PIPES, FITTINGS, AND VALVES
Excerpt from “Handbook for Chemical Technicians” by Howard Strauss and Milton Kaufman, McGraw Hill and from the ‘Valve
Handbook’ by Philip Skousen, McGraw Hill.
Piping systems are constructed from straight-run piping, fittings to change direction and size, and valves to control flow rate. A large
variety of standard pipes and fittings are available. When selecting piping or fittings, one must consider factors such as corrosion,
resistance, pressure and temperature that will have to be endured.
Connecting Pipes and Fittings:
Pipes and fittings are connected by welded, threaded, flared, compressed, sweated (soldered) and glued (solvent welded) joints.
In general, welded joints and flanged joints (shown
later) are used for large diameter pipe (> 2 in), while
threaded joints are used for smaller diameter pipe.
Flared, compressed, soldered joints are used for smalldiameter copper and brass tubing. See Figure 1.
Piping
Iron and steel piping comes in a number of ‘schedules’,
or wall thicknesses, to accommodate various maximum
pressures. See Tables 1 to 6.
TABLE I Allowable Pressures for Pipes
Nut
Nut
Schedule
10
20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Figure 1. Pipe Connections
PIPES AND FITTINGS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
PAGE 17 OF 12
Wrought iron
Max
Normal
allowable
design
pressure
max
(lb/in2)
(lb/in2)
50
25
100
50
150
75
25Q
125
350
200
450
250
600
300
700
350
800
400
900
450
Steel
Max
allowable
pressure
(lb/in2)
75
150
200
300
450
600
700
900
1,000
1,200
Normal
design
max
(lb/in2)
50
75
100
150
250
300
350
450
500
600
TABLE II Dimensions of Wrought-Iron or Steel Pipe
Diameters
Size
(in)
External
(in)
Internal
(in)
Circumference
Thickness
(in)
External
(in)
Internal,
(in)
Transverse areas
External
(in2)
Internal
(in2)
Length of pipe/ft
Metal
(in2)
External
Surface
(ft)
Internal
Surface
(ft)
Length
of pipe
holding
1 ft3 (ft)
Wt./ft
plain
ends
(lb)
Wt. of
water/ft
(lb)
SCHEDULE 40 (ST –STANDARD WALL)
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050
0.269
0.364
0.493
0.622
0.824
0.068
0.088
0.091
0.109
0.113
1.272
1.696
2.121
2.639
3.299
0.845
1.144
1.549
1.954
2.589
0.129
0.229
0.358
0.554
0.866
0.057
0.104
0.191
0.304
0.533
0.072
0.125
0.167
0.250
0.333
9.431
7.073
5.658
4.547
3.637
14.199
10.493
7.747
6.141
4.635
2533.775
1383.789
754.360
473.906
270.034
0.244
0.424
0.567
0.850
1.130
0.025
0.045
0.083
0.132
0.231
1
1¼
1½
2
2½
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
1.049
1.380
1.610
2.067
2.469
0.133
0.140
0.145
0.154
0.203
4.131
5.215
5.969
7.461
9.032
3.296
4.335
5.058
6.494
7.757
1.358
2.164
2.835
4.430
6.492
0.864
1.495
2.036
3.355
4.788
0.494
0.669
0.799
1.075
1.704
2.904
2.301
2.010
1.608
1.328
3.641
2.767
2.372
1.847
1.547
166.618
96.275
70.733
42.913
30.077
1.678
2.272
2.717
3.652
5.793
0.375
0.65
0.88
1.45
2.07
3
3½
4
4½
5
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.000
5.563
3.068
3.548
4.026
4.506
5.047
0.216
0.226
0.237
0.247
0.258
10.996
12.566
14.137
15.708
17.477
9.638
11.146
12.648
14.156
15.856
9.621
12.566
15.904
19.635
24.306
7.393
9.886
12.730
15.947
20.006
2.228
2.680
3.174
3.688
4.300
1.091
0.954
