Name__________________
Human Physiology (Bio 5)
Lecture Exam #5 (45-53)
Fall 2011
Mark each correct or true statement with a T and each incorrect or false statement with an F. (60)
_______1.
Only about 10% of all sensory information received by the brain is discarded as
irrelevant and unimportant.
_______2.
The low voltage of the resting membrane potential allows both positive and negative
control of the degree of excitability of the neuron.
_______3.
A neuron is facilitated if the summated excitatory potential has not reached threshold.
_______4.
Nerve fibers that transmit multiple modalities exhibit the labeled line principle.
_______5.
Slow adapting receptors continue to transmit impulses to the brain as long as the
stimulus is present.
_______6.
In synaptic fatigue the transmission becomes progressively weaker the more prolonged
and intense the excitatory period.
_______7.
All tactile receptors are involved in the detection of vibration, although they may detect
different frequencies.
_______8.
The importance of lateral inhibition is that it blocks the lateral spread of excitatory
signals and increases the degree of contrast in the sensory pattern.
_______9.
The pain receptors in the skin and other tissues are all of the complex or corpuscle type.
_______10.
Pain resulting from heat is closely related to rate of tissue damage.
_______11.
Slow chronic pain can usually be localized only to a major body part.
_______12.
Pain felt in a part of the body that is fairly remote from the tissue causing the pain is
called phantom pain.
_______13.
Astigmatism is a refractive error caused by a misshapen cornea or lens.
_______14.
Vitreous humor is formed almost entirely as an active secretion by the epithelium of the
ciliary processes.
_______15.
The average normal intraocular pressure is approximately 40 mm.
_______16
The outer segments of the rods and cones contain up to 1000 pigment disks.
_______17.
Light reflection throughout the eyeball is prevented in part by the pigment melatonin.
_______18.
The light sensitive chemical in both the rods and cones is rhodopsin.
_______19.
Unlike most nerves, the optic nerves do not cross over before entering the brain
proper.
_______20.
The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
_______21.
Color is detected much the same way as lines are detected: by means of color contrast.
_______22.
The eye is only innervated by parasympathetic nerve fibers.
_______23.
When the eyes fixate on a near object, the eyes must converge.
_______24.
The function of the light reflex is to help the eye adapt extremely rapidly to changing
light conditions.
_______25.
High frequency resonance of the basilar membrane occurs near the helicotrema.
_______26.
The receptive end organs that generate nerve impulses are found in the organ of Corti.
_______27.
High frequency sound waves travel a short distance along the basilar membrane before
it reaches its resonance point and dies.
_______28.
A person can perceive only a few different types of tastes since there are only five
primary taste receptors.
_______29.
The most sensitive of the primary taste receptors is the bitter.
_______30.
Unlike the sense of smell, there is no adaptation with the sense of taste.
_______31.
T lymphocytes are considered more diverse than B lymphocytes.
_______32.
Gas exchange occurs only in the alveoli of the lungs.
_______33.
For normal intracellular chemical reactions, ADP is the major limiting factor in
respiratory enzyme systems.
_______34.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion is limited in the respiratory membrane due to the
thick connective tissue layer between the alveolus and the capillary endothelium.
_______35.
Vital capacity is the total volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest
possible effort.
Select the one best answer that either defines or completes the meaning of the given statement. (60)
_______1.
The nervous system is able to control various bodily activities by
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______2.
Walking movements, withdrawal reflexes, reflexes that control blood vessels are
controlled at the
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______3.
spinal cord level
subcortical level
cortical level
lower brain
All of the following are true concerning second messenger systems except
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______4.
contraction of smooth muscle in internal organs
exocrine and endocrine secretions
contraction of skeletal muscles
all of the above are correct
deactivates gene transcription
suppress the activation of intracellular enzymes
G proteins open specific channels through the postsynaptic membrane
all of the above are correct
In the adaptation of receptors
A. fast adapting receptors include pain receptors, receptors of the macula, and
baroreceptors of the arteries
B. rapidly adapting receptors are used to transmit continuous signals
C. most mechanoreceptors eventually adapt almost completely
D. the mechanism of receptor adaptation is the same for all receptors
_______5.
Mechanisms of causing receptor potentials include all of the following except
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______6.
mechanical deformation of the receptor
unchanging membrane permeability of the receptor
the effects of electromagnetic radiation
application of a chemical that opens ion channels
Which of the following does not belong with the rest (in the classification of receptors)
A.
B.
C.
D.
exteroreceptors
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
_______7.
All of the following statements about tactile receptors are true except
A. include receptors such as Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel discs, and Ruffini
endings
B. most often transmit signals in the slower type C, non-myelinated axons
C. the itch sensation is used to call attention to mild surface stimuli
D. found in joint capsules and help to signal the degree of joint rotation
_______8.
In the somatosensory cortex
A. can be divided into about 50 different distinct areas called Brodmann’s
areas
B. most somatosensory impulses are handled in the Somatosensory Area I
C. little is known about the specific functions of Somatosensory Area II
D. all of the above are correct
_______9.
Stimuli that excite pain receptors include all of the following except
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______10.
mechanical
thermal
vibrational
chemical
With regard to thermal receptors and their excitation, all of the following are true
except
A. in general thermal signals are transferred in pathways parallel to those for
pain
B. thermal gradations can be discriminated by only two types of receptors:
warm and cold
C. thermal responses respond markedly to changes in temperature.
D. warm and cold receptors can be stimulated by changes in their metabolic
rates
_______11.
Pain can be caused by
A.
