Community Health Global Network (CHGN)
Uttarakhand Disability Situation Analysis
Sana-e-Zehra Haidry (310730)
The University of Melbourne
Acknowledgement
This report is a compilation of information collected from variety of resources. It aims to
create awareness about the current situation regarding disabilities amongst the people of /
member cluster organizations of Community Health Global Network (CHGN) of
Uttarakhand.
2
Table of Content
1. Introduction
2. Uttarakhand Health & Population Policy
3. Background
Definition and Classification of Disability
4. Prevalence
Distribution Of Pwds In India And Predominant Forms Of Disability
Socio-Economic Profiling
5. Stake Holders
Stakeholder Categories
6. Legislation
Policies For Disability In India
7. Health Of Pwds
Causes Of Disability In India
Age Of Onset Of Disability:
Use Of Health Services By Pwd
Factors Affecting Pwd Access To Health Care
8. Education Of Pwds
9. Employement Of Pwds
10. Service Providers And Services Available1
11. References/Resources
12. Annexure
Profile of Non-Governmental Organizations of/for Persons with
Disabilities
1
Who engage in disability specific activities and/or are working on mainstreaming disability into their
activities
3
INTRODUCTION
Uttarakhand, formerly part of Uttarpardesh became the 27th state of the Republic of India
on November 9, 2000. Most of the northern parts of the state are part of Greater
Himalayan ranges, covered by the high Himalayan peaks and glaciers. According to
Census 2001, the total population of Uttarakhand is 8,489,349 and out of this 194769
persons are living with disability. The Department of Social Welfare is the concerned
authority for the welfare of People with Disability (PWD) in Uttarakhand.
{http://punarbhava.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=593&Itemid=549}
UTTARAKHAND HEALTH & POPULATION POLICY
Policy Objectives
4
To address the health issuses of Uttarakhand, Government formulated a comprehensive,
integrated, state-specific health and population policy. Many of these policy targets are
related to the disability prevention.
Health Objectives

Eradicate polio by 2007.

Reduce the level of leprosy to below 1 per 10,000 population by December 2007
(Uttarakhand has achieved P/R -0.72/10000)

Reduce mortality from tuberculosis, malaria, and other vector and water-borne
diseases by 50 percent by 2010.

Reduce prevalence of blindness from around 1 to 0.3 percent by 2010.

Reduce Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) by 50 percent of the present level by
2010.

Reduce RTIs to below 10 percent among men and women by 2007.

Increase awareness on HIV/AIDS.
In the 11th five year plan (2007-2012) the objective of Directorate of Medical Health &
Family Welfare is "Health for All".
Under this

To provide medical heath services in states remotest and disadvantaged blocks
3080 new subcenters will be established 275 new PHCs 35 new CHCs

Apart from the above in district Bageshwar and Champawat specialist hospitals
will be established.

To reduce neo natal mortality, neo natal intensive care units will be established in
all districts, in order to reduce neo natal mortality.

To establish & strengthen emergency services in 10 district hospitals situated in
national road routes in order to respond to road accidents and natural disasters.
Further, it is proposed to establish 5 new blood banks.

To strengthen paramedical staff and to train nurses, a nursing institute will be
established in Dehradun.
5

To serve difficult and disadvantaged areas 10 Mobile Hospital Vans will be
acquired.
BACKGROUND
The term “persons with disabilities” applies to all persons who have long-term physical,
mental, intellectual or sensory impairments that, in the face of various negative attitudes
or physical obstacles, may prevent those persons from participating fully in society.
However, this is not an exhaustive definition of those who may claim protection under
the Convention; nor does this definition exclude broader categories of persons with
disabilities found in national law, including persons with short-term disabilities or
persons who had disabilities in the past.
A person with disabilities may be regarded as such in one society or setting, but not in
another. In most parts of the world, there are deep and persistent negative stereotypes and
prejudices against persons with certain conditions and differences. These attitudes
determine who is considered to be a person with a disability and perpetuate the negative
image of persons with disabilities. The language used to refer to persons with disabilities
plays a significant role in creating and maintaining negative stereotypes. Terms such as
“crippled” or “mentally retarded” are clearly derogative. Others, such as “wheelchairbound,” emphasize the disability rather than the person. Historically, society has often
failed to use the terms that persons with disabilities use to define themselves or has
forced people to define themselves using terms with which they are uncomfortable.
Approximately 10 per cent of the world’s population lives with a disability—the world’s
largest minority. This number is increasing because of population growth, medical
advances and the ageing process (WHO). It is estimated that 20 per cent of the world’s
poorest people have a disability and tend to be regarded in their own communities as the
most disadvantaged (World Bank). Disability rates are significantly higher among groups
with lower educational attainment in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). On average, 19 per cent of less-educated people
have disabilities, compared to 11 per cent among better-educated people (OECD).
6
Mortality for children with disabilities may be as high as 80 per cent in countries where
under-five mortality, as a whole, has fallen to below 20 per cent. In some cases, it seems
as if disabled children are being “weeded out.” (Department for International
Development, United Kingdom)
Definition and Classification of Disability
India ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on October 1,
2007. The drafters of this Convention were clear that disability should be seen as the
result of the interaction between a person and his/her environment, that disability is not
something that resides in the individual as the result of some impairment. This
Convention recognizes that disability is an evolving concept and that legislation may be
adapted to reflect positive changes within society. Persons with Disabilities in India are
defined according to The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of
Rights and Full Participation) Act of 1995 and are identified in seven categories of
disability:
1. Blindness
Refers to a condition where a person suffers from any of the following conditions,
namely:

Total absence of sight

Visual acuity not exceeding 6/60 or 20/200 (Snellen) in the better eye with
correcting lenses

Limitation of the field of vision subtending an angle of 20 degree or worse
2. Low Vision

"Person with low vision" means a person with impairment of visual functioning
even after treatment or standard refractive correction but who uses or is
potentially capable of using vision for the planning or execution of a task with
appropriate assistive device.
7

3. Leprosy-cured
Means any person who has been cured of leprosy but is suffering from

Loss of sensation in hands or feet as well as loss of sensation and paresis in the
eye and eye-lid but with no manifest deformity

