as a tool for political awareness. The period
of World War II saw the peak of movements such as the “Quit India movement” (led by
Gandhi) and the “Indian National Army (INA) Movement” (led by Subhash Chandra Bose),
Swadeshi Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement (led by Gandhi), and the Home Rule
Movement.
These various movements led to the formation of the independent dominions of India and
Pakistan in 1947. India remained a dominion of the Crown until 26 January 1950, when the
Constitution of India came into force, establishing the Republic of India.
Major events in Indian National Movement
Major events that shaped and nurtured the Indian National Movement may be discussed in brief
below.
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The East India Company had established its control over almost all parts of India by the middle of the
19th century. There were numerous risings in the first hundred years of British rule in India. They were,
however, local and isolated in character. Some of them were led by the nobility who were refusing to
accept the changing patterns of the time and wanted the past to be restored. The Revolt of 1857, which
was called a Sepoy Mutiny by British historians and their imitators in India but described as "the First
War of Indian Independence" by many Indian historians, shook the British authority in India from its
very foundations.
The Revolt of 1857, an unsuccessful but heroic effort to eliminate foreign rule, had begun. The capture
of Delhi and the proclamation of Bahadurshah as the Emperor of Hindustan are a positive meaning to
the Revolt and provided a rallying point for the rebels by recalling the past glory of the imperial city.
On May 10, 1857, soldiers at Meerut refused to touch the new Enfield rifle cartridges. The soldiers
along with other group of civilians went on a rampage shouting 'Maro Firangi Ko'. They broke open
jails, murdered European men and women, burnt their houses and marched to Delhi. The appearance of
the marching soldiers next morning in Delhi was a 'signal’ to the local soldiers, who in turn revolted,
seized the city and proclaimed the 80-year old Bahadurshah Zafar, as Emperor of India.
Within a month of the capture of Delhi, the Revolt spread to the different parts of the country. Kanpur,
Lucknow, Banaras, Allahabad, Bareilly, Jagdishpur and Jhansi etc became the part of the revolt. In the
absence of any leader from their own ranks, the insurgents turned to the traditional leaders of Indian
society. At Kanpur, Nana Saheb, the adopted son of last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, led the forces. Rani
Lakshmi Bai in Jhansi, Begum Hazrat Mahal in Lucknow and Khan Bahadur in Bareilly were in
command. However, apart from a commonly shared hatred for alien rule, the rebels had no political
perspective or a definite vision of the future. They were all prisoners of their own past, fighting
primarily to regain their lost privileges. Unsurprisingly, they proved incapable of ushering in a new
political order.
Government of India Act 1858
This Act was one of the direct impacts of the Revolt of 1857.
Queen Victoria issued a proclamation on November 1, 1858, placing India under direct government of
the Crown, whereby:
(a) A viceroy was appointed in India
(b) Princes were given the right to adopt a son (abolition of Doctrine of Lapse)
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(c) Treaties were honoured
(d) Religious freedom was restored and equality treatment promised to Indians.
The Proclamation was called the 'Magna Carta of Indian Liberty'. The British rule in India was
strongest between 1858 and 1905. The British also started treating India as its most precious possession
and their rule over India seemed set to continue for centuries to come. Because of various subjective and
objective factors which came into existence during this era, the feelings of nationalism in Indians started
and grow.
Indian National Congress (1885)
Although the British succeeded in suppressing the 1857 Revolt, they could not stop the growth of
political awareness in India. The Indian National Congress was founded in December 1885. It was the
visible embodiment of the national awakening in the country. Its founder was an Englishman, Allan
Octavian Hume, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service. The Indian leaders, who cooperated with
Hume in launching the Congress, were patriots of high character. The first President of the Congress
was W.C. Bannerjee.
The aims of the Congress were: promotion of friendship and cooperation amongst the nationalist
political workers from the different parts of the country; the eradication of racial, creed or provincial
prejudices and promotion of national unity; formulation of popular demands and their presentation
before the Government; and, most important of all, the training and organization of public opinion in
the country.
The formation of the Indian National Congress was a mile stone in the History of Freedom Movement in
India.
Partition of Bengal (1905)
On December 30, 1898, Lord Curzon took over as the new Viceroy of India. The partition of Bengal
came into effect on October 16, 1905, through a Royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of
Bengal in size by creating a new province of East Bengal, which later on, became East Pakistan and
present day Bangladesh. The government explained that it was done to stimulate growth of
underdeveloped eastern region of the Bengal. But, actually, the main objective of the British was to
'Divide and Rule' the most advanced region of the country at that time. In fact, this policy, along with
other factors paved the way for the emergence of communalism in India.
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Muslim League (1906)
In 1906, All India Muslim League was set up under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullab of
Dacca and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. The League supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the
Swadeshi Movement, and demanded special safeguards for its community and separate electorates for
Muslims. This led to communal differences between Hindus and Muslims. Both sections carry their own
responsibility for the further growth of communal politics in Indian National Movement along with the
British.
Swadeshi Movement (1905)
The Swadeshi movement has its genesis in the anti-partition movement which was started to oppose the
British decision to divide Bengal. With the start of the Swadeshi Movement at the turn of the century,
the Indian National Movement took a major leap forward.
The Indian National Congress took up the Swadeshi call in Benaras Session, 1905, presided over by
G.K. Gokhale, and supported the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement of Bengal. Militant Nationalism
spearheaded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Aurobindo Ghosh was,
however, in favour of extending the movement for the rest of India and carrying it beyond the
programme of just Swadeshi and boycott of goods to full-fledged political mass struggle.
Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)
Morley-Minto Reforms were introduced in 1909 during the period when Lord Minto was the Governor
General of India. The reforms envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims besides other constitutional
measures. The government thereby sought to create a rift within the Congress on the one hand by
winning the support of the moderates, and on the other, to win favour of Muslims against Bindus. To
achieve the latter objective, the reforms introduced the system of separate electorates under which
Muslims could only vote for Muslim candidates. This was done to encourage the notion that the
