Міністерство освіти і науки України
Приазовський державний технічний університет
ПРАКТИЧНИЙ КУРС
АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ
Навчальний посібник з практики усного
та письмового мовлення для студентів 4 курсу
спеціальності “Переклад”
Частина 1
- економіка
- вища освіта
- кар’єра
Маріуполь 2004
Приазовський державний технічний університет
Кафедра іноземних мов та перекладу
ПРАКТИЧНИЙ КУРС
АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ
Навчальний посібник з практики усного
та письмового мовлення для студентів 4 курсу
спеціальності “Переклад”
Частина 1
- економіка
- вища освіта
- кар’єра
Маріуполь 2004
2
УДК 811.111. (075.8)
Практичний курс англійської мови (англійською та
українською мовами). Навчальний посібник з практики усного та
письмового мовлення для студентів 4 курса спеціальності
“Переклад”. Частина 1. / Уклад.: Лазаренко Л.М., Богатирьова
О.Є.; ПДТУ. – Маріуполь, 2004.- 309 с.
Перша частина комплексу навчально - методичних
посібників з практики усного та письмового мовлення для
студентів передбакалаврського ступеню (7-8 семестри), який має
метою максимально повно задовольнити потребам фахової
підготовки перекладача, відповідає вимогам сучасної методичної
думки і враховує принцип інтегрованості та міжпредметних
звязків.
Рецензент:
Т.А. Дмитрієва, канд. філологічних наук, доцент
Укладачі:
Л.М. Лазаренко, канд. педагогічних наук, доцент
О.Є. Богатирьова, ст. викладач
Відповідальний за випуск:
зав. кафедрою Лазаренко Л.М., доцент
Затверджено на засіданні кафедри іноземних мов та перекладу
Протокол № 23 від 2 липня 2004
3
ББК Ш 143.21-923
ПЕРЕДМОВА
«Практика усного та письмового мовлення» являє собою
багатопланову навчальну дисципліну, предметом якої
виступає
словниковий склад іноземної мови, органічно зв'язаний з усіма рівнями
мови. Врахування фахової спеціалізації призводить до значного
диференціювання та розширення спектра вмінь та навичок мовленнєвої
діяльності. Методичне завдання даної дисципліни в умовах підготовки
студентів за фахом “Переклад” полягає не тільки в тому, щоб забезпечити
оволодіння студентами вміннями й навичками з усіх чотирьох видів
мовленнєвої діяльності у їхньому тісному зв'язку з функціонально-мовним
розшаруванням мови, але й інтегрувати їх застосування в галузі перекладу.
Переклад застосовується в нашому випадку як двобічний процес - він
виступає, по - перше, як макромета навчання, і по - друге - як засіб
навчання. На передбакалаврському етапі в комплексну навчальну
дисципліну «Практика усного та письмового мовлення» вноситься
подальша аспектизация: оволодіння навичками й аналітичними вміннями
перекладу й розвиток специфічних умінь обробки текстів різної
стилістичної спрямованості. Поділ занять на комплексні й аспектні є
одним із науково обґрунтованих шляхів інтенсивного викладання
іноземної мови, націленого на усебічне вивчення системи мови, її
функціонування у фаховій діяльності.
Складність і великий обсяг навчального матеріалу на
передбакалаврському етапі навчання вимагають особливої організації
навчального процесу в рамках дисципліни «Практика усного та
письмового мовлення». Тому доцентом кафедри іноземних мов та
перекладу Приазовського державного технічного університету к.п.н.
Лазаренко Л.М. та старшим викладачем кафедри Богатирьовою О.Є.
розробляється комплекс навчально - методичних посібників з практики
усного та письмового мовлення для студентів передбакалаврського
ступеню (7-8 семестри), який би був спроможний максимально повно
задовольнити потребам фахової підготовки перекладача, відповідав би
вимогам сучасної методичної думки і враховував принцип
інтегрованості та міжпредметних звязків.
4
Кожна глава посібника структурована за єдиною схемою та
складається із шести частин : discussion (усне “заохочувальне” введення
до теми), vocabulary extension (робота з вокабуляром), language in
context (опрацювання лексичної теми через автентичні тексти
відповідної тематики інформативного характеру та через систему
рецептивно- репродуктивних вправ), developing reading skills
(аналітичне читання та інтерпретаційний аналіз тексту), translation
practice (визначення діапазону варіативності та перекладацький
практикум), comprehension check (тестові та творчі завдання).
Джерелами добору мовного матеріалу служать твори
художньої літератури, преса і публіцистика країни досліджуваної мови.
Для цього використовуються також довідкова література і різні
словники. Навчальний матеріал пред'являється студентам як у вигляді
навчальних текстів, так і у вигляді окремих навчальних одиниць.
Тематичний принцип добору визначає відповідність мовного
матеріалу задачам професійної спрямованості і пізнавальної цінності.
Весь мовний матеріал, як продуктивний, так і рецептивний; лексичний
мовний матеріал,
що
підлягає
продуктивному засвоєнню,
систематизується в словниках-мінімумах, і професійно орієнтованих
аспектних словниках, особливо важливих для предбакалаврских етапів
навчання.
Критеріями добору лексичних мінімумів служать частотність і
вживаність слів, їхні потенційні словотворчі можливості, функціональностилістична і тематична співвіднесеність. У словниках-мінімумах
указуються також дистрибутивні характеристики слів, що визначають їх
типове вільне і фразеологічне вживання.
Для роботи з вокабуляром пропонується три види довідників:
загальний вокабуляр (до 60 одиниць у режимі англійська-українська
мови), який має бути вивчений та опрацьований через систему вправ,
що надаються; тематичний вокабуляр, побудований за принципом
семантичних полів, який перекладається студентом самостійно у
контексті та за допомогою лінгвокраїнознавчих та фахових словників
(до 50 одиниць); додатковий словник сленгу та фразеологізмів, що
тлумачаться та опрацьовуються безпосередньо в матеріалах посібника.
Крім того, кожен текст із частин developing reading skills та language in
context супроводжується словниковими статтями, що дають варіанти
перекладу “фальшивих друзів перекладача”, та професійно значущих
слів із метою запобігання мовної інтерференції.
Частина “Language in the context” містить , крім базових
інформаційних текстів обсягом до 1200 слів комплекс вправ та завдань,
5
спрямований на розвиток вміння вживати відповідну лексику в
непідготовлених висловлюваннях та при перекладі.
Тексти, що складають частину “developing reading skills” є
аутеничними і підібрані за такими принципами: різножанровість,
перекладацька валідність, урахування епохи (кожний текст належить до
певної літературної епохи: класичний або сучасний), композиційна
завершеність. Обсяг текстів 5000-6000 слів.
Пята частина “translation practice” є фахово спрямованою і
найбільш інтегрованою з іншими перекладацькими дисциплінами. Вона
містить невеликий обсяг теоретичного матеріалу, що стосується
окремого засобу перекладу та великий обсяг вправ творчого та
аналітичного характеру.
Остання частина вміщує два типи контрольних завдань: тестові
в трьох варіантах та творчі: теми для написання есе їв.
Даний
навчальний
посібник
ґрунтується
на
експериментальних даних про кількість повторень і видів вправ,
необхідних для міцного запам'ятовування мовного матеріалу і його
вільного вживання в мовленні. Весь методичний апарат поставлений
на службу розвитку умінь і навичок усної і письмової форм
комунікації і перекладу. При створенні
посібника нами
враховувалися
вимоги
щодо
раціонального
використання
аудиторного навантаження та організації самостійної роботи
студента. Важливо також те, що даний посібник розрахований на
самостійне опрацювання студентами заочної та дистанційної форм
навчання.
6
UNIT 1
PART 1
Project 1
HIGHER EDUCATION
DISCUSSION
The Aims of Education
1.1 Group discussion.
a) Work in groups. Look at the list of the possible aims of education. In
column A, put a number 0-5 according to the importance attached to these
aims in your work group.
0- not important at all
5- vital
b) Work alone. In column B, put a number 0-5 according to the importance
attached to these aims by you personally.
c) In column C, put a number 0-5 according to the importance attached to
these aims by a teacher of your faculty.
A
B
C
Helping you to do as well as possible in exams
□
□
□
Helping you to get as good a job as possible
□
□
□
Helping you with things you will need to know
when you graduate
□
□
□
Showing you how to get on with other people
□
□
□
Informing you on the current international trends
in your field of education
□
□
□
Teaching you how to get a necessary
information for your jobs
□
□
□
Keeping you occupied
□
□
□
Helping you to develop your personality and
character
□
□
□
Helping you to set up a decent position in the
society
□
□
□
Mastering foreign languages
□
□
□
7
When you have finished, compare your conclusions in class.
1.2 Act out a dialogue considering the probable aims of getting higher
education based on the information given above. Before performing
think of other arguments you might use to back up your opinion.
1.3 Read the extract from the interview. Discuss the reasons and stages
of getting education by E. Donnall Thomas.
In a 1999 interview for Encarta Encyclopedia, Seattle Times reporter Carol
M. Ostrom talked with cancer specialist E. Donnall Thomas about his
decades-long quest to solve the mysteries of bone marrow transplantation.
