Investigations in Mathematics Learning Official Journal of The Research Council on Mathematics Learning TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 5, Number 3 - - Spring 2013 Activity Approach to the Formation of the Method of Addition and Subtraction in Elementary Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 8 L.K. Maksimov, Volgograd State Advanced Training Academy, Volgograd, Russia L.V. Maksimova, Volgograd State Advanced Training Academy, Volgograd, Russia Abstract One of the main tasks in teaching mathematics to elementary students is to form calculating methods and techniques. The efforts of teachers and methodologists are aimed at solving this problem. Educational and psychological research is devoted to it. New scientific and methodological recommendations on improving the methods of oral and written calculations are now being developed and introduced, and optimal methods of teaching relevant topic in mathematics are being sought. Writing about the History of Mathematics as a Means for Growth in Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 24 Kelli M. Slaten, University of North Carolina, Wilmington Abstract The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore students’ self-reported growth of mathematical understanding resulting from writing about the historical development of a mathematical concept. Using excerpts from undergraduate students’ written reflections about their experiences with the task of writing about mathematics, this study describes three emergent themes concerning how these students explicitly assessed their own learning: selfawareness of initial understanding, learning from the task of writing, and deeper understanding of mathematics. The results indicate that writing about the historical development of mathematics encouraged students to acknowledge their existing mathematical understanding as well as extend or develop new understandings. Furthermore, writing about mathematics can serve as a viable assessment of individual student learning and provide insight into what students understand independent of formal assessment based on procedural skills. Problem Solving Concretely with the Word Like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 - 43 Sean Yee, California State University, Fullerton Abstract While the average teenager’s conversation may seem inundated with the word like, in the mathematics classroom, teenagers use it with purpose. Linguists study the word like to understand and categorize comparative statements. By overlapping linguistics and Investigations in Mathematics Learning Official Journal of The Research Council on Mathematics Learning mathematics education within the frame of cognitive science, this study found that high school students do not use the word like arbitrarily. Its use within conceptual-metaphor analysis (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003; 1980) suggests a specific purpose within mathematical problem solving. This interdisciplinary study identifies distinctions in high school students’ use of the word like. Specifically, students predominantly used the word like in a concrete manner to aid in conceptualization. This article offers practical indicators for teachers to improve students’ ability to solve mathematics problems. Closing the Math Gap of Native American Students Identified as Learning Disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 - 59 Judith Hankes, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh Stacey Skoning, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh Gerald Fast, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh Loretta Mason-Williams, Binghamton University This article serves as an overview of activities and selected assessment findings of a threeyear research study titled, Closing the Mathematics Achievement Gap of Native American Students Identified as Learning Disabled Project (CMAG Project). Methods used were problem-based, consistent with those of Cognitively Guided Instruction, and culturally relevant. Teachers who participated in the study taught students in special education and inclusive education classrooms at grade kindergarten through twelve. Findings of this study documented significant learning gains of the target students. Three classroom vignettes provide examples of project classrooms.