political, economic and cultural interests of Hindus and Muslims were separate and not common. Indian
political leaders were however dissatisfied by these reforms.
Lucknow Pact (1916)
An important step forward in achieving Hindu-Muslim unity was the Lucknow Pact 1916. Anti-British
feelings were generated among the Muslims following a war between Britain and Turkey which opened
way for Congress and Muslim League unity. Both the Congress and the Muslim League held sessions at
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Lucknow in 1916 and concluded the famous Lucknow Pact. The Congress accepted the separate
electorates, and both organizations jointly demanded dominion status for the country.
Hindu-Muslim unity weakened the British attitude and forced the government to announce its future
policy. In 1916 a British policy was announced whereby association of Indians was increased and there
was to be a gradual development of local self-governing institutions.
Home Rule Movement (1915-16)
Dr. Annie Besant, inspired by the Irish rebellion, started a Home Rule Movement in India in September
1916. The movement spread rapidly and branches of the Rome Rule League were established all over
India. Bal Gangadhar Tilak wholeheartedly supported this movement. Rejoined forces with Dr. Besant
and persuaded the Muslim League to support this programme.
The Gandhian Era (1918-1947)
Mahatma Gandhi dominated the Indian political scene from 19181947. This period of the Indian
National Congress is also referred to as the Gandhian Era. It was the most intense and eventful phase of
India's freedom struggle. Mahatma Gandhi provided the leadership of the highest order and his
philosophy of non-violent Satyagraha became the most potent weapon to drive out .the British from the
Indian soil.
Khilafat Movement (1920)
The Caliph, Sultan of Turkey, was looked upon by the Muslims as their religious head. During the First
World War, when the safety and the welfare of Turkey were threatened by the British thereby
weakening the Caliph's position, Indian Muslims adopted an aggressive anti-British attitude. The two
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brothers, Mohammed Ah and Shaukat Ali launched an anti-British movement in 1920-the Khilafat
Movement for the restoration.
The Rowlatt Act (1919)
While trying to appease Indians, the British Government was following a policy of repression.
Throughout the First World War, repression of freedom fighters had continued. The revolutionaries had
been hunted down, hanged or imprisoned. The Government now decided to arm itself with more powers
in order to suppress the freedom fighters. In March 1919, it passed the Rowlatt Act. This Act authorised
the government to detain any person without trial. The Rowlatt Act came like a sudden blow. The
Indians had been promised extension of democracy during the war. They felt humiliated and were filled
with anger when they found that their civil liberties were going to be curtailed still further. Unrest
gripped the country and a powerful agitation against the Act started. During this agitation, Gandhiji took
command of the nationalist movement. March and April 1919 witnessed a remarkable political
awakening in the country. There were hartals, strikes and demonstrations at various places. The slogans
of Hindu-Muslim unity filled the air.
Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (1919)
The Government was bent on suppressing the mass agitation. In Bombay; Ahmedabad, Calcutta, Delhi
and at other places demonstrators were lathi-charged and fired upon. Gandhiji gave a call for a general
hartal on April 6, 1919. The call was responded to with great enthusiasm. The Government decided to
resort to repression to suppress the agitation. At this time the British Government committed one of the
worst political crimes in modem history. An unarmed but a large crowd had gathered in Jallianwalla
Bagh, Amritsar (Punjab) on April, 13, 1919 for a meeting. General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire
on them without warning. This massacre of unarmed people (hundreds died and thousands were
wounded) in an enclosed place from which there was no exit, was followed by a reign of terror in
several districts under martial law.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
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With the Congress support of the Khilafat movement, Hindu-Muslim unity was achieved which
encouraged Gandhiji to launch his non-violent, non-cooperation movement. At the Calcutta Session in
September 1920, the Congress resolved in favour of the non-violent, non-cooperation movement and
defined Swaraj as its ultimate aim. The movement envisaged: (i) Surrender of titles and honorary
officers; (ii) Resignation from nominated offices and posts in the local bodies; (iii) Refusal to attend
government darbars and official functions and boycott of British courts by the lawyers; (iv) Refusal of
general public to offer themselves for military and other government jobs, and boycott of foreign goods,
etc.
The non-cooperation movement also saw picketing of shops selling foreign cloth and boycott of the
foreign cloth by the followers of Gandhiji.
Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)- Civil Disobedience Movement
The Congress session held at Ahmedabad in December 1921 decided to launch a Civil Disobedience
Movement while reiterating its stand on the non-violent, noncooperation movement of which Gandhiji
was appointed the leader. Before Gandhiji could launch the Civil Disobedience Movement, a mob of
countrymen at Chauri Chaura, a place near Gorakhpur in D.P., clashed with the police which opened
fire. In retaliation the mob burnt the police-station and killed 22 policemen. This compelled Gandhiji to
call off the Civil Disobedience Movement on February 12, 1922.
Despite this Gandhiji was arrested and sentenced to six years imprisonment. The Chauri Chaura
incident convinced Gandhiji that the nation was not yet ready for the mass-dis6bedience and he
prevailed upon Congress Working Committee in Bardoli on February 12, 1922 to call off the NonCooperation Movement.
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Swaraj Party (1922)
Gandhiji's decision to call off the agitation caused frustration among masses. His decision came in for
severe criticism from his colleagues like Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das and N.C. Kelkar, who organized the
Swaraj Party. The foundations of the 'Swaraj Party' were laid on January 1, 1923, as the 'Congress
Khilafat-Swarajya Patty'. It proposed then an alternative programme of diverting the movement from
widespread civil disobedience programme to restrictive one which would encourage its member to enter
into legislative councils (established under Montford Reforms of 1919) by contesting elections in order
to wreck the legislature from within and to use moral pressure to compel the authority to concede to the
popular demand for self-government.
Simon Commission (1927)
Under the 1919 Act, a statutory commission was to be appointed by the British Government at the end
of ten years from the passing of the Act to inquire into the working of the system of government in the
country and to recommend further reforms. Thus the commission was scheduled to be appointed in
1929. It was actually appointed two years earlier in 1927. The commission consisted of seven members
of the British Parliament. It was headed by Sir John Simon. As all its members were British, the
Congress decided to boycott it. The Commission arrived in India in Feb. 1928. It was greeted with black
flags and hostile demonstrations everywhere it went. In one such demonstration at Lahore, Lala Lajpat
Rai was seriously injured in a wanton police lathi-charge on the demonstrators. Lalaji died soon after