0.848
0.763
0.686
1.245
1.076
0.948
0.847
0.756
19.479
14.565
11.312
9.030
7.198
7.575
9.109
10.790
12.5.38
14.617
3.20
4.29
5.50
6.91
8.67
6
7
8
8
9
6.625
7.625
8.625
8.625
9.625
6.065
7.023
8.071
7.981
8.941
0.280
0.301
0.277
0.322
0.342
20.813
23.955
27.096
27.096
30.238
19.054
22.063
25.356
25.073
28.089
34.4 72
45.664
58.426
58.426
72.760
28.891
38.738
51.161
50.027
62.786
5.581
6.926
7.265
8.399
9.974
0.576
0.500
0.442
0.442
0.396
0.629
0.543
0.473
0.478
0.427
4.984
3.717
2.815
2.878
2.294
18.974
23.544
24.696
28.554
33.907
12.51
16.80
22.18
21.70
27.20
10
10
10
11
12
10.750
10.750
10.750
11.750
12.750
10.192
10.136
10.020
11.000
12.090
0.279
0.307
0.365
0.375
0.330
33.772
33.772
33.772
36.914
40.055
32.019
31.843
31.479
34.558
37.982
90.763
90.763
90.76:3
108.434
127.676
81.585
80.091
78.855
95.033
114.800
9.178
10.072
11.908
13.401
12.876
0.355
0.355
0.355
0.325
0.299
0.374
0.376
0.381
0.347
0.315
1.765
1.785
1.826
1.515
1.254
31.201
34.240
40.483
45.557
43.773
35.37
34.95
34.20
41.20
49.70
12
12.750
12.000
0.375
40.055
37.699
127.676
113.097
14.579
0.299
0.318
1.273
49.562
49.00
PIPES AND FITTINGS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
PAGE 18 OF 12
TABLE II (Cont’d) Dimensions of Wrought-Iron or Steel Pipe
Diameters
Size
(in)
External
(in)
Internal
(in)
Circumference
Thickness
(in)
External
(in)
Internal,
(in)
Transverse areas
External
(in2)
Internal
(in2)
Length of pipe/ft
Metal
(in2)
External
Surface
(ft)
Internal
Surface
(ft)
Length
of pipe
holding
1 ft3 (ft)
Wt./ft
plain
ends
(lb)
Wt. of
water/ft
(lb)
SCHEDULE 80 (XS –EXTRA STRONG WALL)
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050
0.215
0.302
0.423
0.546
0.742
0.095
0.1l9
0.126
0.147
0.154
1.272
1.696
2.121
2.639
3.299
0.676
0.949
1.329
1.715
2.331
0.129
0.229
0.358
0.554
0.866
0.036
0.072
0.141
0.234
0.433
0.093
0.157
0.217
0.320
0.433
9.431
7.073
5.658
4.547
3.637
17.766
12.648
9.030
6.995
5.147
3966.392
2010.290
1024.689
615.017
333.0l6
0.314
0.535
0.738
1.087
1.473
0.016
0.031
0.061
0.102
0.188
1
1¼
1½
2
2½
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
0.957
1.278
1.500
1.939
2.323
0.179
0.191
0.200
0.218
0.276
4.131
5.215
5.969
7.461
9.032
3.007
4.015
4.712
6.092
7.298
1.358
2.164
2.835
4.430
6.492
0.719
1.283
1.767
2.953
4.238
0.639
0.881
1.068
1.477
2.254
2.904
2.301
2.010
1.608
1.328
3.991
2.988
2.546
1.969
1.644
200.193
112.256
81.487
48.766
33.976
2.171
2.996
3.631
5.022
7.661
0.312
0.56
0.77
1.28
1.87
3
3½
4
4½
5
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.000
5.503
2.900
3.364
3.820
4.290
4.813
0.300
0.318
0.337
0.355
0.375
10.996
12.566
14.137
15.708
17.477
9.111
10.568
12.020
13.477
15.120
9.621
12.566
15.904
19.635
24.306
6.605
8.888
11.497
14.455
18.194
3.016
3.678
4.407
5.180
6.112
1.091
0.954
0.848
0.763
0.686
1.317
1.135
0.998
0.890
0.793
21.801
16.202
12.525
9.962
7.915
10.252
12.505
14.983
17.611
20.778
2 .86
3.84
4.98
6.27
7.88
6
7
8
9
10
6.625
7.625
8.625
9.625
10.750
5.761
6.625
7.625
8.625
9.750
0.432
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
20.813
23.955
27.096
30.238
33.772
18.099
20.813
23.955
27.096
30.631
34.472
45.664
58.426
72.760
90.763
26.067
34.4 72
45.663