Manifest deformity and paresis but having sufficient mobility in their hands and
feet to enable them to engage in normal economic activity

Extreme physical deformity as well as advanced age which prevents him from
undertaking any gainful occupation, and the expression "leprosy cured" shall be
construed accordingly
4. Hearing Impairment

Loss of sixty decibels or more in the better ear in the conversational range of
frequencies
5. Locomotor/Movement Disability

Means disability of the bones, joints or muscles leading to substantial restriction
of the movement of the limbs or any form of cerebral palsy
6. Intellectually Disabled

Means a conduction of arrested or incomplete development of mind of a person
which is specially characterized by sub-normality of the intelligence
7. Mental Illness

Means any mental disorder other than intellectually disabled
This act provides for both preventive and promotional aspects of rehabilitation like
education, employment and vocational training, job reservation, research and manpower
development, creation of barrier-free environment, rehabilitation of persons with
8
disability, unemployment allowance for the disabled, special insurance scheme for the
disabled employees and establishment of homes for persons with severe disability etc.
India follows a twin track approach in dealing with disabilities. A twin track approach
is the leading strategy in making development inclusive to people with disabilities. It is
essential in meeting the Millennium Development Goals and protecting disabled people’s
rights. A twin track approach to disability asks for specific action in policies to support
people with disabilities, in addition to mainstream attention for disability in all policy
areas. The global numbers on disabled people that are officially put forward by the World
Health Organisation (WHO) and UNESCO are alarming. Alongside mainstream attention
for disability, special attention for people with disabilities in development co-operation is
essential to meet the Millennium Development Goals in 2015. Moreover, the twin track
approach assures protection of disabled people’s human rights.
PREVALENCE
Distribution of PWDs in India and Predominant forms of disability
As per the 2001 census more than 21 million people (i.e. 2.1% of population) are
suffering from disabilities in India. 12.6 million males and 9.3 million females. Among
the five types of disabilities on which data has been collected, 48.5% were visual of the
reminders 27.9% were related to movement, 10.3% were related to mental, 7.5% to
speech and 5.8% to hearing. The disabled by sex follow a similar pattern except for that
the proportion of disabled females is higher in the category in seeing and in hearing.
Across the country, the highest number of disabled has been reported from the state
of Uttar Pradesh (3.6 million). 194,769 PWDs were recorded in Uttarakhand
including visual 85,668, speech 16,749, hearing 15,990, movement 56,474 and mental
19,888. Significant numbers of disabled have also been reported from the state like Bihar
(1.9 million), West Bengal (1.8million), Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra (1.6 million each).
Tamil Nadu is the only state, which has a higher number of disabled females than males.
9
Among the states, Arunachal Pradesh has the highest proportion of disabled males
(66.6%) and lowest proportion of female disabled. Status of disability in India as per
various variables is well depicted through these graphs (http://punarbhava.in/):
10
11
Socio-economic profiling
12
Disabled people also have significantly lower employment rates than average, and this
gap has been increasing over the past 15 years. The large majority of PWD in India are
capable of productive work. Despite this fact, the employment rate of disabled people is
lower (about 60 percent on average) than in the general population, with the gap
widening in the 1990s. Those in rural areas and the better educated (those with post
graduate education or vocational training) have relatively better prospects of employment
relative to other disabled people. People with certain types of disabilities, e.g. hearing,
speech and locomotor disabilities, and those with disability since birth also have better
chances of employment. Mental illness and particularly mental retardation have a strong
negative impact on the probability of being employed, even in cases where such
disabilities are not severe. Public sector initiatives have had only very marginal impact on
employment outcomes for disabled people.
STAKE HOLDERS
Any person, group or organization that is affected by or affects the structure and
operations related to disabilities, are stakeholders.
Stakeholder Categories

Consumer and family groups
Representatives or associations of persons with disabilities and their families, mutual help
groups, advocacy organizations representing the interests of people with disabilities.

General health workers
Representatives from different types of general health facilities, as well as trade unions
and other organizations that represent their interests.

Providers
Managers and administrators of public and private services and institutions concerned
with disabilities.

Government agencies
13
Including heads of government and ministries of internal affairs, finance, trade and
industry, justice, police, health, education, employment (labour), environment, housing,
and social welfare, and local governments, municipalities and parliaments.

Academic institutions
Especially those that train psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, social workers, other
health professionals and technicians.

Professional associations
Such as those of psychiatrists, psychologists, general practitioners, nurses, occupational
therapists and social workers. - Profit and not-for-profit professional non-governmental
organizations (NGOs): including those involved in a variety of work related to mental
health and those specifically providing care, treatment and rehabilitation services to
persons with disabilities and mental disorders.

Traditional health workers
Healers associated with traditional, religious and alternative systems of health.

Other special interest groups
Such as minority organizations, including groups representing indigenous ethnic
minorities.