Thomas was the first to show that bone marrow could safely be
transplanted from one human being to another and that marrow transplants
could be used to treat acute leukemia patients. In 1990 Thomas shared the
Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for that work. In 1989 he stepped
down after 15 years as director of oncology for the Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington.
Interview with E. Donnall Thomas
Ostrom: Dr. Thomas, tell me about growing up in a little town in
Texas.
Thomas: My father was a general practitioner, the only doctor in
Prairie Hill, a town of about 800 people. He was born in 1870, and
with his family migrated from Tennessee to Texas in a covered
wagon in 1874. He went to medical school in Louisville, with virtually
no training before that. He had three children by his first wife. She
died of tuberculosis in 1917, and he married my mother. I was born
in 1920. From the very earliest time I can remember, I had planned
to be a doctor. I guess because my father was, and because I
admired him so much. I never gave any thought to anything else.
Except that things intervened. This was the Depression; there was
no money. My father was killed in an automobile accident when I
8
was a student at the University of Texas, and I did not see how I
could have money to go to medical school. So I switched to chemical
engineering.
Ostrom: It seems that something helped create a strong work ethic in
you; you probably know that some people call you a workaholic.
Thomas: My father was. He was always on call. When I was growing
up, we'd plan to go fishing or something, and some woman would go
into labor, or someone would get a leg broken—he couldn't do major
surgery, he couldn't in that environment—but if it were a trauma or
obstetrics case, he'd cancel our trip. In the middle of the night, he'd
get called. As I remember it, every night. I'm sure it wasn't every
night, but that's the way I remember it. But later on, having grown up
in this environment, and being in love with medicine, I decided that
with my chemistry background I'd much prefer to be in the scientific
end of medicine. I didn't want to be the only doctor in a small town.
Ostrom: You met your wife, Dottie, when she hit you with a snowball.
How did you get from there to here, being not only husband and wife,
but partners in research?
Thomas: I was a senior at the University of Texas when she was a
freshman. I was waiting tables at the girl's dormitory, which is how I
got my food. It snowed in Texas, which is very unusual—January 20,
1940. And I came out of the dormitory after we'd finished serving
breakfast, and there was about six inches of snow. This girl whacked
me in the face with a snowball. She still claims she was throwing it at
another fellow and hit me by mistake. One thing led to another, and
we seemed to hit it off. She's a workaholic, too, and was then. We
were married in December of 1942, and I had mentioned, I always
9
wanted to be a doctor. After finishing my master's degree in
chemistry, I got a job at the medical school in Galveston as an
instructor
in
pharmacology.
I
didn't
know
anything
about
pharmacology, but I spent three weeks reading a pharmacology
book, and I knew enough to be a lab assistant. I went to Galveston
and did my first semester as a medical student there. I had a halftime job so I could go to medical school. And in January of 1943,
when the war was really getting going, it was announced that the
Army and Navy were taking over the medical schools to accelerate
the training of doctors for wartime purposes. Since I already had a
reserve commission in the Army, I decided that as long as the Army
was going to be paying my way to medical school, I might as well
apply to some of the famous medical schools. And so I applied to
Harvard and Johns Hopkins and Columbia, I think it was. On
February 20, 1943, I got a telegram from Harvard, saying if I would
get my credentials in for the class starting in March, they would
consider me along with the other 1,200 applicants, because there
had been one vacancy that appeared at the last minute. And about
the first of March, I got a telegram from Harvard saying I'd been
admitted.
Ostrom: Tell me about how you became interested in bone marrow.
Was it something about bone marrow in particular, leukemia, or the
challenge?
Thomas: It was all of those. As a medical student, I had some very
stimulating teachers, and a couple of them were hematologists.
Because Dottie was a hematology technician, we used to look at
10
smears and bone marrow together when we were students. I found
the bone marrow to be a fascinating organ. I can't think of any
particular time when I decided to make that my specialty, but by the
time I was a senior in medical school, I knew that's what I would do.
Ostrom: Were there a lot of unknowns about bone marrow then?
Thomas: There had been a lot of studies, but in retrospect, it seems
we didn't know much at that time. There were people who had been
studying bone marrow for 50 years, but a lot of its functions were still
a mystery, and its diseases were poorly characterized. It used to be
thought that pernicious anemia was a form of leukemia. Going back
to my father, I can remember as a kid, his being so excited when
[George] Minot and [William] Murphy got the Nobel Prize [in
physiology or medicine] in 1934 for their earlier work on pernicious
anemia. His enthusiasm was catching. Little did either one of us
know at that time that I would later be personally acquainted with
both Minot and Murphy.
Ostrom: You were inspired by some studies involving mice and
radiation. Would you explain why these studies were so important to
you?
Thomas: By the time I had graduated medical school and was a
fellow, I spent my first year in hematology with Dr. Clement Finch. He
was then in Boston, but he moved to Seattle in 1949 to establish a
division of hematology at the then-newborn School of Medicine at the
University of Washington. His interest was in iron metabolism. And of
course, red blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also about that
time, it was realized that radiation kills animals and people primarily
by damage to the bone marrow. It's the most sensitive organ in the
11
body as far as radiation damage is concerned. And of course, in the
late '40s, after the atomic bomb explosions, everybody was
interested in this. And I became very interested in what governed the
bone marrow's production of white cells and red cells and its other
functions. At that time, there were some early experiments that
suggested there were some growth hormones for bone marrow.
Specifically, a little was beginning to be known about erythropoietin,
which stimulates bone marrow production of red cells. I took a year
off from my clinical work and went to the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology [MIT], and worked in the biology department there, with
Dr. John Loofbourow whose interest was in wound-healing
substances that stimulate cells to proliferate. I worked on substances
that are released from irradiated yeast that stimulate yeast cell
growth. And my real interest was in transferring this to bone marrow.
1.4 Open the group discussion by describing your reasons and
inspirations to get the particular kind of higher education you are
getting now. Try to use the pattern phrases and sentences.
decades -long quest to solve the mysteries of…
stepped down after 15 years as a …
with virtually no training before that
from the very earliest time I can remember, I had planned to be
I never gave any thought to anything else
I did not see how I could have money to go to ...
so I switched to …
create a strong work ethic in you
some people call you a workaholic.
12
having grown up in this environment, and being in love with
languages
I'd much prefer to be in the [scientific] end
to accelerate the training of translators for contemporary purposes
I had some very stimulating teachers, and a couple of them were
philologists
I can't think of any particular time when I decided to make that my
specialty
by the time I was a senior in school, I knew that's what I would do
you were inspired by some studies involving ...
Would you explain why these studies were so important to you?
his enthusiasm was catching
Project 2
The Financial Aspects of Getting Higher Education
1.5 Read the following selections. The issue discussed is the financial
aspect of getting higher education. Consider each of the presented facts
and discuss the position of the Ukrainian students in view of the recent
changes in the Ukrainian system of higher education.
a) The cost of attending colleges and universities has steadily
increased since the 1980s. At that time, some states began to
reduce the percentage of their budget devoted to higher education
because they had to meet rising costs for Medicare, transportation,
prisons, and other public services. Most public institutions have
raised tuition rates to compensate for this loss of funds. Meanwhile,
both public and private institutions have had to meet increased
expenditures for faculty and staff salaries, construction, and general
operations. Since private institutions in the United States do not
receive public funds, they generally charge students’ higher tuition
13
and fees than do public institutions. In Canada, public and private
institutions usually charge comparable tuition and fees because the
provincial and federal governments subsidize student costs for both
types of institutions.
b) In the United States, the average tuition with room and board at a
four-year public college for in-state residents during the 1978-1979
academic year was $1,994. By the 1996-1997 school year, the figure
had reached $7,331. At private four-year schools, tuition, room, and
board nationwide increased from an average of $4,514 to an average
of $18,476. In Canada, the cost of higher education varies
significantly from one province to another. In the 1996-1997
academic year tuition fees (without room and board) at four-year
institutions ranged from $1,170 in Quebec to more than $2,800 in
Nova Scotia. Tuition fees at private four-year colleges and
universities in Canada range from about $2,800 to $5,700.
c) More than 10 percent of full-time college students work full-time
to pay for their college education. Most others work part-time to help
offset the costs of attending college. However, higher tuition and a
decline in the purchasing power of minimum wage jobs have made
it increasingly difficult for students to pay for college by working parttime. To provide some assistance in financing higher education
costs, a number of states have established programs that allow
families to prepay college tuition years in advance by purchasing
special contracts or tax-exempt bonds.
d) Students may apply for and receive financial aid to help pay
tuition and other costs of attending college. The chief sources of
financial aid are federal programs, state grant programs, private
14
grants, and institutional sources at the college or university. Aid may
be either a grant based on financial need, a merit-based financial
award given to the student, or a loan that the student must repay
with interest in the future.
e) In the past, most students received financial aid in the form of a
grant. However, the increases in tuition rates since the 1990s have
coincided with a decrease in the funds available for public or private
grants. More of the financial aid that most students now receive
comes in the form of a loan rather than a grant or an award. For
example, in the late 1980s the average grant was 46 percent of a
typical student’s total aid package, while the average federal loan
was 52 percent. By 1998 the grant size had fallen to 40 percent of
the typical total, while loan size had increased to 58 percent. In
1997 borrowers who attended public four-year colleges had
accumulated an average of $13,000 in debts. Those who went to
private colleges averaged $17,500 in debts. Borrowers in graduate
school had an average debt of $24,500, and those who went to
professional school averaged $48,500.
f) Education is an enormous investment that requires contributions
from many sources. American higher education is especially
expensive, with its heavy investment in laboratory space and
research equipment. It receives funding from private individuals,
foundations, and corporations. Many private universities have large
endowments, or funds, that sustain the institutions beyond what
students pay in tuition and fees. Many, such as Harvard University
in Massachusetts and Stanford University in California, raise large
15
sums of money through fund drives. Even many state-funded
universities seek funds from private sources to augment their
budgets. Most major state universities, such as those in Michigan
and California, now rely on a mixture of state and private resources.