from wounds received during the demonstration.
Dandhi March (1930)
Also called the 'Salt Satyagraha'. To achieve the goal of complete independence, Gandhiji launched
another civil disobedience movement. Along with 79 followers, Gandhiji started his famous march from
Sabarmati Ashram on March 20, 1930, for the small village Dandi to break the Salt Law. While Gandhi
was marching to Dandhi,
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Congress leaders and workers had been busy at various levels with the hard organizational tasks of
enrolling volunteers and members, forming grass root Congress Committees, collecting funds, and
touring villages and towns to spread nationalist messages.
On reaching the seashore on April 6, 1930, he broke the Salt Law by picking up salt from the seashore.
By picking a handful of salt, Gandhi inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement, a movement that
was to remain unsurpassed in the history of the Indian National Movement for the countrywide mass
participation it unleashed. The movement became so powerful that it sparked off patriotism even among
the Indian soldiers in the Army. The Garhwal soldiers refused to fire on the people at Peshawar.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
Early in 1931 two moderate statesmen, Sapru and Jayakar, initiated efforts to bring about rapprochement
between Gandhi and the government. Six meetings with Viceroy Lord Irwin finally led to the signing of
a pact between the two on March 5, 1931, whereby the Congress called off the movement and agreed to
join the Second Round Table Conference. The terms of the agreement included the immediate release of
all political prisoners not convicted for violence, the remission of all fines not yet collected, the return of
confiscated land not yet sold to third parties, and lenient treatment of all the government officials who
had resigned.
Gandhi and other leaders were released from jail as Irwin agreed to release most political prisoners and
to return the properties that had been seized by the governments. The government also conceded the
right to make the salt for consumption of villages along the coast, and also the right to peaceful and nonaggressive picketing. The Congress on its part, agreed to discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement
and to participate in the next Round Table Conference.
The Government of India Act, 1935
The Simon Commission report submitted in 1930 formed the basis for the Government of India Act
1935. The new Government of India Act received the royal assent on August 4, 1935.
The Act continued and extended all the existing features of the Indian constitution. Popular
representation, which went back to 1892, diarchy and ministerial responsibility, which dated from 1921,
provincial autonomy, whose
history went back to eighteenth century presidencies, communal
representation, which first received recognition in 1909, and the safeguards devised in 1919, were all
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continued and in most cases extended. But in addition there were certain new principles introduced. It
provided for a federal type of government. Thus, the act:
(a) Introduced provincial autonomy
(b) Abolished diarchy in provinces I
(c) Made ministers responsible to the legislative and federation at the centre
The Act of 1935 was condemned by nearly all sections of Indian public opinion and was unanimously
rejected by the Congress. The Congress demanded instead, the convening of a Constituent Assembly
elected on the basis of adult franchise to frame a constitution for an independent India.
Quit India Movement (1942)
On August 8, 1942, the Congress in its meeting at Bombay passed a resolution known as 'Quit India'
resolution, whereby Gandhi asked the British to quit India and gave a call for 'Do or die' to his
countrymen. On August 9, 1942, Gandhi was arrested but the other leaders continued the revolutionary
struggle. Violence spread throughout the country, several government officers were destroyed and
damaged, telegraph wires were cut and communication paralyzed. The movement was, however,
crushed by the government.
Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The British Prime Minister, Lord
Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission would visit India to make
recommendations regarding constitutional reforms to be introduced in India. The Cabinet Mission which
constituted of Lord Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander visited India and met the
representatives of different political parties but a satisfactory solution to the constitutional difficulties
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could not be found. The Mission envisaged the establishment of a Constituent Assembly to frame the
Constitution as well as an interim government. The Muslim League accepted the plan on June 6, 1946,
while maintaining its rights of striving for a separate Muslim state. The Congress also partially accepted
the plan.
Interim Government (1946)
On September 2, 1946, an interim government was formed. Congress members led by Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru joined it but the Muslim League did not as it withdrew its earlier acceptance of the Cabinet
Mission Plan.
Formation of Constituent Assembly (1946)
The Constituent Assembly met on December 9, 1946, and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected its President.
The Muslim League did not join the Assembly.
Mountbatten Plan (1947)
In March 1947, Lord Mountbatten replaced Lord Wavell. He announced his plan on June 3, 1947. It
offered a key to the political and constitutional deadlock created by the refusal of the Muslim League to
join the Constituent Assembly formed to frame the Constitution of India. Mountbatten's formula was to
divide India but retain maximum unity. The country would be partitioned but so would be Punjab and
Bengal, so that the limited Pakistan that emerged would meet both the Congress and the League's
position to some extent. The League's position on Pakistan was conceded in that it would be created, but
the Congress position on unity would be taken into account to make Pakistan as small as possible. He
laid down detailed principles for the partition of the country and speedy transfer of political powers in
the form of dominion status to the newly formed dominions of India and Pakistan. Its acceptance by the
Congress and the Muslim' League resulted in the birth of Pakistan.
The Indian Independence Act, 1947
The Bill containing the provisions of the Mountbatten Plan of June 3, 1947, was introduced in the
British Parliament and passed as the Indian Independence Act,
1947. The Act laid down detailed measures for the partition of India and speedy transfer of political
powers to the new government of India and Pakistan.
Partition of India (1947)
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In accordance with the Indian Independence Act, 1947, India was partitioned on August 15, 1947 into
India and Pakistan. The Act made India and Pakistan independent dominions. Bloodshed and violence
marked the exodus of refugees. The state of Kashmir acceded to the Indian Union, after the raiders were
helped by Pakistan, in October 1947. Lord Mountbatten was appointed the Governor-General of
free1ndia and M.A. Jinnah the first Governor-General of Pakistan.
B.SHORT TERM MOVEMENT- BOLIVIA WATER WAR
To establish democracy is not the end of a struggle .People’s struggle against privatization of
water in Bolivia reminds us that popular struggles are the integral part of working in
democracy.
The protests in Cochabamba were known as the “Cochabamba Water War”, in 2000. There
were series of protests in the third largest city between Jan 1999 and April 2000. All those