Other people and groups
e.g. national and local leaders, politicians, political parties, trade unions and the business
community.
LEGISLATION
Policies for disability in India
India has a long experience of policy and practice with respect to disability, including
collection of census information on disability from as early as 1872, and special schools
th
and institutions operating since the 19 century. Like many countries, it also had specific
provision for people with mental illness and retardation under the Indian Lunacy Act of
1912. The Constitution of India acknowledged also general state obligations to PWD in
14
Article 41, and the State List under “Relief of the disabled and unemployable”.
Subsequently, specific measures such as employment concessions were introduced from
the 1960s. However, it was not until the 1980s that policy commitment to full
participation of PWD in Indian society evolved. The outcomes of this policy shift were
realized in several key pieces of legislation discussed below:
1. The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992 –
Provides for regulation and monitoring of the training of professionals and personnel in
the field of rehabilitation, promoting research in the field of rehabilitation and special
education, and the maintenance of the central rehabilitation register (Foundation for
International Training and regional and Sustainable Development Department, 2005,
p.7).
The act also registers professionals/personnel working in the area of disability and
conducts bridge courses for those teachers/rehabilitation workers with prior experience
but no formal training in the field of disability (Disabled people’s organisationsDenmark, 2002, p.24).
2. The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full
Participation) Act, 1995 –
It is a comprehensive legislation that spells out the responsibility of the State toward the
prevention of disabilities; protection of rights of persons with disabilities; and provision
of medical care, education, training, employment, and rehabilitation to persons with
disabilities. The Act also includes a commitment to create barrier free environments for
persons with disabilities, and owns the responsibility to remove any discrimination
against persons with disabilities in sharing development benefits and to counteract any
situation resulting in abuse and exploitation of persons with disabilities (Foundation for
International Training and regional and Sustainable Development Department, 2005, p.6;
Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, 1996).
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3. The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental
Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999 –
Under this Act, provisions have been made to appoint guardians for persons over the age
of 18 years with autism, mental retardation, or multiple disabilities in the event of death
or illness of their primary caregiver (Foundation for International Training and regional
and Sustainable Development Department, 2005, p.7).
HEALTH aspects of Disability in India
In India disability is seen within a disease framework. Hence, PWD are viewed as
“patients” in need of “treatment”. Empirical evidence also comes predominantly from the
medical discipline, focusing on causes of disability and clinical trials; although some
recent studies have focused on poverty correlates and social stigma issues that affect
PWD. There is little information on access to health for PWD or their general and
disability-specific health needs - except whether “treatment” was sought for the
disability. Moreover, data do not allow an analysis of supply and quality of services
available to PWD, and the extent to which this affects demand.
Causes of Disability in India
Age of onset of disability:
The age profile of disability onset varies sharply by category of disability. Some notable
patterns stand out: onset of mental disabilities is concentrated in childhood and 20-30,
resulting in the lowest average age of onset. Mental Retardation is more focused on the
earliest years and mental illness becomes more pronounced in young adulthood. In
contrast, visual disabilities are much more associated with ageing, and have the oldest
mean age of onset. Whilst hearing disabilities exhibit a more pronounced dual peak, they
are also on average subject to later average onset. Both locomotor and speech disabilities
16
are more concentrated in younger ages also, with the highest onset in the early years of
life in both cases, and a more noticeable second wave of onset for speech disabilities
around age 60.
The main causes of visual disabilities are primarily age-related, with cataract and other
age-related issues being the chief causes. The major share of visual disability is thus
preventable and occurs due to lack of treatment. In a national estimate, Dandona et al
estimate that almost two-thirds of blindness is preventable or treatable. If there is no
change in the current trend of blindness, the study estimates that the number of blind
persons in India would increase to 24.1 million in 2010, and to 31.6 million in 2020. If
effective strategies are put in place to eliminate cataract, blindness in 15.6 million
persons would be prevented by 2020, and 78 million blind person-years. Similarly, if
effective strategies are implemented to eliminate refractive error blindness and corneal
disease/glaucoma, another 7.8 million persons would be prevented from being blind in
2020, and 111 million blind person-years.
Table 3.1: Causes of Visual Disabilities (for Individuals with Single Disability (i.e
Visual Only)
Cause
Percent
Cataract
23.4
Old age
23.0
Corneal opacity/other eye errors 20.0
Not Known
9.8
Other
5.6
Glaucoma
5.3
Burns or injury
4.7
Small pox
4.1
Medical/surgical intervention
2.6
Childhood diarrhea
0.7
Sore eyes after first month
0.9
th
Source: Das (2006), based on NSS 58 round.
17
The major cause for both speech and hearing disabilities is illness and disease. In
addition, over 21 percent of all hearing disabilities are due to old age. The importance of
non-specific causes in these categories highlights that disability is intrinsically related to