1.6 When people begin to attend college, there come a number of
repercussions. Do you agree to the following statements? Give your
reasons and provide your answer with examples.
a) Going to college delayed maturity and independence
for many Ukrainians;
b) Getting higher education extends many of the stresses
of adolescence into a person’s 20s and postponing the
rites of adulthood, such as marriage and childbearing.
c) As modern society pays more attention to education, it
also devotes a greater proportion of its resources to it.
d) Parents are expected to support their children longer
and to forgo their children's contribution to the
household.
1.7 The information below deals with the USA system of higher
education.
a) What are the differences in the Ukrainian and American
experience in this field? Do some research to get necessary facts
and data.
Education became increasingly important during the 20th
century, as America’s sophisticated industrial society demanded a
more literate and skilled workforce. In addition, school degrees
provided a sought-after means to obtain better-paying and higherstatus jobs. Schools were the one American institution that could
provide the literate skills and work habits necessary for Americans of
16
all backgrounds to compete in industries. As a result, education
expanded rapidly. In the first decades of the 20th century, mandatory
education laws required children to complete grade school. By the
end of the 20th century, many states required children to attend
school until they were at least 16. In 1960, 45 percent of high school
graduates enrolled in college; by 1996 that enrollment rate had risen
to 65 percent. By the late 20th century, an advanced education was
necessary for success in the globally competitive and technologically
advanced modern economy. According to the U.S. Census Bureau,
workers with a bachelor’s degree in 1997 earned an average of
$40,000 annually, while those with a high
about
earned
$23,000.
Those
school degree
earned
who did not complete high school
about
$16,000.
In the United States, higher education is widely
available and obtainable through thousands of private, religious, and
state-run institutions, which offer advanced professional, scientific,
and other training programs that enable students to become
proficient in diverse subjects. Colleges vary in cost and level of
prestige. Many of the oldest and most famous colleges on the East
Coast are expensive and set extremely high admissions standards.
Large state universities are less difficult to enter, and their fees are
substantially lower. Other types of institutions include state
universities that provide engineering, teaching, and agriculture
degrees; private universities and small privately endowed colleges;
religious colleges and universities; and community and junior
colleges that offer part-time and two-year degree programs. This
complex and diverse range of schools has made American higher
17
education the envy of other countries and one of the nation’s greatest
assets in creating and maintaining a technologically advanced
society.
b) Consider the questions under discussion and enact the panel.
1. How should higher education be organized,
directed and financed?
2. How much autonomy should there be for
Universities?
PART 2
VOCABULARY EXTENSION
Essential Vocabulary
2.1 Study the following expressions dealing with the topic “Higher
Education».
complexity of the programs
pursued
general education
technical training
a bachelor's degree
a master's degree
a doctorate
to submit a dissertation
to complete a minimum of … years
of further studies
to qualify for professional activity
employment in higher positions in
business, industry and government
to counteract a growing tendency
toward
overspecialization
a form of reverse discrimination
18
складність впроваджених
програм
загальна освіта
технічна освіта
ступінь бакалавра
ступінь спеціаліста/ магістра
докторантура
підготувати дисертацію
отримати якнайменше ...річну подальшу освіту
відповідати вимогам щодо
виконання професійних
обов’язків, мати належну
професійну кваліфікацію
займати вищі посади в бізнесі,
промисловості та уряді
протистояти зростаючій
тенденції щодо...
надмірна спеціалізація
форма прихованої
дискримінації
a general social commitment
загальний суспільний
обов’язок
ability or merit
здібності та переваги
admissions tests
вступні іспити
assume a new obligation
прийняти на себе нові
зобов’язання
assure equality in educational
opportunity
забезпечувати рівні
можливості / умови в здобутті
освіти
become more diverse
стати більш різноманітними
become troubling to higher
education
що стає нагальною для вищої
освіти
college admissions standards
умови вступу до вищого
учбового закладу
could not otherwise afford
в іншому разі не були б
спроможні
decline in federal research funds
зменшення державного
фінансування досліджень
educational issues
питання освіти
federally chartered and funded
дотовані та фінансовані з
боку держави
generally underrepresented
що є загалом недостатньо
представлені/ репрезентовані
handled locally
місцевого підпорядкування
highly technical or skilled work and
advanced degrees
високотехнологічні та
кваліфіковані / ті, що
потребують кваліфікації види
робіт та вища освіта
historically excluded
що були історично виключені
imposed quotas
обов’язкові квоти
Introduce the policy of affirmative
провадити афірмативну
19
action in education
політику в освіті
keep permanent academic jobs
займати постійні академічні/
наукові посади
найбільш гарячі теми/
проблеми в галузі освіти
most highly charged topics in
education
part-time and temporary faculty
наукові співробітники, що
працюють тимчасово або
неповний робочий день
secure equal access
Забезпечити рівний доступ
seek to lower costs
намагатися зменшити витрати
social and economic background
соціальне та економічне
походження
struggling to attract students
намагаються залучити
студентів
to achieve new prominence and
success
досягнути нових успіхів
to compensate for this broad social
bias
врівноважити ці великі
соціальні подвійні
стандарти/розбіжності
to fairly evaluate these criteria
справедливо оцінювати
критерії
to feel unwelcome
почувати себе небажаним
to obtain the economic and social
rewards
досягти високого
економічного та соціального
рівня
tuition costs
платня за навчання (вартість
навчального контракту)
university admissions policies
політика університету щодо
вступу
2.2 Study the word groups and look up their Ukrainian equivalents.
A. Types of higher educational establishments
20
postsecondary institutions of learning
teacher-training schools
junior colleges
institutes of technology.
undergraduate studies
"junior colleges" and "community colleges"
traditional universities and colleges
the schools of higher learning
Universities
institutes
polytechnical institutes
regional study centres
graduate schools for postgraduate studies
technical institutes
academic universities
privately funded foundations
B. Entrance Policy
the basic entrance requirement
a preparatory first year
more rigorous examination
recruit their students by giving competitive examinations
Entry requirements centralized admissions bureau
selective admission to universities
C. University Regulations
direction of a rector, an appointee of the national government
direction of rectors elected from within
21
complete autonomy from national or local government in their
administration and the determination of their curricula
autonomy in determining the curriculum
uniformity in curriculum
research facilities
rigorous training in all branches of applied science and technology
close supervision of students through a tutorial system
compulsory, alternative, and optional subjects
the accumulation of course "credits"
D. Degrees
attained the first university degree
Baccalaureate
the doctoral degree, or Ph.D.
follow an "honours" course
master's degree
doctoral degree
awarded a distinction
Vocabulary Activator
2.3 Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the meaning
of each sentence.
1.
Higher education is any of various types of education given
in _______________ and usually affording, at the end of a
course of study, a named degree, diploma, or certificate of
higher studies.
2.
The basic _____________ for most higher-educational
institutions is the completion of secondary education, and
22
the usual entrance age is about 18 years.
3.
A passing mark admits students to ________________ at a
university, which terminates in another, more rigorous
examination.
4.
______________________throughout the country leaves
each university with little to distinguish itself.
5.
In
France,
the
various
grandes
ecoles
provide________________, and their diplomas have a
somewhat higher standing than that of the ordinary licence.
6.
In Germany, a country made up of what were once strong
principalities,
the
regional
universities
have
autonomy__________________ .
7.
The Germans were the first to stress the importance of
universities as _____________, and they also created a
sense of them as emblems of a national mind.
8.
The autonomy of higher-educational institutions is strikingly
pronounced in Great Britain where
universities enjoy
almost________________, despite the fact that the schools
receive nearly all of their funding from the state.
9.
Britain has _______________to which candidates for
admission are able to give their choice of universities in an
order of preference.
10. Hence, a great number of ___________________ have
sprung up to provide two years of undergraduate study, in
contrast to the traditional universities and colleges, where
a majority of students complete four years of study for a
degree and where substantial numbers go on for one to
23
three years of postgraduate study in a "graduate school."
11. In the American system, the four-year, or "bachelor's,"
degree is ordinarily obtained not by passing a "finals"
examination but rather by the ______________, or hours of
classroom study.
12. At
these
schools
students
work
toward
either
a
__________ degree (which involves one to two years of
postgraduate study) or a _____________ degree (which
involves two to four years of study and other requirements).
13. In
Ukraine
the
______________
are
divided
into
universities, where humanities and pure sciences are
taught; _____________, where single fields are taught
(e.g.,
law,
medicine,
and
agriculture);
and
______________, where subjects similar to those in the
institutes are taught but with a broader scientific foundation.
14. Another distinction of the Ukrainian system is that it greatly
extends the educational network by offering a broad array
of carefully prepared ______________ courses.