58.426
74.662
8.405
11.192
12.763
14.334
16.101
0.576
0.500
0.442
0.396
0.355
0.663
0.576
0.500
0.442
0.391
5.524
4.177
3.154
2.464
1.929
28.573
38.048
43.388
48.728
54.735
1l.29
14.95
19.78
25.30
32.35
11
12
l1.750
l2.750
10.750
11.750
0.500
0.500
36.914
40.055
33.772
36.914
108.434
127.676
90.763
108.434
17.671
19.242
0.325
0.209
0.355
0.325
1.587
1.328
60.076
65.415
39.40
46.92
PIPES AND FITTINGS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
PAGE 19 OF 12
TABLE II (Cont’d) Dimensions of Wrought-Iron or Steel Pipe
Diameters
Size
(in)
External
(in)
Internal
(in)
Circumference
Thickness
(in)
External
(in)
Internal,
(in)
Transverse areas
External
(in2)
Internal
(in2)
Length of pipe/ft
Metal
(in2)
External
Surface
(ft)
Internal
Surface
(ft)
Length
of pipe
holding
1 ft3 (ft)
Wt./ft
plain
ends
(lb)
Wt. of
water/ft
(lb)
SCHEDULE 160 (XX –DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG WALL)
1/2
3/4
1
1¼
1½
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.600
1.900
0.252
0.434
0.599
0.890
1.100
0.294
0.308
0.358
0.382
0.400
2.639
3.299
4.131
5.215
5.969
0.792
1.363
1.882
2.815
3.456
0.554
0.866
1.358
2.164
2.835
0.050
0.148
0.282
0.630
0.950
0.504
0.718
1.076
1.534
1.885
4.547
3.637
2.904
2.301
2.010
15.157
8.801
6.376
4.263
3.472
2887.164
973.404
510.998
228.379
151.526
1.714
2.440
3.659
5.214
6.408
0.022
0.064
0.122
0.273
0.42
2
2½
3
3½
4
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
1.503
1.771
2.300
2.728
3.152
0.436
0.552
0.600
0.636
0.674
7.461
9.032
10.996
12.566
14.137
4.722
5.564
7.226
8.570
9.902
4.430
6.492
9.621
12.566
15.904
1.774
2.464
4.155
5.845
7.803
2.656
4.028
5.466
6.721
8.101
1.608
1.328
1.091
0.954
0.848
2.541
2.156
1. 660
1.400
1.211
81.162
58.457
34.659
24.637
18.454
9.029
13.695
18.583
22.850
27.541
0.77
1.07
1.80
2.53
3.38
4½
5
6
7
8
5.000
5.563
6.625
7.625
8.625
3.580
4.06:3
4.897
5.875
6.875
0.710
0.750
0.864
0.875
0.875
15.708
17.477
20.813
23.955
27.096
11.247
12.764
15.384
18.457
21.598
19.635
24.306
34.472
45.664
58.426
10.066
12.966
18.835
27.109
37.122
9.569
11.340
15.637
18.555
21.304
0.763
0.686
0.576
0.500
0.442
1.066
0.940
0.780
0.650
0.555
14.306
11.107
7.640
5.312
3.879
32.530
38.552
53.160
63.079
72.424
4.36
5.61
8.16
11.75
16.10
Note that the dimensions of only the 3 most common wall strengths (schedule 40, 80 and 120) are given.
“Nominal Pipe Size” (NPS) is the older system and refers to valve and pipe sizes. It is controlled by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI). For pipes up to 12 inches, NPS refers approximately to internal diameter (ID). For pipes larger than 12 inches, NPS
values refers approximately to outside diameter (OD). ANSI pressure specifications are given in psi.
In many countries outside US and Canada, the pipe size is based on the International System of Units (metric system) established by
the International Standards Organization (ISO). In the ISU system, pipe diameters are referred to as ‘Nominal Diameters’ (DN) in
units of mm or cm, and pressure ratings are referred to as Nominal Pressure (PN) in units of kPa or bars.
For example, an ANSI 1 inch diameter, 150 psi NPS pipe is equivalent to an ISO 25 mm DN, 16 bar PN.