other public health issues, and that increasing access to better quality care is an important
step towards reducing disabilities. This has implications not only for prevention but for
diagnostic facilities and technology, and referral and rehabilitation services.
Percent
21.3
18.6
8.7
5.3
2.1
1.6
0.7
Cause - Hearing Disability
Old age
Discharge
Other
Burns and injury
Noise
Medical/surgical intervention
Rubella
0.01
Not Known
23.0
Other illness
Other illness
Not Known
Cause
Polio
Burns and Injury
Other illness and
disease
Stroke
Not Known
Other
Arthritis
Old age
Leprosy
Medical/surgical
intervention
Cerebral Palsy
TB
Percent
30.9
28.5
12.7
Cause - Speech Disability
Voice disorder
Paralysis
Other
Burns and injury
Cleft palate
Medical/surgical intervention
Mental illness
Percent
12.6
11.9
8.3
0.9
4.5
3.8
2.8
Hearing Impairment
Old age
25.2
21.7
1.6
1.1
Causes of Hearing
and
Speech
Disabilities - 2002
Table 3.4: Causes of Locomotor Disability - 2002
6.3
4.5
4.5
3.0
2.8
2.2
2.2
2.1
0.4
18
th
Source: Das (2006), based on NSS 58 round.
Movement disability is the category which is undergoing the most rapid change in causal
profile. For the current group of locomotor disabled people, polio remains the highest
single cause, accounting for almost a third of all locomotor disability. However, burns
and injuries are also a major share, and once more non-specific causes account for over
20 percent of total.
Table 3.5: Causes of
Mental
Disability
-
2002
Other
41.65
Not known
36.31
Serious illness
11.97
in childhood
Head injury in
3.83
childhood
Heredity
3.17
Pregnancy/birth
3.01
related
Source:
Das
(2006),
th
using NSS 58 round
Estimates of mental disabilities in India remain particularly problematic. This is driven
by various challenges, including identification skills of health providers, families and
surveyors, and stronger social stigma attached to such conditions. A large proportion of
mental disability in India is preventable, including disabilities arise from prenatal
incidents, maternal illhealth, malnutrition, traffic accidents or workplace injuries. The
many causes of disability, and the unclear genesis of some disabilities, make it difficult to
19
define comprehensively the scope of interventions and public policies that impact the
level and nature of disability in India.
Use of Health Services by PWD
Persons with disabilities face problems in obtaining adequate health services. The
physical access to health service is a major hurdle for people with disabilities to reach
and utilize these services. Also, the employment-based private insurance system
adversely affects access to private health insurance, particularly for individuals with
disabilities who are self-employed or employed by small firms; limitations in the range of
services covered under public programs may require that an individual be
institutionalized to receive needed services, people with disabilities often forego
employment opportunities in order to maintain public health insurance; and the range of
services covered by insurance often restricts coverage of services important for persons
with disabilities to achieve independence.
The most interesting set of services being offered to PWD in India are Community
Based Rehabilitation (CBR), which has been effective in rural areas in addressing the
primary care and therapeutic needs of people with PWD. Surprisingly, this mode of
service delivery is missing from the PWD Act. CBR has been promoted with particular
strength in south India, often with initial international funding through NGOs. At the
same time, CBR strategies have constantly been evolving in response to changing needs,
times and criticisms. Despite this, CBR has to date been implemented in only around 100
(of around 600 total) districts, and only 6 percent of villages have coverage of
rehabilitation services within 10 kilometres.
While there is no single CBR model, most CBR initiatives share a range of common
objectives and features, i.e. to: (i) deinstitutionalize medical care, working with PWD in
their communities; (ii) expand PWD access to rehabilitation services; (iii) demedicalize
social responses to disability and thereby help reduce social stigma; and (iv) shift
investments away from curative to preventive measures. The concept is institutionally
flexible and can be operationalized by communities, NGOs and government, separately
20
or in partnerships. Local level identification, training and technology development is
encouraged, involving not only disabled people and their families but teachers, healers
and religious leaders.
Factors affecting PWD access to health care
It is clear that much remains to be done to improve the response of health systems to
disability, both in terms of prevention and in terms of access to treatment and
rehabilitation services. While specific interventions and services for prevention and
treatment of disability are needed, improvements in the general public health and health
delivery systems will have the most significant benefits in the area of disability: The
analysis points to one overwhelming conclusion: the major share of disability is caused
by poor access to health services, malnutrition and diseases that are particular to
developing countries. Thus, prevention of disability is intrinsically related to reform of
the public health system. It is also clear that prevention of disability is also dependent on
policies and actions outside the health system, including in the areas of road and
workplace safety, water and sanitation, and nutritional interventions. Given capacity
constraints, improving the health sector’s response to disability may most feasibly happen
in two phases. The first phase would concentrate on scaling up the community. This
would include an improved certification system, promotion of CBR (including awareness
raising and stigma reduction), and enhancing micronutrient supplementation (including
food fortification) and immunization. The supply side interventions would also need to
include health workforce interventions, training of general duty medical officers in
disability certification, and of community volunteers. The second phase would focus on