were because of the participation of MNC in the management of the city’s water supply.
The military dictatorship ended in Bolivia in 1982, but it did not bring economic stability
MNC increased the prices of water by four times. Monthly water bill RS 1000 whereas the
monthly income was around RS 5000 of the percents. Access to the piped water was 70
percent to 40 percent to the people. There was only four hours water supply in the
Cochabamba. It received funds from World Bank. World Bank opposed the construction of
MISICUNI PROJECT, as it was the wastage of money. Water works of Cochabamba were
controlled by the state agency SEMAPA. Angles- de Tunari’s programme was set up to
correlate with the govt.’s plan for the development but engineer’s for Augus –de-Tunari
were not trained in marketing . It was declared if people did not pay bill, their water supply
would be turned off. This led to massive protests.
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In January, 2000. Young men, leaders, labourers and so on, all joined hands and went on four
days strike. All children came on to the roads.
The President declared 90 days emergency to maintain peace, but nothing happened. Power
of people made MNC to flee the city and made the government to accept all the demands of
the protesters. At last the contract with
MNC got cancelled. The settlement between the
Government of Bolivia and Aguas –de-Tunari ended on 19, Jan. 2006. . At last the water
supply was restored to the Municipality at old rates. This was known as Bolivia’s Water War.
STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY IN NEPAL.
History of the Nepal Political Scenario
Nepal was ruled by hereditary monarch and was traditional
societies with predominantly agricultural economy. Nepal
Society is predominantly a caste oriented society. Nepal had
been existed as a Kingdom Centered in the Kathmandu
Valley for more than 1500 years.
Modern Nepal began its evolution in the sixteenth century with the founding of the House of
Gorkha by Dravya Shah in 1559. In the late eighteenth century, Gorkha conquests extended
the kingdom through the Himalayas for almost 1,500 kilometers from the western boundary
of Garhwal, India, through the territory of Sikkim in the east. In the early nineteenth century,
Gorkha power came into conflict with the British East India Company. The resulting AngloNepalese War (1814-16) was devastating for Nepal: the Treaty of Sagauli reduced the
kingdom to the boundaries it has since occupied, less than 900 kilometers from east to west.
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For almost thirty years after the treaty was concluded, infighting among aristocratic factions
characterized Nepal.
The next stage of Nepalese politics was the period of hereditary Rana rule--the establishment
of a dictatorship of successive Rana prime ministers beginning with Jang Bahadur Kunwar in
1846. During the period of Rana rule, which lasted until the end of 1950, Nepal was governed
by a landed aristocracy; parliamentary government was in name only. This period provided
stability, but also inhibited political and economic development because the Ranas isolated
the country and exercised total control over internal affairs. Although during this period
Nepal was a constitutional monarchy with universal suffrage granted at age eighteen, political
parties were not formed until the mid-twentieth century and were later banned. The longevity
of the Rana’s dictatorship was also a result of a partnership between the rulers and the army.
Patronage ensured loyal soldiers: the military supported the Rana prime ministers and, later,
the Shah monarchs, who were figureheads during Rana rule.
In January 1951, the Ranas were forced to concede to the restoration of the monarchy, which
then assumed charge of all executive powers: financial management, appointment of
government officials, and command of the armed forces. The latter power became an
increasingly useful tool for enforcing control. In 1962 King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah
Dev devised the centrally controlled council system of government called panchayat. This
system served as the institutional basis of the king's rule and was envisioned by the palace as
a democratic administration although it functioned only at the king's behest. Incorporated into
the 1962 constitution, the panchayat system was established at the village, district, and
national levels. Successive changes in government and constitutional revisions did not
weaken the powers of the absolute monarchy. In fact, a May 1980 referendum reaffirmed the
status quo of the panchayat system and its continuation as a rubber stamp for the king.
Elections in 1981 and 1986 were characterized by the lack of political programs.
Government by an absolute monarch behind a democratic façade lasted for some thirty years.
Although many party members were exiled to India, opposition to the government and the
panchayat system continued to grow, particularly in the late 1980s when the outlawed
political parties announced a drive for a multiparty system. A coalition between the Nepali
Congress Party and the Communist Party of Nepal was formed in late 1989. The increasing
disillusionment with and unpopularity of King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev's regime and
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the worsening economic situation caused by the trade and transit dispute with India added to
the momentum of the incipient pro-democracy movement.
The dissolution of the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union, and the successes of the
prodemocracy movements in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, had an impact
in Nepal. In part as a result of the participatory experiences of Nepalese in India, movements
arose to effect changes in Nepal's government and society. Nepal's longstanding history of
continuity of rule and relative stability was challenged when the Movement for the
Restoration of Democracy, or prodemocracy movement, was formally established on
February 18, 1990, almost forty years after the end of Rana control. Demonstrations and
rallies--accompanied by violence, arrests, and even deaths--were held throughout the country.
Political unrest became widespread. Ethnic groups agitated for official recognition of their
cultural heritage and linguistic tradition and demonstrated against the monarchy. The goal of
the prodemocracy movement, however, was to establish a more representative democracy
and to end the panchayat system.
The demonstrations and protests characterizing the prodemocracy movement gained
momentum when the ban on political parties and activities was lifted in April 1990. That
same month, the prime minister resigned, the Council of Ministers and the Rashtriya
Panchayat (National Panchayat, or Parliament) were dissolved, and talks with the opposition
were begun. A multiparty interim government replaced the panchayat system. The king
nominated a four-member council, established a Constitution Recommendation Commission,
and announced that he would begin an official inquiry into the deaths that had resulted from
the prodemocracy demonstrations. In mid-May, a general amnesty was declared for all
political prisoners. A draft constitution was announced in the summer of 1990. King Birendra
wanted the draft amended to give him more leverage, but subsequent negotiations did not
yield as much as he desired. In November 1990, the king finally approved and promulgated a
new, more democratic constitution that vested sovereignty in the people.
The panchayat system finally ended in May 1991, when general elections, deemed "generally
fair, free, and open" by an international election inspection team, were held. Approximately