15. The curriculum consists of _________________ subjects.
16. At the conclusion of a first-degree course, all students
receive the same diploma, but students with the best
results are awarded a ____________.
17. Throughout the 20th century, Americans have attended
schools ______________that come with highly technical or
skilled work and advanced degrees.
18. However, as the United States became more diverse,
people debated how to include different groups, such as
24
women and minorities, into higher _____________.
19. Blacks have historically been excluded from many white
institutions, or were made to feel unwelcome.
20. Since the 19th century, a number of black colleges
have_____________________,
including
federally
chartered and funded Howard University.
21. In the early 20th century, when Jews and other Eastern
Europeans began to apply to universities, some of the most
prestigious
colleges
_______________limiting
their
numbers.
2.4 Use at least 25 words or word combinations from exercises 2.1 and
2.2 in the sentences of your own. Try to make a connected text on the
problems of higher education in Ukraine.
Additional vocabulary
2.5 Study the idiomatic and slang words to the topic.
1. Aliterate - adj.- not willing to get information from printed or written
sources; able of reading but preferring not to read;
Aliterate –n. - a person, who can read but prefers sources of
information different from printed or written, e.g. through television,
cinema, computer, etc.
(Don’t confuse with the words illiterate- ignorant, uneducated and
alliterate- to form alliteration, to speak alliteratively)
2. Challenged - suffering a certain drawback.
Physically challenged - той, що має фізичні вади;
mentally challenged -той, що має розумові вади, розумово
неповноцінний;
25
visually challenged -той, що має проблеми із зором, сліпий;
aurally challenged – глухий;
Sometimes “challenged” is used as a joke,
e.g. follicularly challenged той, що має мало волосся, лисий;
temporally challenged той, що постраждав від часу, старий.
3. Egghead- a widely used British slang word. A scientist is believed
to have a big bold head containing the enormous brain.
4. Hothousing- intent to intensify the development of a child by
educating him since the earliest babyhood. The theory implies that the
baby is to be taught long before it begins speaking and perceiving the
information. Derivations: a hothouse child, a hothouse school.
5. INSET - in-service-training, i.e. the training of the teaching staff of
state schools during the school year, usually at schools they are
working in. Hence the expressions INSET course, INSET day, INSET
training. The acronym first appeared in the 70ies. Since 1987
teachers sped at least 5 working days (so-called non-contact days) at
INSET.
6. Old boy network- a circle of former schoolmates. The old boy
network in Britain is one of the oldest ‘good mafias’ in the world.
7. Salad days- the age of youth immaturity. It’s a Shakespearian
expression from “Antonio and Cleopatra’, “My salad days/ When I was
green in judgment”.
8. State-of-the-art – adj.- the latest, the best, the most modern and
up-to-date. His car/stereo equipment/ computer has all the latest
state-of-the-art refinements.
26
9. Strong suit- the expression does not deal with clothes but the
colour in a card game. In this very context it means the excellent
knowledge of smth in one particular sphere.
10. Talk ’n chalk – a scornful label to a traditional way of teaching;
the teacher explains the lesson and writes with a chalk on the
blackboard without using modern AV aids.
11. To be on tenterhooks- to fell exaggerated waiting for the results
of exams.
12. the three r’s- reading, [w]riting and [a]rithmetics- the basis of
education. The expression is said to be first used by Sir William Curtis
(1752-1829), an illiterate lord mayor of London who pronounced a
speech for “Reading, Riting and Rithmetics» believing the words
begin with R.
2.6 Paraphrase the sentences paying attention to the proper choice of
equivalents to the italised idioms.
1. In 1999 at least one third of the population of the USA was said
to be aliterate.
2. I don’t know what’s happened to education in this country.
There are young people today who simply don’t know their
three r’s.
3. I’m afraid mathematics is not my strong suit. I failed all my
exams at school.
4. Every year we have a gathering of old boys.
5. His computer has all the latest state-of-the-art refinements.
6. In my salad days I was considered a snappy dresser.
7. The school will be closed on Thursday for a one-day INSET
27
course on the National Curriculum.
8. I don’t think we need to advertise this job. We can find
someone on the old boy network, can’t we?
9. I am of the older generation of teacher. I’m a talk ‘n chalk man.
10.The hothousing theory is that if you subject a normally
intelligent child to intensive, specialized training in a particular
discipline at a very early age, you will produce excellence.
2.7 Learn the list of Academic Degree Abbreviations.
A.B. or B.A.*
Bachelor of Arts
A.M. or
M.A.**
B.B.S.
Master of Arts
B.C.L.
Bachelor of Civil Law
B.D.
Bachelor of Divinity
Bachelor of Letters (or Literature)
B.Lit, B. Litt.
or Lit.B.
Bachelor of Business Science
B.L.L. or
L.L.B.
Bachelor of Laws
B.S., B.Sc.,
or Sc.B.
C.E.
Bachelor of Science
Ch.E.
Chemical Engineer
D.C.L.
Doctor of Civil Law
D.D. or
S.T.D.
D.D.S.
Doctor of Divinity
D.Litt, or
Litt.D.
D.M.D.
Doctor of Letters (or Literature)
Civil Engineer
Doctor of Dental Surgery
Doctor of Dental Medicine
28
D.S. or D.Sc.
Doctor of Science
D.V.M.
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
E.E.
J.D.
Electrical Engineer
Doctor of Law
L.H.D.
Doctor of Humanities
L.L.D.
Doctor of Laws
M.B.A.
M.C.E.
Master of Business Administration
Master of Civil Engineering
M.D.
Doctor of Medicine
*Bachelor of Arts - бакалавр мистецтв (той, що володіє
ступенем бакалавра з однієї з гуманітарних чи математичних
наук в університетах )
Bachelor of Arts Education - бакалавр мистецтв в галузі
педагогіки (той, що має диплом про вищу освіту, наданий
персоні, що закінчила дворічний курс спеціальної педагогічної
підготовки)
**магистр мистецтв, магистр гуманітарних наук
2.8 In this text use the full forms instead of abbreviations. Translate the
text.
Academic Degree is a title granted by a college or university, usually
signifying completion of an established course of study. Honorary
degrees are conferred as marks of distinction, not necessarily of
scholarship; some, such as D.Litt. are generally honorary in the
United States. The doctor's degree in medicine and law in itself is only
a measure of academic attainment; the holder of the degree of M.D.,
for example, cannot practice in the medical profession until he or she
has passed a qualifying examination and received a license. The
most commonly granted degrees in the U.S. are the B.A., and the
B.S., both given generally after the completion of a 4-year course of
29
study and sometimes followed by a mark of excellence, such as cum
laude, with praise; magna cum laude, with great praise; or summa
cum laude, with highest praise. After one or two more years of
coursework, the second degree, M.A. or M.S., may be obtained by
examination or the completion of a piece of research. At the
universities of Oxford and Cambridge, holders of a B.A. can receive
an M.A. six or seven years after entering the university simply by
paying certain fees. The Ph.D. is usually offered by all universities
that admit advanced students and is granted after prolonged study
and either examination or original research. The rapid expansion of
specialization produced a growing variety of specific academic
degrees in American, British, and other English-speaking higher
education systems in the 20th century. More than 1,500 different
degrees are now awarded in the United States, for example, with the
largest number in science, technology, engineering, medicine, and
education. The commonest degrees, however, are still the B.A. and
the B.S., to which the signature of a special field may be added (e.g.,
B.S.Pharm.).
In Ukraine diplomas are awarded on completion of a four- or five-year
university course. The candidate of science (kandidat nauk) degree is
awarded after several years of practical and academic work and
completion of a thesis and is comparable to the American Ph.D.
Doctor of science (doktor nauk) degrees are awarded only by a
special national commission, in recognition of original and important
research.
30
In addition to earned degrees, universities and colleges award
honorary degrees, such as L.H.D., Litt.D., and D.C.L., as recognition
of distinction without regard to academic attainment.
PART 3
LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT
TEXT A
3.1 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of
translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and
expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in
exercise 3.3.
consideration 1) а) роздум, розсуд, аналіз, міркування, After long
consideration he agreed to their requests.
under consideration - give some consideration to the matter - send for
consideration - deserve consideration - require consideration
Syn: discussion
б) погляд, думка, розсуд
take into consideration - in consideration of - on no consideration under no consideration - careful consideration - due consideration serious consideration - financial considerations - personal
considerations
2) ввічливість, завбачливість, шана, вшанування
people of regard — шановні люди, добродії
accept the assurance of my highest consideration
Syn: esteem, respect, regard
3) віддячування, компенсація, платня
a small fee in consideration of many kind services — невелика
платня в обмін на велику кількість добрих послуг
Syn: recompense, payment
commitment
1) вручення, передача the irrevocable commitment of the public
welfare to the numerical majority — остаточна передача суспільного
добробуту чисельній більшості
2) передача законопроекту до комісії
3) узяття під варту; ордер на арешт Syn: mittimus ,
confinement , imprisonment
31
4) обов'язок without commitment to any especial
political opinions — без усяких обов’язків щодо будь-яких певних
політичних думок pecuniary obligations — грошові зобов'язання to
meet commitments — виконувати зобов'язання Syn: engagement
5) прихильність, погляди This demand for the
commitment, or "engagement", of the artist originated in communist
ideology.