improved referral systems between levels of the health system, including increased
supply of therapists and support for establishment of therapy centers in rural areas. It
would also likely involve networking of hospitals and specialized centres, possibly with
support from the private corporate sector.
EDUCATION OF PWDS
21
Education is critical to expanding the life prospects of people with disabilities. In
addition, the socialization of children with disabilities (CWD) through education assumes
an unusually important role in societies such as India where social exclusion of PWD is
significant. Despite its importance, educational outcomes for children and adults with
disabilities remain very poor. Illiteracy rates both for all PWD and for school-age
disabled children remain much higher than the general population, and school attendance
among school age CWD massively lags behind that of non-disabled children. Disability
is a cause of 30% non school attendees. International evidence suggests that the
educational outcomes of non-disabled students can also be improved by inclusion of
CWD in integrated classes.
In India, almost three quarters of those with severe disabilities are illiterate, and even for
those with mild disabilities, the illiteracy rate is around half. For the severely disabled,
just over 10 percent have achieved middle school or higher education, while even for
moderately disabled people the share is only 20 percent.
CWD education attendance and attainment by severity, 2002
Educational indicator
Severe PWD
Moderate PWD
Mild PWD
Goes to school
25.7%
56.3%
67.9%
Illiterate
72.2%
42.6%
34.9%
Primary or less
26.4%
52.0%
58.2%
Middle
1.5%
5.3%
6.8%
Secondary
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
Higher
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
th
Source: NSS, 58 round. Bank staff estimates.
More than most areas of policy with regard to people with disabilities, the education
sector has been relatively progressive in policy terms. It has also in principle committed
to a progressive menu of options for delivering education to children with special needs.
However, it is clearly struggling to turn policy into effective practice for a variety of
reasons. It seems that there is a major need to get the basics right: identify children with
22
disabilities more effectively; make the content and format of what they learn relevant and
accessible; have resources available with adequate outreach to teachers and children; and
work through various channels to convince families and communities that educating
children with disabilities is worthwhile. However, all this needs strategic direction on
inclusive education at state and lower levels of the system which in most states still
appears to be lacking to date, though examples such as Gujarat and Tamil Nadu provide
guidance on how this can begin to happen.
Since the implementation of the Persons with Disability Act (PWD), 1995 India has
overcome a major ‘legislative hurdle’ to promote inclusive education (Sharma &
Deppeler 2005). According to National Sample Survey Organisation (2003) the number
of persons with disability in India was estimated to be 18.49 million during July to
December, 2002. They formed about 1.8 percent of the total population. About 55
percent of persons with disability in India were illiterate and about 9 percent completed
‘secondary and above’ level of education. There have been programs initiated by the
Indian government in collaboration with UNICEF, for example, the Project Integrated
Education for the Disabled (PIED) (Singal, 2005) launched in 1987 and with UNESCO,
the Teacher Education Pack launched in 1991 (Singal, 2005) which laid emphasis on
training both in-service and pre-service teachers’ in meeting the needs of persons with
disabilities. On the perceived success of PIED Ministry of Welfare, Central Government
of India, in 1974 launched Integrated Education of Disabled Children (IEDC)
(Kalyanpur, 2008), which supported the retention and integration of children with
disabilities in regular classrooms (Sharma & Deppeler, 2005). According to Singal
(2005) these programs have failed to sustain these initiatives and have been unable to
upscale to a national level. One of the reasons for the failure of IEDC was non
availability of trained and experienced teachers (Rane, 1983, cited in Sharma &
Deppeler, 2005). In response to these concerns the government of India implemented the
Education for All (EFA) initiative, the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (SSA) in 2003 and
developed policies on the education of people with disabilities such as; The Right to
Education Bill 2005, The Action Plan for Inclusion in Education of Children and Youth
23
with Disabilities (IECYD) 2005, and the National Policy for Persons with Disabilities,
2006 (Kalyanpur, 2008, p. 244).
Policy Implementation: Case Study of Inclusive Education
In spite of these efforts, UNESCO (1999) reports indicated that the implementation of
inclusive education in India remained at a very preliminary stage. This evidence is
consistent with other experiences of developing countries where inclusive education has
been legislatively adopted but educational and other benefits of inclusion have not been
achieved (Eleweke & Rodda, 2002). Some of the reasons posited for the lack of progress
towards inclusive education, include: 1) the shortage of trained teachers at pre-service
level (Kalyanpur, 2008; Sharma & Deppeler, 2005; Singal, 2005), and 2) the existence of
‘categorical’ disabilities model, which emphasises training of ‘specialist teachers’ and
‘special schools’ for student placement (Kisanji, 1993). In India, people having children
with disabilities think that the most appropriate option for educating children with
disabilities is still considered to be special schools (Alur & Natarajan, 2000). In India
educational institutions have traditionally focused on preparing the pre-service teachers to
teach in either regular classes or in special education facilities. This has resulted in most
teachers in regular schools believing that they do not have the required skills to cater for
students with special needs in their classrooms (Thirumurthy & Jayaraman, 2007; Sharma