B.
C.
D.
muscle spasm
tissue ischemia
accumulation of lactic acid
all of the above are correct
_______12.
All of the following are true about optics of the eye except
A. the ciliary muscles are controlled entirely by sympathetic nerves associated
with the third cranial nerve
B. with age, the lens becomes larger, thicker, and far less elastic
C. the major function of the iris is to increase or decrease the amount of light
entering the eye
D. on the retina, the image is reversed and inverted with respect to the object
being viewed
_______13.
Condition that exists when light rays coming from distant objects are focused in front of
the retina
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______14.
When the light rays are focused exactly on the retina
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______15.
hyperopia
myopia
astigmatism
emmetropia
hyperopia
myopia
astigmatism
emmetropia
All of the following are true concerning the determination of distance of an object
except
A. the best stereopsis occurs if an individual shuts one eye if the object is
nearby
B. a person can perceive distance by the moving parallax
C. depth perception occurs best when both eyes perceive the object
D. distance can be determined if the size of the object is known
_______16.
Both rods and cones release _______as the neurotransmitter at the synapse with the
bipolar neuron
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______17.
acetylcholine
GABA
glutamate
glycine
In color vision
A.
B.
C.
D.
the retinal portion is exactly the same for both rods and cones
equal stimulation of red, green, and blue gives the sensation of seeing black
the most common type of color blindness involves a lack of blue cones
all of the above are correct
_______18.
In the anatomy of the eye
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______19.
Continuous but almost imperceptible movements of the eye
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______20.
in humans the “new” system is the most important
visual forms and colors are found in the “old” system
the optic fibers enter the midbrain area
crossing over occurs at the optic chiasma
The muscle that attaches the malleus to the tympanic membrane is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______23.
the brain suppresses the image of movement
the person is not conscious of the movement
occurs during reading
includes pursuit movement
All of the following are true concerning the visual pathway except
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______22.
continuous tremor
slow drift in one direction or another
sudden flicking movements
all of the above are correct
Saccadic movements of the eye include all of the following except
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______21.
the central fovea consists only of rods
the optic nerve attaches at the same location on each eyeball
light enter the retina from the inside of the eye
vision in the dark is mainly the responsibility of the cones
tensor tympani
erector tympani
stapedius
none of the above are correct
In impedance matching in the middle ear
A. the system increases the distance but reduces the force
B. the ossicular lever system increases the movement distance of the stapes
C. the total force on the cochlear fluid is significantly greater than the force on
the tympanic membrane
D. all of the above are correct
_______24.
All of the following are true concerning the attenuation reflex except
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______25.
In the anatomy of the cochlea
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______26.
through temporal summation
hair cells excite nerve endings at more rapid rates
the scale of intensity is amplified by sound perception mechanisms
all of the above are correct
Determination of the direction of sound is achieved by
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______28.
consists of three tubes coiled side by side
the organ of Corti lies on the surface of the basilar membrane
sound vibrations enter the scala vestibule at the oval window
all of the above are correct
Loudness is determined in the auditory system by
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______27.
protects the cochlea from damaging vibrations
masks low frequency sounds in loud environments
decreases a person’s sensitivity to their own speech
generally increases the intensity of low frequency sound transmission
the time lag between the entry of sound between the two ears
the difference in intensity of sound between the two ears
the pinnae determine whether the sound is in front or back
all of the above are correct
All of the following are true concerning the mechanism of taste except
A. the membrane of the taste cell has a negative membrane potential
B. when stimulated all the taste receptors open specific ion channels,
especially sodium
C. signals are transmitted as long as the taste stimulus is present
D. the membrane normally depolarizes when stimulated
_______29.
All of the following are true concerning the stimulation of olfactory cells except
A.
B.
C.
D.
receptor binding activates G proteins
the second messenger is cAMP
the second messenger opens sodium channels
most odorants cause hyperpolarization to activate the system
_______30.
The primary sensations of smell
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______31.
If blood contains no agglutinins, it is most likely
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______32.
functional reserve capacity
vital capacity
tidal volume
inspiratory capacity
Quantitatively important differences in fluid exchange across the lungs
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______34.
Type AB
Type A
Type O
Type B
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after normal respiration
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______33.
include musky, floral, and putrid
studies show there could be as many as 100 primary sensations
small concentrations above threshold can stimulate maximum intensity
all of the above are correct
pulmonary capillary pressure is high compared to peripheral tissue pressure
pulmonary capillaries are not leaky to proteins
interstitial fluid pressure is slightly more negative than in peripheral tissues
all of the above are correct
In oxygen transport
A. oxygen molecules bind tightly to the heme portion of hemoglobin
B. oxygen saturation of systemic arterial blood averages only about 33%
C. the percentage of blood that gives its oxygen is called the utilization
coefficient
D. all of the above are correct
_______35.
Acclimatization
A. mountain climber who ascend a mountain quickly can withstand far lower
atmospheric concentrations of oxygen than if they ascend slowly
B. with altitude, the respiratory center loses about 80% of its sensitivity to
oxygen concentration
C. alveolar ventilation can increase over 100X normal after a few days
D. all of the above are correct
Choose two of the following essay questions. You may do a third as a bonus. (20)




Discuss the dual pathways for the transmission of pain.
Discuss the facets of accommodation; include a discussion of hyperopia.
Discuss the photochemistry of vision.
Discuss the structure and function of the cochlea.