6) здійснення (чогось протизаконого)
issue 1) результат, вихід, витікання, вилив, закінчення; виділення
Syn: egress , emergence
2) а) вихід, вихідний канал, вихідний отвір Syn: exit , outlet
б) устя ріки
3) штучно викликувана ранка
4) а) публікація, опублікування, видання (чего-л.)
б) випуск; видання (сукупність виданих екземплярів
газет, книг і т.д.) an issue comes out, is published — видання
виходить
в) випуск (один опублікований екземпляр) to bring out
issue, to publish an issue — видавати номер back issue — минулий
номер current issue — свіжий номер
5) а) потомство, діти
б) нащадок; спадкоємець to die without issue — умерти
не залишивши нащадків Syn: progeny , offspring
6) а) результат, He hoped that his enterprise would have a
prosperous issue.
б) остаточне рішення в) кінець, закінчення, витікання
(чего-л.) Syn: termination , end
7) а) спірне питання, предмет суперечки, розбіжність;
проблема to address an issue — звертатися з питанням to bring up
issue, to raise an issue — піднімати питання to bring an issue to a
close — розв'язати питання to face an issue — порушувати
питання to settle an issue — улагоджувати, вирішувати питання to
straddle an issue — порушувати питання the question at issue is —
питання / справа полягає в тому - join issue - take issue - burning
issue - collateral issue - side issue - dead issue - divisive issue moral issue - political issue - sensitive issue - substantive issue trivial issues - issue of the day - issue of fact - issue of law Syn:
question
32
б) предмет позову; проблема, що складає предмет
розгляду
8) а) результат, продукт issues of a disordered imagination
— плоди хворої уяви
б) дія, діяння Syn: deed 1.
9) доходи, прибутку Syn: profit 1., income
10) емісія
prominence
1) а) виступ, що видається частина a rocky
prominence — скелястий виступ Syn: projection
б) узвишшя, опуклість, нерівність
2) видатне положення; популярність The importance
of this event comes into historical prominence Syn: conspicuousness ,
distinction , notoriety
3) = protuberance
qualify
1) а) оцінювати, кваліфікувати; давати визначення;
називати ( as, with ) Syn: characterize , entitle , name
б) визначати (виконувати функцію граматичного
визначення) Syn: modify
2) а) уточнювати (какое-л. висловлення, заява і т.п.) І'd
like to qualify your statement Syn: justify
б) видозмінювати, зм'якшувати (думка, висловлення і
т.п.) Qualify this statement, it is too strong.. Syn: modify
3) а) кваліфікувати, навчати для какой-л. мети; готувати
(кого-л.) до какой-л. Діяльності
б) готуватися до ... діяльності; здобувати . кваліфікацію
At the end of three years, our son hopes to qualify as a lawyer.
4) а) одержувати право ( на що-небудь ); стати
правомочним ( as, for ) to qualify for the vote — одержати право
голосу He qualified to teach mathematics
б) проходити кваліфікацію the team qualified for the finals
— команда успішно пройшла попередній / кваліфікаційний турнір
для участі у фіналі
в) заробляти, заслуговувати If that boy goes on behaving
like that, hе'll qualify for severe punishment Syn: deserve
5) а) одержувати (какое-л. право), бути визнаним (кем-л.)
на підставі даної чи клятви присяги б) давати чи клятву присягу
Syn: swear
33
6) а) послабляти, зм'якшувати (ефект чего-л., покарання і
т.п.)
б) розводити, розбавляти (одну рідину іншої); зменшувати
(міцність, насиченість чего-л.) he qualified coffee with milk .
3.2 Translate the sentences into English.
1. Після тривалих консультацій із керівництвом факультету
він погодився з їхніми вимогами.
2. Через два роки я сподіваюся отримати фах перекладача.
3. Він здобув право викладати теорію перекладу.
4. Прийняття Конституції посідає визначне місце в новій
історії незалежної України.
5. Він розчинив сік газованою водою.
6. Якщо цей студент буде й надалі поводитися таким чином,
він буде суворо покараний.
7. Примите уверение в моем совершенном уважении.
3.Требование, чтобы автор учебника придерживался
определенных политических взглядов, порождено
коммунистической идеологией.
8. Он надеялся, что исход этого предприятия будет
благополучным. 6.Мій керівник жадав би уточнити вашу
заяву.
3.3 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. While reading mark or
underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.
Throughout the 20th century, Americans have attended schools to
obtain the economic and social rewards that come with highly
technical or skilled work and advanced degrees. However, as the
United States became more diverse, people debated how to include
34
different groups, such as women and minorities, into higher
education. Blacks have historically been excluded from many white
institutions, or were made to feel unwelcome. Since the 19th century,
a number of black colleges have existed to compensate for this broad
social bias, including federally chartered and funded Howard
University. In the early 20th century, when Jews and other Eastern
Europeans began to apply to universities, some of the most
prestigious
colleges
imposed
quotas
limiting
their
numbers.
Americans tried various means to eliminate the most
egregious forms of discrimination. In the early part of the century,
"objective" admissions tests were introduced to counteract the bias in
admissions. Some educators now view admissions tests such as the
Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT), originally created to simplify
admissions
testing
for
prestigious
private
schools,
as
disadvantageous to women and minorities. Critics of the SAT believed
the test did not adequately account for differences in social and
economic background. Whenever something as subjective as ability
or merit is evaluated, and when the rewards are potentially great,
people hotly debate the best means to fairly evaluate these criteria.
Until the middle of the 20th century, most educational issues in the
United States were handled locally. After World War II, however, the
federal government began to assume a new obligation to assure
equality in educational opportunity, and this issue began to affect
college admissions standards. In the last quarter of the 20th century,
the government increased its role in questions relating to how all
Americans
could
best
secure
equal
access
to
education.
Schools had problems providing equal opportunities for all
35
because quality, costs, and admissions criteria varied greatly. To deal
with these problems, the federal government introduced the policy of
affirmative action in education in the early 1970s. Affirmative action
required that colleges and universities take race, ethnicity, and gender
into account in admissions to provide extra consideration to those
who have historically faced discrimination. It was intended to assure
that Americans of all backgrounds have an opportunity to train for
professions in fields such as medicine, law, education, and business
administration.
Affirmative action became a general social commitment during the
last quarter of the 20th century. In education, it meant that universities
and colleges gave extra advantages and opportunities to blacks,
Native Americans, women, and other groups that were generally
underrepresented at the highest levels of business and in other
professions. Affirmative action also included financial assistance to
members of minorities who could not otherwise afford to attend
colleges and universities. Affirmative action has allowed many
minority members to achieve new prominence and success.
At the end of the 20th century, the policy of affirmative action was
criticized as unfair to those who were denied admission in order to
admit those in designated group categories. Some considered
affirmative action policies a form of reverse discrimination, some
believed that special policies were no longer necessary, and others
believed that only some groups should qualify (such as African
Americans because of the nation’s long history of slavery and
segregation). The issue became a matter of serious discussion and is
one of the most highly charged topics in education today. In the 1990s
36
three
states—Texas,
California,
and
Washington—eliminated
affirmative action in their state university admissions policies.
Several other issues have become troubling to higher education.
Because tuition costs have risen to very high levels, many smaller
private colleges and universities are struggling to attract students.
Many students and their parents choose state universities where
costs are much lower. The decline in federal research funds has also
caused financial difficulties to many universities. Many well-educated
students, including those with doctoral degrees, have found it difficult
to find a form of reverse discrimination as schools seek to lower costs
by hiring part-time and temporary faculty. As a result, despite its great
strengths and its history of great variety, the expense of American
higher education may mean serious changes in the future.
3.4 Explain in details the meaning of the phrases:
 affirmative action

equal access to education

college admissions standards

troubling issues to higher education
3.5 Write down from the text the expressions similar in meaning to the
following:
 to compensate for

broad social bias

tuition costs

to attract students

financial assistance
37
3.6 These dictionary entries will enrich you vocabulary and help you use
the words correctly. After you learn the information, work out the
sentences of your own to every word/ expression below.
Bias упередження (against - проти ); пристрасть (in favour of,
towards - на користь ; необ'єктивність, упередженість Syn: bigotry
bigotry сліпа прихильність чему-л.; фанатизм; нетерпимість to
arouse, stir up bigotry — збуджувати нетерпимість, фанатизм to
demonstrate, display bigotry — показувати, демонструвати сліпу
прихильність чему-л. fanatical bigotry — фанатична прихильність
ingrained bigotry — застаріла прихильність narrow-minded bigotry
— вузьколобість religious bigotry — релігійний фанатизм reverse
bigotry — нетерпимість навпаки, забобони навпаки Syn: bias ,
intolerance , prejudice , narrow-mindedness Ant: impartiality ,
objectivity , tolerance , open-mindedness
egregious волаючий, страшенний, очевидний - egregious error egregious lie - egregious fool Syn: notorious
notorious 1) той, що має погану славу; сумно відомий;
горезвісний; страшенний 2) знайомий, відомий it is notorious that...