& Deppeler, 2005). As the movement towards inclusive education for children with
disabilities has gained momentum in India (Parasuram, 2006), successful implementation
of such policies largely depends on teachers having the knowledge, skills and
competencies necessary to make it work (Winter, 2006). The importance of requirements
for trained professionals has been emphasised in order to provide meaningful educational
services to students with special needs in regular classrooms (Eleweke & Rodda, 2002).
As India is the worlds second most populous country substantial resources will be
required to address the challenges of providing inclusive education to all children.
EMPLOYEMENT OF PWDS
24
Employment is a critical element of independent living, and previous research has found
that it is a primary aspiration of people with disabilities in India. The large majority of
PWD in India are capable of productive work, in the bulk of cases without the need for
aids or appliances. All categories of PWD have employment rates below the general
population average. However, employment rates vary sharply by type of disability, with
those with mental illness, mental retardation and visual disabilities having very low
employment rates at one extreme and those with hearing disabilities with employment
rates around 94 percent of the rate of the general working age population, and those with
speech and locomotor disabilities having employment rates above those of the average
for disabled people. In addition, those with more severe disabilities have an employment
rate around 22 percent (about 10 percentage points) below those with moderate
disabilities, or around 45 percent below the rate of the general population.
SERVICE PROVIDERS AND SERVICES AVAILABLE2
In Uttar Pardesh:
Uttar Pradesh Special Schools
Pragnarayan Mook Badhir
Vidyalaya
Sasni Gate
Aligarh - 202001
Uttar Pradesh
U.P. Deaf And Dumb Institute
4/7, Malviya Road
George Town
Allahabad - 211002
Uttar Pradesh
Govt. Deaf And Dumb School
Civil Lines
Bareilly
Bareilly - 243003
Uttar Pradesh
Rajkiya Mook Badhir Vidyalaya
Jaynarayan Varma Road
Fatehagarh
Fatehagarh Uttar Pradesh
Asha Vidyalay For The Deaf
252, G.T. Road
Ghaziabad - 201001
Rajkiya Mook Badhir Vidyalaya
Mohalla Humayunpur
Po. Gorakhnath
2
Who engage in disability specific activities and/or are working on mainstreaming disability into their
activities
25
Uttar Pradesh
Gorakhpur - 273015
Uttar Pradesh
Institute Of Speech, Hearing &
Mental Health
239, 'M' Block
Kidwainagar
Kanpur - 208011
Uttar Pradesh
Jyoti School For The Deaf
Bithoor Kalan
Bithoor
Kanpur - 209201
Uttar Pradesh
Adarsh Mook Badhir Vidyalaya
Lakhimpur Kheri - 262601
Uttar Pradesh
Ashok Public Sch.For Blind & Deaf
Children
130 'K' Shakti Nagar
Faizabad Road
Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
N.C. Chaturvedi School For The
Deaf
Aishbagh
Tilak Nagar
Lucknow - 226004
Uttar Pradesh
Sarswati Normal School For The Deaf
273/54 Rajendra Nagar
Lucknow - 226004
Uttar Pradesh
Shishu Seva Dham Badhir
Vidyalaya
Mii/26, Mahavidya Colony
Iind Phase
Mathura - 281003
Uttar Pradesh
Mook Badhir Vidyalaya
221, West End Road
Meerut Cantt
Meerut - 250001
Uttar Pradesh
Roorkee School For The Deaf
University Of Roorkee
Roorkee - 247667
Uttar Pradesh
Saraswati Dral School For The Deaf
13, Station Road
Near Poojan Hotel
Sitapur - 261001
Uttar Pradesh
Bimal Chandra Ghosh School For
Deaf
D-53/104-A, Chhot Gaibi
Varanasi - 221010
Uttar Pradesh
Nav Vani Shool For Hearing Impaired
Koirajpur
Po.Harahua
Varanasi - 221105
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Vocational Training Centres
Address Of The Vocational Training Course Being Offered
Centre
26
Pragnarayan Mook Badhir
Vidyalaya
Sasni Gate
Aligarh - 202001
Uttar Pradesh
Tailoring, Book Binding
U.P. Deaf And Dumb Institute
4/7, Malviya Road
George Town
Allahabad - 211002
Uttar Pradesh
Tailoring, Carpentary, Canning
Govt. Deaf And Dumb School
Civil Lines
Bareilly
Bareilly - 243003
Uttar Pradesh
Tailoring, Cutting, Carpentary, Cane Work
Rajkiya Mook Badhir Vidyalaya
Jaynarayan Varma Road
Fatehagarh
Fatehagarh Uttar Pradesh
Sewing
Asha Vidyalay For The Deaf
252, G.T. Road
Ghaziabad - 201001
Uttar Pradesh
Tailoring, Welder, Art & Craft
Rajkiya Mook Badhir Vidyalaya
Mohalla Humayunpur
Po. Gorakhnath
Gorakhpur - 273015
Uttar Pradesh
Tailoring, Drawing
Adarsh Mook Badhir Vidyalaya
Lakhimpur Kheri - 262601
Uttar Pradesh
Tailoring, Embroidary
Ashok Public Sch.For Blind & Deaf
Children
130 'K' Shakti Nagar
Faizabad Road
Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
Stiching & Embroidary
N.C. Chaturvedi School For The
Deaf
Aishbagh
Tailoring, Printing
27
Tilak Nagar
Lucknow - 226004
Uttar Pradesh
Sarswati Normal School For The
Deaf
273/54 Rajendra Nagar
Lucknow - 226004
Uttar Pradesh
Sewing
Shishu Seva Dham Badhir
Vidyalaya
Mii/26, Mahavidya Colony
Iind Phase
Mathura - 281003
Uttar Pradesh
Tailoring, Craft
Mook Badhir Vidyalaya
221, West End Road
Meerut Cantt
Meerut - 250001
Uttar Pradesh
Tailoring, Knitting
Roorkee School For The Deaf
University Of Roorkee
Roorkee - 247667
Uttar Pradesh
Comp.Trng.,Painting, Sketching,
Photography, Screen Printing, Carpentary,
Cooking
Saraswati Dral School For The Deaf
13, Station Road
Near Poojan Hotel
Sitapur - 261001
Uttar Pradesh
Tailoring & Craft
District Rehabilitation Centre
Referred To Institutions For
Jagdishpur
Sultanpur - 227809
Uttar Pradesh
Tailoring, Candel Making
Bimal Chandra Ghosh School For
Deaf
D-53/104-A,
Varanasi - 221010
Uttar Pradesh
Sewing, Knitting, Tailoring, Press Printing,
Chhot Gaibi Printing, Carpentary, Dyeing.
Nav Vani Shool For Hearing
Impaired Koirajpur
Po.Harahua
Tailoring
28
Varanasi - 221105
Uttar Pradesh
The Ministry Of Social Justice & Empowerment Is Entrusted With The Welfare, Social
Justice & Empowerment Of Disadvantaged And Marginalised Section Of The Society
Like Scheduled Caste, Backward Classes, Person With Disabilities, Aged Persons, And
Victims Of Drug Abuse Etc.
Basic Objective Of The Policies, Programmes, Law And Institution Of The Indian
Welfare System Is To Bring The Target Groups Into The Main Stream Of Development
By Making Them Self-Reliant
The Ministry Infrastructure Includes 