PIPES AND FITTINGS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
PAGE 20 OF 12
TABLE III Flow Capacities of Iron/Steel Pipe
Capacity at velocity of 1 ft/s
Nominal
size
(in)
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
ST (Sch 40)
gal/min
0.179
0.323
0.596
0.945
1. 665
lb H2O/h
89.5
162
298
472
833
XS (Sch 80)
gal/min
0.113
0.224
0.440
0.730
1.345
2.240
3.99
5.49
9.20
13.20
XX (Sch 160)
lb H2O/h
gal/min
56.6
112
220
365
673
0.158
0.460
1
1¼
1½
2
2½
2.69
4.57
6.34
10.45
14.92
1,345
2,285
3,170
5,225
7,460
1,120
1,995
2,745
4,600
6,600
3
3½
4
4½
5
23.00
30.80
39.6
11,500
15,400
19,800
20.55
27.70
35.80
62.3
31,150
57.7
28,850
6
7
8
8
9
90.0
45,000
81.1
40,550
155.7
152.4
191.0
79,800
78,100
97,900
142
71,200
182
91,100
10
10
10
248.4
245.5
240.2
127,300
125,800
123,100
233
116,500
11
12
12
289.4
290.6
286.5
148,300
178,900
176,400
284
338
141,800
168,900
10,275
13,850
17,900
PIPES, FITTINGS, VALVES AND PUMPS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
0.878
1.97
3.02
5.54
7.70
lb H2O/h
79.2
230
439
983
1,512
2,772
3,852
12.96
18.22
24.34
31.39
40.39
6,480
9,108
12,168
15,696
20,196
58.75
84.60
116
29,376
42,300
57,960
PAGE 21 OF 53
TABLE IV Dimensions of Copper Water Tubing
Wall thickness, in.
Mean outside diam.
Theoretical weight, lb/ft.
Nomi- Actual
tolerances, in.
Type K
Type L
Type M
nal
outside
Soft
size diam., in.
Hard drawn Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Type K Type L Type M
annealed
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
0.375
.500
.625
.750
.875
0.002
.0025
.0025
.0025
.003
0.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
0.035
.049
.049
.049
.065
0.004
.004
.004
.004
.0045
0.030
.035
.040
.042
.045
0:0035 …..
.0035 0.025
.0035
.028
.0035
…..
.004
.032
…..
0:0025
.0025
…..
.003
0.145
.269
.344
.418
.641
0.126
.198
.285
.362
.455
…..
0.145
.204
…..
.328
1
1¼
1½
2
2½
1.125
1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
.0035
.004
.0045
.005
.005
.0015
.0015
.002
.002
.002
.065
.065
.072
.083
.095
.0045
.005
.005
.007
.007
.050
.055
.060
.070
.080
.004
.0045
.0045
.006
.006
.035
.1142
.049
.058
.065
.0035
.0035
.004
.006
.006
.839
1.04
1.36
2.06
2.93
.655
.884
1.14
1.75
2.48
.465
.682
.940
1.46
2.03
3
3½
4
5
6
3.125
3.625
4.125
5.125
6.125
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.109
.120
.134
.160
.192
.007
.008
.010
.010
.012
.090
.100
.110
.125
.140
.007
.007
.009
.010
.011
.072
.083
.095
.109
.122
.006
.007
.009
.009
.010
4.00
5.12
6.51
9.67
13.9
3.33
4.29
5.38
7.61
10.2
2.68
3.58
4.66
6.66
8.92
8
10
12
8.125
10.125
12.125
.006
.008
.008
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
+ .002 .004
.002 .006
.002 .006
.271
.338
.405
.016
.018
.020
.200
.250
.280
.014
.016
.018
.170
.212
.254
.014
.015
.016
25.9
40.3
57.8
19.3
30.1
40.4
16.5
25.6
36.7
Adapted from Robert H. Perry and Cecil H. Chilton (eds.), "Chemical Engineers' Handbook," 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1973.
TABLE V Dimensions of General-Service Copper Tubing
Nominal
size
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
Actual
outside
diam.
(in)
0.125
0.188
0.250
0.312
. 0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
Mean
outside
diam.
tolerances (in)
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.0025
Wall
thickness
(in)
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.035
0.035
Wallthickness
tolerances
(in)
0.003
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.003
0.003
Nominal
wt.
(lb/ft)
0.0347
0.575
0.0804
0.109
0.134
0.182
0.251
0.305
Adapted from Robert H. Perry and Cecil H. Chilton (eds.), "Chemical Engineers' Handbook," 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1973.