65 percent of the populace voted. Although more than forty political parties registered with
the election commission, only twenty political parties--mostly small, communist splinter
groups--were on the ballot. The Nepali Congress Party won 110 of the 205 seats in the House
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of Representatives, and the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) won 69
seats. Previously operating in exile and behind the scenes, the various communist and other
parties and coalitions became a powerful presence in the newly constituted bicameral
Parliament. Nepal continued its gradual move toward a multiparty democracy.
Prodemocracy protests continued unabated. Demonstrations were held on February 18, 1992,
the second anniversary of the founding of the prodemocracy movement. In early April 1992,
rival student groups clashed, and communist and leftist opposition groups called for a general
strike as a response to double digit inflation and a more than 60 percent increase in water and
electricity tariffs. As a result of skirmishes between the police and demonstrators, a curfew
was imposed. In addition, the government banned primary and secondary schoolteachers
from political activities and from joining or campaigning for political parties.
Elections to the village development committees and municipalities were held in late May
1992; the elections pitted the various communist factions and other parties against the Nepali
Congress Party administration of Prime Minister Girija Prasad (G.P.) Koirala. More than
90,000 civilian and security personnel were assigned to safeguard the elections. In contrast to
the May 1991 parliamentary election, the Nepali Congress Party routed the communists in the
urban areas and even made some gains in the rural areas. The Nepali Congress Party won 331
positions, or 56 percent of the seats, in the municipalities; the Communist Party of Nepal
(United Marxist-Leninist) won 119 seats, or 20 percent of the seats; and other lesser parties
won the remainder of the seats. In newly established village development committees, the
Nepali Congress Party won 21,461 positions; the Communist Party of Nepal (United MarxistLeninist) won 11,175 seats.
Although Nepal emerged as a democratic form of political system in 1990’s, the power of
royal politics under king Gyanendra, was the head of the state still, and the final authority.
This form of political pattern of Nepal witnessed a number of peoples’ movements under the
leadership of various communist groups. King Gyanendra had to confront with the Maoists’
uprising in the country. He tried to control the People’s Movement but did not succeed. In
Nov 2005, the Maoists joined hands with the other political parties and signed a 12-Point
Agreement between SPA and CPN (M). Nepalese people fought for several years to establish
democracy and finally in April 2000, the powers of king came to an end. The Unified
Communist Party of Nepal UCPN (M) believed in the ideology of Mao, the leader of Chinese
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revolution. Maoists’ were followers of communalism which wanted to establish rule of
peasants and workers. They opposed King Gyanandra’s monarchial dictatorship. Several
European powers removed the CPN (M) from their government’s terrorists list.
In 2005, the CPN (M) sought a different strategy of seeking permanent peace accords while
forming a pro democratic alliance with several other political parties. It was an opposition to
the monarchical dictatorship of the King.
New constitution was written to establish
democracy. Actually they did not want to continue the previous constitution. In April 2006,
the King restored the Third Parliament and asked parties to form a government, in 2007.
In early 2008 CPN (M) won the largest votes in Nepalese Constituent Assembly. Maoists
announced ‘People’s War’ on Feb 13, 1996. They gave slogan ‘"Let us march ahead on the
path of struggle towards establishing the people's rule by wreaking the reactionary ruling
system of state." CPN (M) chairman Prachanda was elected as Prime Minister in Aug, 2008.
Young Communist League (YCL) played an active role in mobilizing the people for the
movement. Senior Maoist leader, Mohan Vaidya (Kiran) says ‘Just as Marxism was born in
Germany, Leninism in Russia and Maoism in China, Prachanda Path is Nepal’s identity of
revolution’.
Women, young students and many other people from different groups joined the struggle
Maoists were also supported by South Asian Organizations Strikes were declared. Security
forces were unable to control, as the people gathered to restore democracy.
24th April, 2004 was the last day of ultimatum. The king accepted 3 demands to the people.
1. Restoration of Parliament
2. Powers to all party governments
3. New Constituent Assembly
SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister. April 1, 2007- a new
government was formed in which 5 Maoists party leaders sworn in, but due to the rejection of
CPN (M) they resigned the demand to give priority to the Constituent Assembly. In the next
election they planned to abolish monarchy. April 10, 2008 CPN (M) gained 30% votes. In
16th AUG., 2008 Mr Prachanda was sworn in as Prime Minister of Nepal. He resigned on 4
May, 2009. This government again resigned and then 7 months coalition of CPN (M) and
(UML) formed Nepal Parliament. They elected Jhala Nath Khanan as the Chairman of the
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CPN. So the struggle of the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to other democrats of the
World.
RELATION BETWEEN- DEMOCRACY, MASS MOBILIZATION AND POPULAR
MOVEMENTS
Democracy
The term ‘Democracy’ comes from the Greek (Demokratia) means ‘Rule of the
People’.’Demos’ mean ‘People’ and ‘Kratos’ means ‘power’. Abrahim Lincoln defined
democracy as the “government of the people, for the people and by the people”. It means that
citizens choose their representatives to form the government. The government would work
for the collective interest of the people. All people participate in the decision making,
proposal and developments. It also covers social, economic and cultural conditions. In this all
people are equal to practice their right and political self determinations.
Source -www.india.wikia.com
Mass mobilisation to end discrimination.
These pictures show the equal right to vote.
Mass mobilization
Mass mobilization (also known as social mobilization or popular mobilization) refers to
mobilization of civilian population as part of contentious politics. Mass mobilization is often
used by grassroots-based social movements, including revolutionary movements, but can also
become a tool of elites and the state itself. The process usually takes the form of large public
gatherings such as mass meetings, marches, parades, processions and demonstrations. Those
gatherings usually are part of a protest action.
Mass mobilization usually starts in places where individuals have significant ties to their
communities (peasant villages, urban craft and worker guilds and labor unions, or religious
communities). News or rumors of political change (or political opportunity) are common
triggers for mass mobilization, which aim is to call attention to economic distresses of the
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community. Peasant rebellions are an example of such an occurrence. The extent to which
mass mobilization is organized versus spontaneous and the extent to which it relies on reason
versus emotions are still debated by scholars. Informal mass mobilization is Popular
Movement.
The Popular Movement
Movement which is popular among masses is known as ‘Popular Movement’. Struggle in
Bolivia was for one specific issue but struggle in Nepal was for the foundation of democracy