National Institutes
Rehabilitation Council Of India (Rci)
National Handicapped Finance & Development Corporation (Nhfdc)
Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation Of India (Alimco)
National Trust For Welfare Of Persons With Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental
Retardation And Multiple Disabilities
District Rehabilitation Centres (Drcs)
Regional Rehabilitation Training Centres (Rrtcs)
Office Of The Chief Commissioner For Persons With Disabilities
District Disability Rehabilitation Centres
{The Details Of The Above Are Available At
Http://Punarbhava.In/Index.Php?Option=Com_Content&Task=View&Id=445&Itemid=4
54}
In India
Government organizations and public providers of facilities to PWDs:
1. Ali
Yavar
Jung
National
Instiute
for
the
Hearing
Handicapped
{http://ayjnihh.nic.in/aw/default.asp}
2. Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities {http://ccdisabilities.nic.in/}
3. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment {http://socialjustice.nic.in/}
4. National
Institute
for
the
Mentally
Handicapped
(NIMH)
{http://www.nimhindia.org/}
29
5. National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped; National Institute for the
Visually
Handicapped
{http://institutions.education4india.com/4073/national-
institute-for-the-orthopaedically-handicapped/}
6. National Trust {http://www.thenationaltrust.in/}
7. Rehabilitation Council of India {http://www.rehabcouncil.nic.in/index.htm}
NGOs
Local disability service providers
1. Association for the Welfare of the Handicapped {http://awhfbd.org/main.htm}
2. Blind Peoples Association {http://www.senseintindia.org/htmls/bpa_ahm.html}
3. Devnar Foundation for the Blind {http://www.devnarfoundationfortheblind.org/}
4. Indian Institute of Cerebral Palsy {http://www.iicpindia.com/}
5. Jan Madhyam{http://www.disabilityworld.org/11 12_02/children/ janmadhyam
.shtml}
6. Karnataka
Parents'
Association
for
Mentally
Retarded
Citizens
{http://www.kpamrc.org/}
7. Manovikas Kendra Rehabilitation and Research Institute for the Handicapped
(MRIH) { http://www.ngosindia.com/a-z/mkrrih.htm}
8. National Center for Promotion of Barrier-Free Environment for Disabled Persons
{www.samarthyaindia.com}
9. National
Centre
for
Promotion
of
Employment
for
Disabled
People
{www.ncpedp.org}
10. National Federation of Parents' Associations for Persons with mental
Handicap/Retardation, Autism, Cerebral Palsy and Multiple Disabilities
(PARIVAAR) { http://www.udaan.org/parivaar/parivaar.html}
11. Spastics Society of Northern India (SSNI) { http://www.ngosindia.com/az/tssni.htm}
12. Spastics Society of Tamil Nadu {http://www.spastn.org/}
30
13. SWEEKAAR
Rehabilitation
Institute
for
Handicapped
{http://www.india9.com/i9show/Sweekaar-Rehabilitation-Institute-forHandicapped-52621.htm}
14. Thakur Hari Prasad Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for the Mentally
Handicapped (THPI) {www.thakurhariprasad.org}
Schools (either with inclusive education, or special schools)
1. Assisi School for the Deaf
2. DISHA Center for Special Education
3. The Center for Special Education
4. The Janey Centre for Special Education
Vocational Training Centers
1. Raghudeu Vocational Rehabilitation Centre
2. Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotamdas Hospital
3. Vocational Rehabilitation Centre for Handicapped Women
4. Vocational Rehabilitation Centre for the Handicapped
5. Vocational Rehabilitation Training Center for the Blind
6. Worth Trust
Hospitals/Rehabilitation Centers
1. Akshay Pratishthan Rehabilitation Center
2. District Disability Rehabilitation Centers
3. Sindhu Sevak Sangh-Jalaram Hospital
4. KKM Leprosy Rehabilitation Centre, Nala Pani Road, Dehradun
International
INGOs
1. Action Aid India (http://actionaidindia.org/camp_hiv.htm)
31
2. CBM (http://www.cbm.org.au/)
3. Disabled People's International (http://www.dpi.org/)
4. Handicap International (http://www.handicap-international.org.uk/)
5. Helen Keller Service Society for the Disabled (www.helen-keller.org)
6. Hope Worldwide (http://www.hopeww.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=191)
7. Rehabilitation International (http://www.riglobal.org/)
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Resources
Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2003, India, 2003
Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators 2003, Volume 34, 2003
International Labour Office, Moving Forward Toward Decent Work for People with
Disabilities, Examples of good Practices in Vocational Training and Employment from
Asia and the Pacific, 2003
Japan International Cooperation Agency, Planning and Evaluation Department, Country
Profile on Disability, The Republic of India, March 2002
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Annual Report 2002-2003
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Country Report - India.
Office of the Registrar General, India. Census of India 2001. March 2001
Tamhane, V.M., Assistant Director, Office of the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner, India, Disability Related Question in Indian Census, February 2002
Vadan, Sundar R., Commissioner, Disabled Welfare, Empowerment of Differentially
Abled, Strategies For Implementation of Annual Action Plan 2003-2004 and Multi
Sectoral Coordination
Websites:
Asian Development Bank www.adb.org
Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities: www.ccdisabilities.nic.in
Daisy Consortium www.daisy.org
45
Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Programme Implementation
www.adb.org
Disability India Network www.disabilityindia.org
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment: www.socialjustice.nic.in National Institute
for the Mentally Handicapped: www.nimhindia.org National Institute for the
Orthopaedically Handicapped www.india-future.com/nioh
National Institute for the Visually Handicapped www.nivh.org
National Trust www.nationaltrust.org.in
Office of the Registrar General, Census of India www.censusindia.net Rehabilitation
Council of India: www.rehabcouncil.nic.in
Rehabilitation International www.rehab-international.org
The World Bank www.worldbank.org
United Nations www.un.org
United Nations Children's Fund www.unicef.org
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific www.unescap.org
http://www.apcdproject.org/countryprofile/india/index.html
http://www.apcdproject.org/countryprofile/india/india_org.html
http://gov.ua.nic.in/uaglance/
http://punarbhava.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=229&Itemid=537
http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&id=1&chapter=4&lang=en
Annexure
Profile of Non-Governmental Organizations of/for Persons with Disabilities
Local Organizations
Organization
1.
Association for the Welfare of the
Handicapped
Address
Phone/Fax
M Square
Tel: 91-0495-720-601
Complex
Tel: 91-0495-720-028
Pavamani Rd. PO
Email: awhelt@md3.vsnl.net.in
Box 59 Calicut,
46
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Kerala
This organization works for the advancement of the disabled and works in collaboration with
the Alzheimer's Related Disorders Society and the Hemophilia Society. They serve PWDs that
have the following types of disabilities; Cerebral palsy/spastic, hearing impaired, mentally
handicapped, orthopedically impaired, slow learner and the visually impaired.
Dr. Vikram
Sarabhai Road,
Tel: 91-79-630-4070
Vastrapur,
Blind Peoples Association
Fax: 91-79-630-0106
Ahmedabad
380015 Gujarat
The BPA was formed by a group of blind people in 1954 as a recreation club. Today, it serves
not only the blind but people with all categories of disability − hearing impaired, mentally
challenged, locomotor disabled, multiply disabled including deaf-blind, and the elderly. The
organization has received the National Award and FICCI Award. They are recognized by the
Rehabilitation Council of India, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, CAPART,
as a nodal agency.
Plot No. 185, Road
Tel: 91-40-27-803-686
No.1West
Devnar Foundation for the Blind
Fax: 91-40-27-703-686
Marredpally,
Email:
www.devnarfoundationfortheblind.org Secunderabad
saibaba_goud@hotmail.com
500026
The Foundation was established in 1991 and currently operates a school with over 220
students housed in buildings owned by the Foundation and provides CBR programs, parental