TABLE VI Dimensions of Glass Pipe
Inside diam. (in)
1
1.5
2
3
4
6
Outside diam. (in)
1.31
1.84
2.34
3.41
4.50
6.66
Wall thickness (in)
0.156
0.171
0.171
0.202
0.264
0.328
Weight per ft (lb)
0.55
0.87
1.13
1.97
3.41
6.30
Adapted from Robert H. Perry and Cecil H. Chilton (eds.), "Chemical Engineers' Handbook," 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1973.
PIPES, FITTINGS, VALVES AND PUMPS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
PAGE 22 OF 53
Common Industrial Valves
Valves are mechanical devices designed to start, stop, direct, or regulate flow of a process fluid.
Valves come in a variety of sizes.

The smallest industrial valves can weigh as little as 1 lb (454 g) and fit comfortably in the
human hand, while the largest can weigh up to 10 tons (9070 kg) and extend in height
over 24 ft (6.1 m).

Industrial valves can be used with pipeline sizes less than 0.5 in to beyond 48 in..

Valves can be used in pressures from full vacuum (-1 atmgage) to over 13,000 psi (885 atm)
Valves are manufactured from a number of materials, the most common materials being steel,
iron, plastic, brass (alloy of Cu and Zn), bronze (alloy of Cu and Sn), and special alloys.
Some common types of industrial valves are shown in Figure 2. The dotted lines show the
position of an open valve. Vertical and circular arrows show the motion of the valve stems.
Figure 2. Common Industrial Valves
PIPES, FITTINGS, VALVES AND PUMPS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
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Valve Classification According to Function
Valves are categorized into three functions:
1. on-off valves, which block or allow flow (fully closed or fully open) but are not used for
throttling (regulating) flow
2. non-return valves, which allow flow in only one direction
3. throttling valves, which regulate flow at any point between fully open and fully closed.
On-Off Valves
Gate valves and pressure relief valves are exclusively used for on-off control. Plug valves and
ball valves are most often used as on-off valves but can be used for throttling service.
On-off valves are used where the flow must be diverted around an area in which maintenance is
being performed. Safety regulations also require on-off valves to immediately shut off a system
when an emergency situation occurs.
Pressure relief valves are self-actuated valves that open only when a preset pressure is exceeded.
Pressure relief valves are discussed in more detail in the document ‘PIPES, FITTINGS AND
VALVES by Schmidt.
Non-Return Valves
Non-return valves allow fluid flow in only the desired direction. Preventing back flow is
particularly important with corrosive or dirty fluids that could otherwise damage equipment or
spoil product quality.
All check valves are non-return valves. The swing check valve, lift check valve and the ball
check valve are discussed in more detail in the document ‘PIPES, FITTINGS AND VALVES by
Schmidt.
Check valves are easy to recognize since they have no external handle. They are self-actuating.
Throttling Valves
Throttling valves allow adjustable flow metering from fully open to fully closed. They are often
used to regulate flow, temperature or pressure of a process. Globe valves, butterfly valves, and
diaphragm valves are common examples. The angle valve (Fig. 2) is a modified globe valve.
Handling Slurries
When slurries are being handled, there is a potential for deposition of solids that hinder or
prevent valve operation. This is particularly problematic in valves that have high pressure drops
(due to abrupt changes in direction of fluid flow). The globe valve is an example of a valve that
will become be plugged by slurries. Valves with straight-through flow (low pressure drop) are
best for handling slurries. These include ball valves, plug valves, butterfly valves and diaphragm
valves. Look at the flow path (indicated by the arrows) in the valves in Fig. 2.
PIPES, FITTINGS, VALVES AND PUMPS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
PAGE 24 OF 53
WORKBOOK FOR PIPES, FITTINGS AND VALVES by Strauss
STEP 2:
Read the excerpt from “Handbook for Chemical Technicians” by Howard J. Strauss and
answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
1. A pipeline is to carry water at a pressure of 200 psi. Would schedule 40 steel pipe be suitable
for this service? Give reasons for your answer. Refer to Table I
2. A pipeline is to be loaded to a maximum pressure of 500 psi. What schedule of steel pipe
should be used for this service? Justify your answer with reasons.