— добре відомо, що... notorious facts — відомі факти Syn: famous
3) загальновідомий, прославлений (про людей, визначні пам'ятки і
т.ін. )
TEXT B
3.7 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of
translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and
expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in
exercise 3.9
38
advanced
1) а) висунутий уперед, що знаходиться перед;
передовий the advanced guard of the English army — авангард
англійської армії
б) (про вік) похилий, літній advanced in years —
старий
2) а) сучасний, передовий advanced ideas — передові
ідеї.Their tastes are a bit too advanced for the times.
б) розвитий; налагоджений, відпрацьований the most
advanced scientific methods — найефективніші наукові методи
advanced weapons systems — сучасні системи озброєння
3) а) просунутий; підвищеного типу advanced chemistry
— вища хімія - advanced studies - advanced Lеаrnеr's Dictionary ;
advanced
studies-
заняття,
курс
підвищеного
типу
для
продолжающих навчання.
б) устигаючий (про учня)
4) підвищений, збільшений (про кількість) the advanced
price of grain — збільшена ціна на зернові Syn: increased
facility 1) а) легкість ( як відсутність перешкод, труднощів ) The
facility or difficulty of understanding. —
б) легкість, плавність (про склад, мову і т.п.) Spenser
composed with great facility.
• Syn: ease , freedom , readiness ,
aptitude , dexterity , fluency
2) а) можливість, сприятливі умови; пільги Syn: opportunity
б) засобу обслуговування, зручності; послуги There was
but little need of postal facilities. — У поштових послугах практично
не було потреби.
39
в) устаткування, пристосування, апаратура; будинку
(заводів, фірм і т.п.) to provide facility for — діставати устаткування
для recreational facilities — місце відпочинку і розваг
( спортмайданчики, тенісні корти і т.д. ) - athletic facilities - dining
facilities - eating facilities - educational facilities - mechanical facilities
- medical facilities - modern facilities - outmoded facilities - research
facilities - storage facilities - transportation facilities; educational
facilities навчальні посібники Syn: installation
3) а) піддатливість, поступливість
б) приступність - facility of access Syn: pliancy, liability ,
readiness
4) безтурботність, неуважність, недбалість Those who read
them with careless facility. Syn: lassitude, carelessness
nation 1) народ, нація; народність Syn: folk , people , nationality
2) а) держава, нація, країна to build, establish a nation —
створити, заснувати державу belligerent, warring nations — воюючі
держави civilized nation — цивілізована держава a member nation
(of the UN) — країна-член, що входить до складу какой-л.
організації (напр., Організації Об'єднаних Націй) There were strikes
across the nation. -friendly nation — дружня держава independent
nation — незалежна держава most favoured nation — найбільше
благоприятствуемая нація peace-loving nations — миролюбні
країни sovereign nation — суверенна, незалежна держава Syn:
State б) ( the nation ) наша країна, США ( тж. this nation );
американці
3) (the nation ) усі жителі країни, усе населення країни It was
a story that touched the nаtіоn's heart.
40
4) (the nations) а); язичники, неєвреї Syn: the Gentiles б)
народи, що населяють землю, народи світу
5) плем'я; об'єднання племен
6) земляцтво (у середньовічному університеті)
range 1) а) вибудовувати(ся) у ряд; ставити, розташовувати в
порядку All the enemy's guns were ranged against us from both
sides. Syn: arrange
б) класифікувати Syn: classify , arrange
в)
бути на
одному рівні;
відноситися
до числа;
примикати, приєднуватися І'м surprised to hear that he has ranged
himself with the workers. He ranges with the great writers.
2) а) бродити; мандрувати, скитаться; нишпорити (range
over, range through) The cattle range over many miles in search of
food. —Syn: wander, rove, roam , stray
б) плисти навколо (берега, країни і т.д.; range along,
range with)
3) а) коливатися у відомих межах His feelings on the matter
have ranged from bitterness to hope.
б) простиратися, тягтися (range along, range with) в)
водитися, зустрічатися у визначених границях
4) зробитися розсудливим, змінити спосіб життя на більш
регулярний (калька з французького) - range in.
terminal 1.1) кінець, границя
2) а) кінцева станція; кінцевий пункт; перевалочний
пункт at a terminal — на кінцевої - bus terminal - freight terminal shipping terminal - trucking terminal - air terminal - airline terminal
41
б) плата за навантаження товарів на кінцевій
залізничній станції
3) кінцевий склад / слово; закінчення
4) клема; уведення / висновок
2.1) заключний, кінцевий, термінальний, остаточний,
останній; завершальний Syn: final , concluding
2) періодичний; періодично повторюваний
3) семестровий terminal examination — семестровий
іспит Syn: semester
4) обмежений терміном
3.8 Translate the sentences into English.
1. Їхні смаки занадто "просунуті" для сьогоднішнього дня.
2. Давай зустрінемося на автовокзалі.
3. Його можна поставити в один ряд з великими
письменниками.
4. Легкість чи труднощі в розумінні.
5. Він перейшов від розпачу до надії.
6. По всій країні прокотилися страйки.
7. По обидва боки на нас були націлені вишуковані в ряд
ворожі пушки.
8. Худоба проходить милі в пошуках їжі.
9. Спенсер писав дуже легко .
10. Ті, хто з безтурботною неуважністю читають їх.
11. Дивує, що він приєднався до робітників.
12. Ця історія торкнула серця людей по всій країні.
42
3.9 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. While reading mark
or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.
Higher education is a period of advanced study following the
completion of secondary education. The duration of the study may be
from four to seven years or more, depending upon the nature and
complexity of the programs pursued. The institution providing higher
education may be either a college or university or a type of
professional school. A junior or community college, such as those
maintained by some state systems of higher education, offers a 2year program of general education and/or technical training that
serves either as terminal schooling or as preparation for more
specialized study in a 4-year college or university. When the basic
course of study is successfully completed, usually at the end of four
years, the graduate receives a bachelor's degree. He or she may
continue for a master's degree, generally requiring an additional year
or two, and then for a doctorate, which normally requires the
candidate to submit a dissertation and to complete a minimum of two
or three years of further studies. Higher education, which usually
includes some general education, is a time for specialized study to
qualify the individual for professional activity or for employment in
higher positions in business, industry, and government. In recent
years, especially in the U.S., the trend has been toward requiring a
greater number of courses common to all students in order to
counteract a growing tendency toward overspecialization.
Postgraduate study ranges from programs emphasizing
intensive training in a specific aspect of professional practice to
degree programs of several years' duration, either in an academic
43
discipline or a professional field. Many professions also require
periodic postgraduate study in order to maintain certification for
practice.
Graduate schools generally award master's degrees or
doctorates to those who have satisfactorily completed prescribed
courses of study. A year is usually required to obtain a master's
degree, which demands the acquisition of a higher level of knowledge
than is needed for a baccalaureate. The doctoral degree involves a
longer period of study and requires participation in and summation of
some type of original research, as well as written and oral
examinations.
The demands for specific courses of postgraduate study
change with the needs of society. In most developing nations, for
example, professional training in engineering and the health
sciences is in great demand. In the United States and Canada the
number of persons applying to schools of medicine, law, and
business management greatly increased during the 1990s.
Preparation for a career in medicine represents the most intensive
curriculum, as a medical degree requires at least four years beyond
the baccalaureate, and entry into a medical specialty can require
four or more additional years of study. Many other occupations are
currently being upgraded to the status of professions, with
accompanying increases in the amount of postgraduate education
needed
for
entry
and
advancement.
In the U.S., a growing number of college students are continuing
their education with postgraduate study. This has led to an
expansion
of
facilities
in
universities
44
around
the
nation.
Postgraduate recruitment comes from various sources. Some
college graduates who went directly into employment find it
desirable to return to graduate schools for advanced training. A
further trend has been to open professional training to minority
groups that have historically been excluded because their access to
prerequisite study has been restricted.
An ever-increasing number of women are now students in
higher education programs throughout the world. Traditionally,
many professions, including engineering, law, and medicine, were
dominated by men. Women are now demanding and acquiring
equal access to the postgraduate education necessary for entry into
all professions. This trend is likely to continue as political, economic,
and social barriers to equal opportunity for women are removed.
As per capita income increases in a society, the demand for
professional training in technical and human services also increases.
Foreign aid from developed nations and educational programs
sponsored by the United Nations have done much to support the
expansion of postgraduate education in developing countries. Many
nations now include plans for the development of postgraduate
studies as part of their own systems of higher education rather than
supporting professional training abroad for citizens who may or may
not return to their own countries.
3.10 Work out the questions to the following answers.
1. the nature and complexity of the programs pursued
45
2. a 2-year program of general education and / or technical
training
3. usually at the end of four years
4. in
order
to
counteract
a
growing
tendency
toward
overspecialization
5. from programs emphasizing intensive training in a specific
aspect of professional practice to degree programs of several
years' duration
6. participation in and summation of some type of original
research, as well as written and oral examinations
7. during the 1990s
8. because their access to prerequisite study has been restricted
9. engineering, law, and medicine
10. as per capita income increases in a society
3.11 Make a list of at least 15 expressions and phrases from the article
that would help you to speak on the topic “Higher education”.
TEXT C
3.12 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of
translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and
expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in
exercise.