in Nepal.
Democracy evolves through popular struggles. Sometimes significant decisions were taken.
For example in 1957, a Conservative Liberal party was established by Berbar Caid
Mahajoubi with the help of Dr Abdelkrim at Khatib. Later he founded a separate party.
(Morocco)
ROLE PLAYED BY ‘PEOPLE’ IN THE STRUGGLE
AND EXPRESSION OF DEMOCRACY
People’s movement described in many forms of collective actions like –Narmada Bache
Angolan, Movement for rights to information, Anti Liquor Movement, Women’s Movement
etc. Movements also attempt to influence politics. Nepalese Movement for Democracy arose
with the specific objectives to restore democracy.Indian National Movement also led in the
restoration of Democracy.
I. VARIOUS POPULAR
MOVEMENTS
WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
Women individually or collectively struggled to bring about changes in the society. This
struggle is known as ‘Women’s Movement’. Individual women and women organizations
form different parts of the country are part of the movement.
Feminism is
a
collection
of movements aimed
at
defining,
establishing,
and
defending equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for women.
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Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues. Feminists are "persons whose beliefs and
behavior are based on feminism."
Feminist activists campaign for women's rights – such as in contract law, property,
and voting – while also promoting bodily integrity and autonomy and reproductive rights for
women. Feminist campaigns have changed societies, particularly in the West, by
achieving women's suffrage, gender neutrality in English, equal pay for women, reproductive
rights for women and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Feminists have
struggled to protect women and girls from domestic violence, sexual harassment. They have
also advocated for workplace rights, including maternity leave, and against forms
of discrimination against women.
The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three "waves" Each
wave
dealt
with
different
aspects
of
the
same
feminist
issues.
The first
wave comprised women's suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, promoting women's right to vote. The second wave was associated with the ideas
and actions of the women's liberation movement beginning in the 1960s. The second wave
campaigned for legal and social equality for women. The third wave is a continuation of, and
a reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s.
Nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
First-wave feminism was a period of activity during the nineteenth century and early
twentieth century. In the U.K. and U.S., it focused on the promotion of equal contract,
marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. By the end of the nineteenth century,
activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of
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women's suffrage, though some feminists were active in campaigning for women's
sexual, reproductive, and economic rights at this time.
Mid-twentieth century
Second-wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960 and continuing to
the present and it coexists with third-wave feminism. Second wave feminism is largely
concerned with issues of equality other than suffrage, such as ending discrimination
Second-wave feminists see women's cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked
and encourage women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and
as reflecting power structures.
Second and third-wave feminism in China has been characterized by a re-examination of
women's roles during the communist revolution and other reform movements, and new
discussions about whether women's equality has actually been fully achieved
Late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries
In the early 1990s in the USA, third-wave feminism began as a response to perceived failures
of the second wave and to the backlash against initiatives and movements created by the
second wave. Third-wave feminists often focus on "micro-politics" and challenge the second
wave's Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave, such as Gloria Anzaldua, bell hooks,
Chela Sandoval, Cherrie Moraga, Audre Lorde, Maxine Hong Kingston, and many other
black feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of racerelated subjectivities
Since the 1980s standpoint feminists have argued that the feminist movement should address
global issues and culturally specific in order to understand how gender inequality interacts
with racism, homophobia, classism and colonization in a "matrix of domination. Third-wave
feminism also contains internal debates between difference feminists, who believe that there
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are important differences between the sexes, and those who believe that there are no inherent
differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to social conditioning
Women holding demonstration for proper Public Distribution system
Source-The Hindu 16.12.2011
Women from different parts of the world played an important role in social, economic,
political and environmental movements
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Definition- Charles Tilly defines social movements as a series of contentious performances,
displays and campaigns by which ordinary people made collective claims on others. Sidney
Tarrow defines social movements as collective challenges [to elites, authorities, other groups
or cultural codes] by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactions
with elites, opponents and authorities.
Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of
individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues. It is sometimes
argued that the freedom of expression, education and relative economic independence
prevalent in the modern Western culture is responsible for the unprecedented number and
scope of various contemporary social movements. However others point out that many of the
social movements of the last hundred years grew up, like the Mau Mau in Kenya, to oppose
Western colonialism. Either way, social movements have been and continued to be closely
connected with democratic political systems. Occasionally social movements have been
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involved in democratizing nations, but more often they have flourished after democratization.
Over the past 200 years, they have become part of a popular and global expression of dissent.
Modern movements often utilize technology and internet to mobilize people globally.
Adapting to communication trends is a common theme among successful movements.
American Civil Rights Movement is one of the most famous social movements in the 20th
century. Here, Martin Luther King is giving his "I Have a Dream" speech, in front of the
Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 Freedom change. In the post-war period, women's rights,
gay rights, peace, civil rights, anti-nuclear and environmental movements emerged, often
dubbed the Social Change.
Types of social movements.
Sociologists distinguish between several types of social movements: They have classified that
movement based on their characteristics:
a. Reform Movement - Movements advocating changing some norms or laws. Examples of
such movements would include a trade union with a goal of increasing workers rights, a
green movement advocating a set of ecological laws.
b. Radical movement - Movements dedicated to change the value systems in a fundamental
way. Examples would include the American Civil Rights Movement which demanded full
civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans, regardless of race.