3. When referring to pipe we say 2 in., 2 ½ in., 3 in. etc. and this is called the nominal size.
Does nominal size refer to the inside diameter (I.D.) or outside diameter (O.D.) of the pipe?
up to 12 “ diameter ………………………………………………..
above 12” diameter …………………………………………………
4. Considering a nominal size of 3 in. pipe, complete the following table for wrought-iron or
steel pipe. Refer to Table II.
Schedule
O.D.
(in)
I.D.
(in)
Thickness
(in)
Internal
Transverse
Area (in2)
Length (ft)
Containing
1 ft3 volume
Weight of
H2O (lb) per
length (ft)
40
80
160
What do you note about the dimensions of a 3 in. pipe?
PIPES, FITTINGS, VALVES AND PUMPS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
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5. Pipe tables provide much useful information. Complete the following using Table II.
a) What is the external diameter of a 1 in. sch. 40 steel pipe? ………………………
b) What is the I.D. of a 2 in. sch. 40 steel pipe? ………………………………………
c) What is the thickness of a 5 in. sch. 40 steel pipe? ……………………………….
d) What is the external circumference of a 1 in. sch. 80 steel pipe? ……………………..
e) What is the internal circumference of a 2 in. sch. 80 steel pipe? ………………….
f) A fluid is flowing in a 3 in. sch. 40 steel pipe. What is the cross-sectional area of flow in
this system? ……………………………………………………………..
g) The pipe in f) is changed to sch. 80; what is the new cross-sectional area of flow?
…………………………………………………………………
h) What is the weight of a 20 ft. section of 5 in. sch. 40 pipe?
i) A 3 in. sch. 80 steel pipe is carrying water at 200 psi. What is the weight of water in a
100 ft. section of this pipe?
j) A 1 in. sch. 40 steel pipe is being used in a heating unit. It is required to have 16 sq. ft. of
external surface on this pipe. What length of pipe should be used?
k) A 5 in. sch. 80 steel pipe is carrying a fluid through a plant. If the line is 250 ft. long,
what volume of fluid is contained in the pipe?
PIPES, FITTINGS, VALVES AND PUMPS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
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6. Refer to Table III to answer the following questions.
a) Note that the flow capacities are given in gal/min. and lb H2O/h. A 1 in. standard wall
(sch. 40) iron pipe with a velocity of 1 ft/s can carry 2.690 gal/min or 1345 lb H2O/h.
Are the gallons referred to as Imperial gallons or U.S. gallons? Justify your answer with
calculations.
b) If the velocity is 2 ft/s, what is the flow capacity of a 1 in. standard iron pipe in lb H2O/h?
c) Is there a practical limit to the increase in the velocity and hence the flow capacity of a
system? State reasons for your answer.
7. Refer to Table IV.
a) How many types of copper water tubing are there?
b) What is one difference between these types?
8. Compare Tables IV and V.
a) In what respects do general service copper tubing and copper water tubing differ?
b) With general-service water tubing, what is the relationship between nominal size and the
external diameter?
PIPES, FITTINGS, VALVES AND PUMPS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
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Answers to questions on Strauss.
1.
2.
3.
Schedule 40 steel pipe is designed for 150 psi and handles 300 psi max. Schedule 40 should
be suitable by not recommended. Best to use Schedule 60 pipe
Schedule 80 pipe handles 600 psi max. Schedule 140 is designed for 500 psi. Use pipe that
is designed to handle the working pressures. Avoid problems.
Up to 12”, nominal size = ID (for low pressure pipe)
For sizes larger than 12:, nominal size = OD.
4.
a)
b)
Fill out the table
3” is nominal not actual ID. ID decreases as schedule (thickness) increases. OD is
constant. As thickness increases, internal volume decreases.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
1.315 in.
2.067 in
0.258 in
4.131 in
6.092 in
7.393 in2
6.605 in2
292 lb
286 lb H2O
46.5 ft
31.6 ft3
a)
b)
c)
Volumes are US gal.
2690 lb/h
Yes. Frictional resistance increases with fluid velocity and pressure drop increases
with flow velocity. Increasing pressure drop will limit velocity.
a)
b)
Three: Type K, Type L, and Type M.
They have different wall thickness and weight.
a)
Copper water tubing: actual OD > nominal size, ID  nominal size.
General service Copper: actual OD = nominal size, ID < nominal size.
nominal size = OD
5.
6.
7.
8.
b)
PIPES, FITTINGS, VALVES AND PUMPS (STRAUSS & KAUFMAN)
PAGE 28 OF 53