46
employment 1) служба; заняття; робота ( за найманням ) out of
employment — без роботи to give, provide employment — давати
роботу to find employment, seek employment — шукати роботу
employment is down — рівень зайнятості / кількість робочих місць
зменшується employment is up — рівень зайнятості / кількість
робочих місць збільшується casual employment — випадкові
заробітки
seasonal
employment
—
сезонна
робота
steady
employment — постійна робота employment book — розрахункова
книжка employment protection — охорона праці Syn: employ
2) зайнятість full-time employment, full employment —
повна зайнятість, робота повний робочий день / на повну ставку
part-time employment — часткова зайнятість, робота неповний
робочий день / не на повну ставку employment agent — агент по
найманню employment bureau — бюро наймання (робітників та
службовців) employment policy — політика повної зайнятості
industrial employment — зайнятість у промисловості employment
agency
—
бюро
з
працевлаштування,
агенція
з
працевлаштування - employment exchange Syn: occupation
3) заняття; ремесло; рід занять, професія Syn: trade ,
profession
4) використання, застосування, уживання employment
of industrial capacity — використання виробничих потужностей
Syn: application , use
engineering 1.1) прикладний ( про науку )
2) технічний, інженерний engineering brain —
технічний склад розуму engineering library — інженерна бібліотека
engineering data — технічні дані, технічні параметри
47
2.1) а) інженерне мистецтво; машинобудування
engineering
worker
—
робітник-машинобудівник
-
chemical
engineering - civil engineering - electrical engineering - highway
engineering - hydraulic engineering - marine engineering - mechanical
engineering - metallurgical engineering - sanitary engineering systems engineering - traffic engineering - transportation engineering
- engineering plant Syn: machine-building , machinery construction
б) розробка й керування ( про процеси,
механізми ); інженерія genetic engineering — генна інженерія
software engineering — розробка програмного забезпечення
2) техніка, апаратура
3) махінації, підступ
experience 1.1) (життєвий) досвід by experience, from experience
— із досвіда to know by experience, to know from experience —
знати з досвіда to know from previous experience — знати з
попереднього досвіда to learn by experience — пізнати на досвіді
to acquire, gain, gather, get experience from — навчитися на досвіді
broad experience, wide experience — великий досвід direct
experience, firsthand experience — "з перших рук" (досвід,
переданий при безпосередньому спілкуванні вчителя і того, якого
навчають,) hands-on experience — життєвий досвід learning
experience — досвід навчання practical experience — практичний
досвід
previous
experience
—
попередній
досвід,
досвід
попередників
2) досвідченість; досвід роботи, стаж роботи Hе's
counting on his mother to take care of the twins, for shе's had plenty
of experience with them. — Він розраховував, що його мати подбає
48
про близнюків, тому що в неї був достатній досвід догляду за
ними. She has 10 years experience in the job. — У неї десятилітній
досвід такої роботи.
3) а) випадок, подія harrowing, painful, unnerving,
unpleasant experience — неприємна подія to have an experience —
потрапити в ситуацію share an experience — поділитися досвідом,
розповісти який-небудь випадок із власного життя enlightening
experience — повчальний випадок interesting experience — цікавий
випадок memorable
experience
—
пам'ятна
подія
pleasant
experience — приємна подія unforgettable experience — незабутня
подія Another unlooked-for experience was in store for us. — Нас
підстерігала ще одна подія, якої ми не очікували. Syn: adventure,
event
б) враження, переживання cruise experience —
враження від круїзу
2.1) випробувати, знати по досвіду
We had never
experienced this kind of holiday before and had no idea what to
expect. — Ми ніколи не попадали на такого роду свята і не знали,
чого нам очікувати.
2) випробувати, почувати, переживати He experienced
severe hardships as a child. — У нього було дуже важке дитинство.
Widows seem to experience more distress than do widowers. —
Удови, очевидно, переживають більше горе, ніж удівці. Syn:
undergo
technician 1) технік
2) чоловік, що знає свою справу; фахівець dental
technician — дантист, зубна лікар (гарний ) lab, laboratory
49
technician — лаборант ( гарний ) medical technician — лікар (
гарний ) radar technician — фахівець з радарів television, TV
technician — фахівець з телевізорів
3) людина, що добре володіє технікою ( у живописі,
музиці і т.п. )
4) лаборант, лаборантка
5)
technicians-and-engineers-
інженерно-технічний
персонал.
3.13 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian . While reading
mark or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.
Technical Education is an instruction in a skill or procedure,
usually of a mechanical type, and at a level between that of the
professional scientist or engineer and that of a skilled craftsperson.
Technicians
support
scientists
and
engineers
by
designing,
developing, producing, and maintaining machines and materials. The
work of a technician is more limited in scope than that of a scientist or
engineer and is commonly considered practical rather than theoretical
in its orientation.
In industry, jobs for technicians range from those that are
narrow
in
scope
and
require
relatively
limited
technical
understanding, such as the routine inspection of parts, to those that
require a considerable level of mathematical, scientific, and applied
technological ability, such as engineering aide, instrumentation
technician, draftsperson and tool designer. The growing field of
computer
technology
opportunities
is
providing
for
many
new
employment
technicians.
A technical education is acquired in a number of ways. Many
50
persons learn on the job and supplement their practical experience
with correspondence courses and evening school. The armed
forces train a large number of technicians, particularly in electronics.
Increasing numbers of technicians receive their education in trade
schools, technical high schools, vocational-technical schools,
community or junior colleges, or technical institutes. The trend is
toward education beyond high school, with more skilled technicians
and technologists completing either two or four years of college.
Many different courses and programs are available. Some
schools offer technical training in only a single field, others in a
variety of fields. Some schools combine agricultural and industrial
training within the same school; other schools train skilled
craftspeople as well as technicians. Junior or community colleges
offering courses primarily for craftspeople and technicians include
courses in the liberal arts, or the technical courses may be offered
in a separate division of a liberal arts-oriented junior college. Some
senior colleges offer a 4-year baccalaureate program in engineering
technology.
The first technical institute in the U.S. was the Lyceum, founded in
Gardiner, Maine, in 1822 to provide a suitable education for farmers
and mechanics in a 2-year course. A number of mechanics
institutes were founded in the 1820s to provide lectures, libraries,
and classes for their members, but the spread of free public schools
tended to eliminate the need for this type of school. The only such
institute that developed into the present-day technical institute was
the Ohio Mechanics Institute, founded in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1828.
51
The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in Troy, New
York, in 1824, to provide an education in the sciences for interested
workers and others, gradually evolved into a school of engineering,
and its first class of civil engineers graduated in 1835. Other early
technical institutes that later became engineering colleges include
the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and Cooper Union for the
Advancement of Science and Art, both in New York City; Drexel
Institute of Technology (now Drexel University) in Philadelphia; the
Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (now
Carnegie Mellon University); and the California Institute of
Technology in Pasadena, California.
Pratt Institute, which opened in 1887 in Brooklyn, New York,
was one of the best-known early technical institutes. Its first courses
were intended for experienced industrial crafts workers with a high
school background and two years of practical experience. In 1895
Pratt Institute introduced an adaptation of the curriculum followed by
the
German
Technikum,
which
emphasized
the
practical
applications of engineering. Pratt Institute gradually changed,
however, into a school offering regular 4-year engineering
programs. Recognition of the excellence of Russian technical
schools, as shown by Russian exhibits at the Philadelphia
Centennial Exposition (1876), further improved technical instruction
in the U.S., which placed increased emphasis on acquiring basic
skills
before
workshop
practice.
In 1917 the U.S. Congress passed the Smith-Hughes Act to
promote vocational education. Congress broadened the scope of
this program several times and in 1958 authorized the training of
52
technicians under the National Defense Education Act. In 1963
Congress expanded this program of vocational and technical
education still further. Recently, the total number of secondary,
postsecondary, and adult students in federally aided vocational and
technical education classes was estimated to exceed 13 million.
The greatest enrollments were in home economics, trade and
industry,
office
skills,
and
agriculture.
The standards in technical education have gradually risen since
World War II. In 1944 the Engineers Council for Professional
Development (now the Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology) assumed responsibility for accrediting technical
institutes offering programs in engineering technology. The
approved curriculum usually leads to an associate or bachelor's
degree in engineering technology.
3.14 Translate into Ukrainian paying special attention to the rendering
of the proper names.
1.The first technical institute in the U.S. was the Lyceum, founded in
Gardiner, Maine, in 1822 to provide a suitable education for farmers
and mechanics in a 2-year course.
2.The only such institute that developed into the present-day
technical institute was the Ohio Mechanics Institute, founded in
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1828.
3. The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in Troy, New York,
in 1824, to provide an education in the sciences for interested
workers and others, gradually evolved into a school of engineering,
and its first class of civil engineers graduated in 1835.
53
4.Other early technical institutes that later became engineering
colleges include the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and Cooper
Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, both in New York
City; Drexel Institute of Technology (now Drexel University) in
Philadelphia; the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania (now Carnegie Mellon University); and the California
Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California.
5. Pratt Institute, which opened in 1887 in Brooklyn, New York, was
one of the best-known early technical institutes intended for
experienced industrial crafts workers with a high school background
and two years of practical experience.
6. In 1895 Pratt Institute introduced an adaptation of the curriculum
followed by the German Technikum, which emphasized the practical
applications of engineering.
7. Recognition of the excellence of Russian technical schools, as
shown by Russian exhibits at the Philadelphia Centennial
Exposition (1876), further improved technical instruction in the U.S.,
which placed increased emphasis on acquiring basic skills before
workshop
practice.