Type of change:
a. Innovation Movement - Movements which want to introduce or change particular norms,
values, etc.
b. Conservative Movement - Movements which want to preserve existing norms, values,
etc. For example, the anti-technology 19th century Luddites movement

Targets:
a. Group-focus movements - focused on affecting groups or society in general, for example,
advocating the change of the political system. Some of these groups
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b. Transform into or join a political party, but many remain outside the reformist party
political system.
c. Individual-focused movements - focused on affecting individuals. Most religious
movements would fall under this category.

Methods of work:
a. Peaceful Movements - Various movements which use nonviolent means of protest as part
of a campaign of nonviolent resistance, also often called civil resistance. The American
Civil Rights movement, Polish Solidarity. Violent movements - various movements
which resort to violence; they are usually armed and in extreme cases can take a form of a
paramilitary or terrorist organization. Examples: the Rote Armee Fraktion, Al-Qaida.

Old and new social movements:
a. Old Movements - movements for change have existed for many centuries. Most of the
oldest recognized movements, dating to late 18th and 19th centuries, fought for specific
social groups. New movements - movements which became dominant from the second half of
the 20th century - like the feminist movement, pro-choice movement, civil rights movement,
environmental movement.

Range:
 Global Movements - social movements with global (transnational) objectives and goals.
Movements such as the First (where Marx and Bakunin met), Second, Third and Fourth
Internationals, the World Social Forum, the Peoples' Global Action and the Anarchist
movement seek to change society at a global level.
 Local Movements - most of the social movements have a local scope. They are focused
on local or regional objectives, such as protecting a specific natural area etc.
Source: http:india.wikia.com
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Social movements occur in liberal and authoritarian societies but in different forms. For
example, American Civil Rights Movement grew on the reaction to black woman, Rosa
Parks, riding in the whites-only section of the bus (although she was not acting alone or
spontaneously—typically activist leaders lay the foundation of movements in USA. For
example: Rosa Park refused to give up her seat in a bus to a white man on 1st December,
1955. Her refusal on that day started a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which
African – Americans were treated and that came to be known as Civil Rights Movement Act
of 1964. This Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin. It
stated school would be open to African –American children and they would no longer attend
separate schools.
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS
A political movement is a social movement in the area of politics. A political movement
may be organized around a single issue or a set of issues, or around a set of shared concerns
of a social group. In contrast with a political party, a political movement is not organized to
elect members of the movement to government office; instead, a political movement aims to
convince citizens and/or government officers to take action on the issues and concerns which
are the focus of the movement.
Political movements are expressions of the struggle of a social group for the political space
and benefits. The political movements are presented by non-state groups who are led by their
élites. In fact the process of the construction of identities and reinforcing them is also a part
of political movements.
Types of Political Movements: local, regional, national, or international
GLOBALISATION –AN ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
Globalization: A new type of political movement emerges that is not merely international or
single-issue focused, but is characterized with global approach.
This has been termed a global citizens movement.
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS
The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green politics, is a
diverse scientific, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues.
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The US environmental movement emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century,
with two key strands: preservationist such as John Muir wanted land and nature set aside for
its own sake, while conservationists such as Gifford Pinchot wanted to manage natural
resources for human use. Among the early protectionists that stood out as leaders in the
movement was Henry David Thoreau, John Muir and George Perkins Marsh. Thoreau was
concerned about the wildlife in Massachusetts; he wrote Life in the Woods. He studied the
wildlife from a cabin. John Muir founded the Sierra Club, one of the largest conservation
organizations in the United States. Marsh was influential with regard to the need for resource
conservation. Muir was instrumental in the creation of the world's first National Park at
Yellowstone in 1872.
In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm,
and for the first time. UN Environment Program. The United States also passed new
legislation such as the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, and
the National Environmental Policy Act – Which had the foundations for current
environmental standards.
By the mid-1970s anti-nuclear activism had moved beyond local protests and politics to gain
a wider appeal and influence. Although it lacked a single co-ordination organization the antinuclear movement's efforts gained a great deal of attention. In the aftermath of the Three Mile
Island accident in 1979, many mass demonstrations took place in America. The largest one
was held in New York City in September 1979 and involved two hundred thousand people;
speeches were given by Jane Fonda and Ralph Nader.
Social and Environmental Movements play an important role in bringing Public Welfare.
Environment Movement is a label for a large number of organizations and issue specific
movements. All these have separate organizations, independent leadership etc.
In the United States today, the organized environmental movement is represented by a wide
range of organizations sometimes called non-governmental organizations or NGOs. These
organizations exist on local, national, and international scales. Environmental NGOs vary
widely in political views and in the amount they seek to influence the environmental policy
of the United States and other governments.
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POLLUTION DUE TO INDUSTRIES
CHIPKO MOVEMENT
Source - india.wikia.com
CHIPKO MOVEMENT
The Chipko movement or Chipko Andolan (literally "to cling" in Hindi) is a socialecological movement that follow the Gandhian methods of Satyagraha and Non-violent
resistance, through the act of hugging trees to protect them from falling. The modern Chipko
movement started in the early 1970s in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, with
growing awareness towards rapid deforestation. A group of peasant women in Reni village,
Hemwalghati, in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India, acted to prevent the cutting of trees
and reclaim their traditional forest rights that were threatened by the contractor system of the
State Forest Department. Their actions inspired hundreds of such actions at the grassroots
level throughout the region. By the 1980s the movement had spread throughout India and led
to formulation of people-sensitive forest policies, which put a stop to the open felling of trees
in regions as far reaching as Vindhyas and the Western Ghats.
The first recorded event of Chipko however, took place in village Khejarli, Jodhpur district,
in 1730 AD, when 363 Bishnois, led by Amrita Devi sacrificed their lives while protecting
green Khejri trees, considered sacred by the community, by hugging them, and braved the
axes of loggers sent by the local ruler, today it is seen an inspiration. In 1987 the Chipko
Movement was awarded the Right Livelihood Award.
ADIVASIS (TRIBAL) MOVEMENT
Adivasis led their movement for their rights like the adivasi activists who were forcibly
displaced from their traditional land. C.K.Janu in Wayned District, Kerala an activist pointed
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out the government, where non-tribal encrochers like timber merchants, paper mills etc
exploit tribal land. After a long popular struggle, government had to pass a law to punish
those people.
Junglistan Source:http://india.wikia.com/wiki/
Suffering tribal women raised their voice against the government decisions
‘Save jungle’ movement starts, known as ‘JUNGLISTAN’.
"To symbolize this struggle for the safety of our forests, we are asking people to become
citizens of a virtual land called Junglistan - the country of the forests – and pledge to protect
it from mining and show the government that we want our forests to remain intact, '' says
Preethi Herman, Climate and Energy Campaigner, Greenpeace India.
Organizations’ play an active role in Junglistan. Students start to play on this topic.
Newspapers highlighted and encouraged people to understand the importance of jungle and
jungles.
III RELATION BETWEEN POPULAR MOVEMENTS AND POLITICAL PARTIES
Political Parties are formed for specific aim .But some Movements which are popular can be
successful as the political parties join them. Political Parties are born out of Popular
Movements. Many such groups take the shape of political parties and they contest elections,
for example Assam Movement led by students to drive out of the ‘Foreigners’ and party
Asom Gana Parishad was formed. DMK and ADMK are also result of Social Reform
Movement in Tamil Nadu.