and genetic counseling and operates Braille printing presses. The Foundation also manages the
Ramananda Centre for Advance Learning and Research for the visually impaired vocational
training.
P35/1, Taratolla
Road, Kolkata
Tel: 91-33-240-1348
Indian Institute of Cerebral Palsy
700088 West
Fax: 91-33-240-1417
Bengal
The West Bengal Spastics Society was formed in May 1974 and became the Spastics Society
of Eastern India in 1981 and is currently the Indian Institute of Cerebral Palsy. The Institute is
a nationally recognized professional institute for training and research.
Tel: 91-11-6474913
148, Zamroodpur Fax: 91-11-6473525
Jan Madhyam
New Delhi 110048 Email:
janmadhyam1@indiainfo.com
Jan Madhyam provides disability awareness and holistic development through creative work
and training programs, while integrating the disabled into their existing programs.
Tel: 91-656-3267
Karnataka Parents' Association for AMH Compound
Fax: 91-656-4608
Bangalore 560029
Mentally Retarded Citizens
Email: jpkpamrc@vsnl.net
The Association was formed in 1978 and began providing teacher training programs in the
field of intellectual disabilities and specific learning disabilities and autism. Since its
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formation, the Association has trained over 1,000 special educators and provides three
diploma courses. The Association also organizes workshops, seminars and awareness
programs.
482 Madudah, Plot
Manovikas Kendra Rehabilitation
1-24 Sec. J,
Tel:91-33-442-8275
and Research Institute for the
Eastern
7. Handicapped (MRIH)
Fax: 91-33-442-8275
Metropolitan
Email:mvkendra@cal2.vsnl.net.in
Bypass Kolkata
www.manovikas.org
700107
The Institute has been in operation for over 28 years providing special education and
vocational training while conducting early intervention and parental counseling. The Institute
also operates a research and diagnostic unit and conducts CBR and prevention and public
awareness campaigns
Email:
National Center for Promotion of B-181,
samarthyaindia@yahoo.com and
Mansarovar
Barrier-Free Environment for
8.
sanjeevsach@hotmail.com
Garden, New
Disabled Persons (Samarthya)
Phone: (91-11) 9810558321
www.samarthyaindia.com
Delhi
Fax: (91-11) 41019389
Samarthya roughly translates as "Capability". Its prime goal is to encourage the innate
potential of persons with disabilities, instill confidence and to sensitize and create awareness
about disability related issues including accessibility. Its main motto is "Let's make the world
accessible".
National Centre for Promotion of 25, Green Park
Tel: 91-11-685-4306
Extension, Yusuf
Employment for Disabled People
9.
Fax: 91-11-696-3030
Sarai, New Delhi Email: ncpedp@vsnl.com
110016
www.ncpedp.org
The NCPEDP is a non-profit organization working as an interface between government,
industry, international agencies and the voluntary sectors towards increased employment
opportunities for disabled people.
National Federation of Parents'
A-2520 Netaji
Tel: 91-688-6708
Associations for Persons with
10. mental Handicap/Retardation,
Nagar New Delhi Fax: 91-331-6674
110023
Email:jagdishmehta@hotmail.com
Autism, Cerebral Palsy and
Multiple Disabilities (PARIVAAR)
PARIVAAR was formed in 1995 and is recognized by the Government as an APEX
organization representing over 100 parents' associations across India. The Federation is a
member of Inclusion International, the world body of Parents' Associations of PWDs.
2, Balbir Saxena
Tel: 91-656-9107
Spastics Society of Northern India
11.
marg, Hauz Khas
Email: ssni@vsnl.net.in
(SSNI)
New Delhi
SSNI provides technical rehabilitation inputs, such as special education therapy, assessment,
vocational training, rural and urban community based rehabilitation, awareness, advocacy. It
receives some form of financial assistance or grants from the Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment.
48
Opp.T.T.t.I.
Tel: 91-40-235-4651, (02) 591 Taramani Rd.
12. Spastics Society of Tamil Nadu
4242
Chennai 600113
Fax: 91-44-235-0047
Tamil Nadu, India
The Spastics Society of Tamil Nadu was founded in 1981 as a welfare provision organization.
The Society is dedicated to the empowerment of people with disabilities through human
resource development, community inclusion and participation. They aim to provide people
with disabilities the best possible opportunity to participate in community life through
education, employment and rehabilitation services. They operate three special education
centers, which provide education at all levels to meet the needs of children with disabilities
and are recognized as a State-level Training Center on disability for governmental personnel,
ECCD and educational sectors.
Upkaar Complex,
SWEEKAAR Rehabilitation
Upkaar Junction Tel: 91-40-2784-3338
Institute for Handicapped
13.
Secunderabad
Fax: 91-40-2781-0731
500003 Andhra
Email: info@sweekaar.org
www.sweekaar.org
Pradesh
Sweekaar is a non-profit organization with over 26 years of service to the mentally
handicapped, physically disabled, and others. The Institute services over 1,900 people per day
in providing service delivery, training, awareness and community participation programs.
Thakur Hari Prasad Institute of
Vivekanandanagar,
Research and Rehabilitation for the
Dilsukhnagar
Tel: 91-40-404-4735
14. Mentally Handicapped (THPI)
Hyderabad 500060 Email: thpigyd@hotmail.com
A.P.
www.thakurhariprasad.org
THPI was established in 1968 as a rehabilitation center for children. Today it is an institute
employing more than 250 professional and paraprofessionals in paediatrics, clinical
psychology, special education, speech pathology, psychiatry, occupational, hydro, art and
music therapies. In 1992, the THPI Community-Based Rural Project was established and
serves approximately 36 villages.
International Organizations
Organization
Address
Phone/Fax
C-88, South Ex. - II New
1. ActionAid India
Tel: 91-11-516-40571
Delhi-110 049
ActionAid India has been a development funding agency since 1972, and works with
organizations to reach out to the marginalized and socially deprived sections in the
country. ActionAid India works with a professional team located in 14 regional offices
and the country head office in New Delhi. ActionAid supports approximately 300
voluntary organizations across India.
B5-199 Ground Floor
Tel: 91-11-617-6062
Disabled People's
2.
Safdarjung Enclave New
Fax: 91-11-278-4146
International
Delhi 110016
Email:
49
ncped@nde.vsnl.net.in
www.dpi.org
Disabled Peoples' International is a network of national organizations or assemblies of
disabled people, established to promote human rights of disabled people through full
participation, equalization of opportunity and development. The goals of DPI are to
promote the human rights of disabled persons, promote economic and social
integration of disabled persons and develop and support organizations of disabled
persons worldwide.
Vizhiyagam,
Tel: 91-452-641446
Helen Keller Service
3.
Viswanathapuram, Madurai,
Fax: 91-452-641490
Society for the Disabled
625014 Thamil Nadu
The Helen Keller Service Society is a voluntary organization established in 1979. The
organization implements service projects for the welfare of the disabled in Tamil
Nadu, founded by Dr G Thiruvasagam for the service of people in the field of welfare
of the disabled in rural areas.
Tel: 91-11-2431-4130
Hope Worldwide
D-32 Jangpura Extention
Fax: 91-11-2431-9672
4.
New Delhi 110014
Email:
india.hopeworldwide.org
mark_templer@hopeww.org
Hope Worldwide began operations in India in 1991 and currently has over 80
programs across 17 cities that meet the needs of the urban poor including PWDs.
Thakur Hari Prasad Institute
Rehabilitation
of Research and Rehab. for Tel: 91-40-404-2143
International
the Mentally Handicapped Fax: 91-40-404-5292
5.
"Sishu Niketan" Vivekanand Email:
www.rehabNagar Dilsukh Nagar
thpihyd@hotmail.com
international.org
Hyderabad, 500660
Rehabilitation International is a worldwide network of people with disabilities, service
providers and government agencies working together to improve the quality of life for
disabled people and their families. Founded in 1922, it now has more than 200 member
organizations in 90 nations.
Source: {http://apcdproject.org/countryprofile/india/india_org_non.html}
50