They try to influence the media for giving more attention to these issues.
They organize protest activities like strikes or disrupting government programmes. For
example- Workers Organizations’ and Employees Associations.
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



Some people from the pressure groups may participate in official bodies and committees
that offer advice to the government.
Movements seek to exert influences on political parties; so relation between Popular
Movements and Political parties may be direct or indirect.
Pressure groups may be led by leader of political parties.
Movement groups raise new issues that have taken up by political parties. So new
leadership of political parties comes from interest of Movement groups.

Bolivian Movement was supported by Socialist Party. In 2006 this party came into
power.

The Nepalese movement for democracy arose with specific objectives. SPA, Nepalese
Communist Parties and many other organizations join the movement.
People’s movement to describe many forms of collective action: A movement also attempts
to influence politics. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. They depend much
more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.More general or generic
movements that seek to achieve a broad goal in the very long term.The Nepalese movement
for democracy arose with the specific objective of reversing the King’s orders that led to
suspension of democracy. It became a wider movement. The environmental movement and
the women’s movement are examples of such movements. Environmental movement is a
label for a large number of organisations and issue-specific movements.
Movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways
They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and their activities by carrying
information campaigns, organizing meetings, filing petitions etc. Some people from pressure
groups or movement groups may participate in official bodies and committees that offer
advice to the government.In some instances, the pressure groups are either formed or led by
the leaders of political parties. Most of the leaders of such pressure groups are usually
activists and leaders of party. Sometimes political parties grow out of movements. For
example, when the Assam movement led by students against the ‘foreigners’ came to an end,
it led to the formation of the Asom Gana Parishad. The roots of parties like the DMK and
the AIADMK in Tamil Nadu can be traced to a long-drawn social reform movement during
the 1930s and 1940s.Movement groups have raised new issues that have been taken up by
political parties. Most of the new leadership of political parties comes from interest or
movement groups.
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WORK SHEET S
WORKSHEET -1
1 Match the following
May 18 declared as.
1. Jan Andolan II
In Bolivia access to piped water decreased
2. SPA
Reinstitution of Parliament was accepted by Day
3. Loktantrik
In Nepal Movement referred to as
4. 70% TO 40 %
On 19thJan 2006 a settlement reached 5. Government of Bolivia
between_________and Augus del Tunar
Multiple Choose Questions
2. The ‘Seven Party Alliance ‘was formed by_________
(a) Maoist insurgent
(b) Non govt organization
(c) Major political parties
(d) local people
3. What was the struggle of the people of Bolivia
(a) Monarchy
(b) Poverty
(c) Unemployment
(d) Privatization of water
4 What was the Bolivian protest called?
(a) Bolivian war
(b) Bolivia’s water war
(c) Water for Bolivia
(d) Bolivian crisis
5 Constitution of India came into force on __________
(a) 26 Jan 1940
(b) 26 Jan 1950
(c) 26 Jan 1960
(d) 26 Jan 1930
6 Water works of Cochabamba were controlled by the _________ agency SEMAPA
(a) National
(b) Political
(c) Social
(d) State
WRITE ANSWERS OF THESE QUESTIONS
1
Name any two popular movements
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2
Differentiate between long term and short term movement
3
What do you know about Bolivia’s water war?
WORKSHEET II
Write short Answers
1. Who was the founder of UPCN (M)?
2. Give full form of UPCN (M)
3. Why was the 12 Point Agreement created between Seven Party Alliance and Maoist rebel
in Delhi?
4.
Who says?
‘Just as Marxism was born on Germany, Leninism in Russia and Maoism in China, the
Parchanda Path is as Nepal’s identity of revolution.
5. After more than seven months of political grid lock what type of government was formed
in Nepal?
6. Who are Maoists?
7. Who said ‘’Let us march ahead on the path of struggle towards establishing the people’s
rule by weakening the reactionary ruling system of state.”
8. Who was the first P.M of Nepal?
9. Write 2 similarities between Bolivia Water War and Nepalese Movement
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10. How were the Movements of Nepal and Bolivia Water War different from each other?
11. What do you know about UCPN?
12. Who are Maoists? How did they influence the govt. of Nepal?
13. Write in brief about the movement for democracy in Nepal
WORKSHEET III
1. Form of government in which all people have an equal say in the decision that effect
their lives.
2. Mobilisation of Civilian Population as part of Contentious politics? Movement that is
very popular among masses.
Multiple Choose Questions
Democracy evolves through_________
(a) Popular struggles
(b) Significant decision
(c) Popular demand
(d) Shared feelings
3 The Maoists aims in the ‘PEOPLE’S WAR’ are to establish _______ in Nepal.
4
(a)Peoples Democracy
(b) Dictatorship ‘
(c) Monarchy
(d) Aristocracy
The sixth five year plan declares ____________ ‘Parties in development ‘.
(a) Men
(b) Women
(c) Children
(d) None
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5
Civil Rights Act on employment passed in __________
(a) 1934
(b) 1954
(c) 1964
(d) 1944
Answer these questions
6
Give full form of (AIWC).
7
Write any two achievements due to Women’s Movements
8 How are popular struggles undertaken in a democracy?
9 Define democracy. Is this running successfully in your country? If not give name of
a country where it is running successfully.
WORKSHEET-IV
1. Write different Stages of Social Movement and draw diagram relate to it
2. Mau Mau in __________ opposes Western Colonisation.
(a) Japan
(b) Kenya
(c) England
(d) China
3. What are group focus movements?
4. Give example-one of the most famous social movements of the 20th c.
5. Differentiate between Reform and Radical Movement.
6. In a democracy several different kinds of organizations work behind any big struggle. How
can people influence the govt. to listen to them?
7. What kind of role played by people struggle in expression of democracy?
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CBSE-i
CLASS- X- POLITICAL SCIENCE
STUDENTS’ MANUAL
8. Differentiate between Old and New movements. Explain with examples.
It runs successfully?
WORKSHEET V
1. Write the aim of Political Movements.
2. Write examples of different Political Movements.
3. What do you mean by Political Movement?
4. Define Globilisation.
5. How did organizations in a democracy mobilize movements?
WORKSHEET VI
Fill in the blanks
1. Assom Movement led by students and formed by___________________.
2. Two parties DMK and AIADMK RESULT OF ______________Movement.
3. Relation between Popular Movement and Political Parties may be __________or indirect.
4. What was Chipko Movement?
5. Do you think Environmental Movement play an important role in bringing Public Welfare
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CBSE-i
CLASS- X- POLITICAL SCIENCE
STUDENTS’ MANUAL
References

General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions: Honour Nepali Sentiment; Continue
support to Jana Andolan II

Sengupta, Somini (25 April 2006). "In a Retreat, Nepal's King Says He Will Reinstate
Parliament". The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/world/asia/25nepal.html?hp&ex=1146024000&en=
8fe71bf94d2a73c8&ei=5094&partner=homepage.

"Full text: King Gyanendra's speech". BBC. 24 April 2006.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4940876.stm.

PBS program NOW on the Water Wars

"Bechtel battles against dirt-poor Bolivia: Nation severed water deal after hefty rate
increases led to protests"

"Cochabamba's Water Rebellion -- and Beyond" February 11, 2001 San Francisco
Chronicle

The Cochabamba Water Wars: Marcela Olivera Reflects on the Tenth Anniversary

Olivera, Oscar, "The voice of the People can dilute corporate power". Wednesday
July 19, 2006 The Guardian

S .Chand’s-cce manual

R Gupta and M Arora-Inspiration

NCERT Text books

Web source -http://india.wikia.com/wiki/
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