8. In 1917 the U.S. Congress passed the Smith-Hughes Act to
promote vocational education.
9. Congress broadened the scope of this program several times and
in 1958 authorized the training of technicians under the National
Defense Education Act.
54
10. In 1944 the Engineers Council for Professional Development
(now the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology)
assumed responsibility for accrediting technical institutes offering
programs in engineering technology.
3.15 Choose the statement, which fits the text best.
1.
a. Technical Education is an instruction in a skill or procedure at
a level between that of the professional scientist or engineer
b. Technical Education is an instruction in a skill or procedure at
a level between that of a skilled craftsperson.
c. Technical Education is an instruction in a skill or procedure,
usually of a mechanical type, of a variety of specialists.
2.
a. The work of a technician is commonly considered theoretical
rather than practical in its orientation.
b. The work of a technician is more limited in scope than that of a
scientist or engineer .
c. The work of a technician is equal in scope than that of a
scientist or engineer and is commonly considered practical
rather than theoretical in its orientation.
3.
a.
Jobs of engineering aide, instrumentation technician,
draftsperson and tool designer require relatively limited
technical understanding.
b. In industry, jobs for technicians are narrow in scope and
require relatively limited technical understanding, such as the
routine inspection of parts.
55
c. In industry, jobs for technicians require both relatively limited
technical understanding and a considerable level of
mathematical, scientific, and applied technological ability.
4.
a. The modern tendency is toward education beyond high
school, with more skilled technicians and technologists
completing either two or four years of college.
b. The armed forces train a large number of technicians,
particularly in technical high schools.
c.
A technical education is acquired chiefly on the job ,
practical experience supplemented with correspondence
courses and evening school.
5.
a. Courses and programs are available in only a single field.
b. Schools never combine agricultural and industrial training
within the same school.
c. Junior or community colleges offering courses primarily for
craftspeople and technicians include courses in the liberal
arts.
PART 4
DEVELOPING READING SKILLS
TEXT 1 ‘The Civil Rights Movement and Affirmative Action’
4.1 Study the glossary to the article. Find the words in the context and
choose the proper translation.
hierarchy
1) ієрархія to rise in the hierarchy — одержати
підвищення
56
academic hierarchy — ієрархія учених ступенів /
викладацьких звань
church hierarchy — церковна ієрархія
corporate hierarchy — корпоративна ієрархія
military hierarchy — ієрархія військових звань
ruling hierarchy — існуюча ієрархія
hierarchy of goals, hierarchy of objectives —
дерево цілей
hierarchy of strategy — ієрархія стратегії
2) теократія
ineluctable неминучий, невідворотний, фатальний Syn: inevitable
, unavoidable
infer
1) укладати; робити ( логічний ) висновок; виводити (
висновок, наслідок і т.п.; from - з чего-л. ) What do you infer from
the voting figures? — Які висновки ви робите з результатів
голосування. Syn: deduce, conclude, judge , gather
2) значити, позначати, означати, мати на увазі;
наводити на думку Syn: imply , mean III, indicate , suggest , hint
3) робити припущення, висловлювати здогад Syn:
guess , surmise
meritocracy - система, при якій становище людини в суспільстві
визначається його
здібностями; уряд, що складається з
освічених людей; освічена еліта
project 1) а) проект, план; програма ( будівництва і т.п. )
to carry out a project — здійснювати план,
виконувати програму
to conceive project — задумати план
to draw up a project — складати проект /
програму
to shelve a project — відкладати проект "у довгу
шухляду"
irrigation project - land-reclamation project - pilot
project public-works project - water- conservation project
Syn: activity , enterprise , operation , undertaking ,
programme , scheme
57
б) завдання дослідницького характеру для школярів
чи студентів, зв'язане з конкретною галуззю наукових знань
2) а) будівельний об'єкт, здійснюване будівництво
б) комплекс житлових будинків ( що фінансується
урядом ); мікрорайон
3) ідея, думка, намір Syn: idea
retraction 1) а) утягування; стягування; відведення назад б)
скорочення
2) зречення (від своїх слів ); відмовлення ( від своєї
обіцянки і т.п. ); визнання помилковим Syn: retractation
thoroughgoing 1) идущий напролом, без компромісів He was a
thoroughgoing party leader. — Він був безкомпромісним партійним
лідером.
2) радикальний
unassuming - невибагливий, скромний Syn: modest
unobjectionable 1) без зухвалих заперечень
2) приємний, без зухвалого неприємного почуття
vulnerable - уразливий; ранимий Syn: defenceless , untenable ,
exposed
Ant: fortified, impenetrable, impregnable , invincible ,
unassailable , guarded , protected
4.2 Read the text ‘The Civil Rights Movement and Affirmative Action’
by Jamin B. Raskin
The Civil Rights Movement and Affirmative Action
About the author: Jamin B. Raskin, a professor at American
University Washington College of Law, is a lecturer and a frequent
contributor to The Nation and several law reviews.
…In defending affirmative action, it is necessary to go beyond
the idea of sharing power and resources in a culturally plural society.
It is essential to recall the political and spiritual project of the modern
Civil Rights movement that made affirmative action both necessary
and possible. The Civil Rights movement never had as its conscious
political project the creation of "affirmative action" or "set-aside"
programs in various white-controlled institutions like universities,
58
corporations, and labor unions. Affirmative action, rather, came
about as part of the dominant society's effort to respond to the
movement's growing insistence on fundamental social change to end
oppressive conditions pervasive in the African-American community.
It is a measure of both the vanishing of a popular energized
civil rights movement and the nation's economic retraction that this
modest program, seen as so unassuming and unobjectionable at the
beginning, is now reviled in many places, deeply controversial and
profoundly vulnerable. Thus, progressives who ought to be
promoting far more radical proposals to reduce class power and race
inequality in America are left holding the bag for a program designed
by the establishment to assimilate social changes in a safe way and
at a cautious speed…
We need a defense of affirmative action that links up with a
thoroughgoing
critique
of
American
meritocracy
and
power
relationships. We need to revive a progressive challenge to the
background social assumptions about education and employment in
America: that higher education is for the elite only and should not be
free to the people; that privately created and administered
standardized exams are the best way to ascertain merit and
distribute students across various levels of colleges; that the best
teachers should teach the best students; that no one has a right to a
job or productive work; that extreme hierarchy and role-division is
inherent in the workplace; that radical disparities between the wages
of people who handle things and people who handle words are
natural and necessary; that work commonly done by women is
inherently less worthy than work commonly done by men; that unions
59
are an albatross and must be as authoritarian as employers; and that
the society must operate on the principle of constant and fierce
individual competition or else face ineluctable economic decline.…
To transcend the destructive politics of division and derision
surrounding affirmative action (if we still can), we need to reaffirm the
equality of all peoples in a culturally pluralist society and to posit a
universal politics of freedom and equality for the next century. But a
vigorous defense of affirmative action right now is central to such a
politics. For in a society where the lines of race and gender double
as lines of class and power, even the idea of affirmative action for
minorities and women is an affront to the structure of domination and
inequality. Our job must be to make affirmative action the first line of
defense in a politics which insists that all citizens have a right to
equal participation in the fruits of our social life.
4.3 Use the expressions below in the sentences of your own. Try to make
a connected text on the problem of higher education in Ukraine.
-
culturally plural society
-
"set-aside" programs
-
conscious political project
-
constant and fierce individual competition
-
deeply controversial and profoundly vulnerable
-
double as lines of class and power
-
equal participation
-
extreme hierarchy and role-division
-
fruits of our social life
-
ineluctable economic decline
60
-
meritocracy and power relationships
-
political and spiritual project
-
privately created and administered standardized exams
-
radical disparities
-
social assumptions
-
the nation's economic retraction
-
thoroughgoing critique
-
unassuming and unobjectionable
-
white-controlled institutions
4.4 Discuss the following questions:
-Characterise the text under study. Say what features make it a
sample of oratory speech. Illustrate
your answer citing the text.
-Formulate the main idea of the text. What is the role of parallel
constructions and anaphoric reiteration?
-Why does Jamin B. Raskin consider there is a need in defense of
affirmative action? How does he prove his idea?
-Explain the meaning of the term “affirmative action”. Who was it first
introduced by?
-Comment on Raskin’s attitude to sharing power and resources in a
culturally plural society.
- What stylistic devices prevail in the text ? Point them out and
comment on their function.
4.5 Evaluating a story. Study the piece of theory below and define the
style of Text One. Prove your point of view with examples.
Style is the novelist’s choice of words and phrases, and how
the novelist arranges these words and phrases in sentences and
61
paragraphs. Style allows the author to shape how the reader
experiences the work. For example, one writer may use simple
words and straightforward sentences, while another may use
difficult vocabulary and elaborate sentence structures. Even if the
themes of both works are similar, the differences in the authors’
styles make the experiences of reading the two works distinct.
Style can be broken down into three types: simple, complex,
and mid-style. Sometimes authors carry a single style throughout an
entire work. Other times, the style may vary within a novel. For
example, if the novelist tells a story through the eyes of several
different characters, the use of different styles may give each
character a distinctive voice.
A simple style uses common words and simple sentences,
even if the situation described is complex. The effect of the simple
style can be to present facts to the reader without appealing to the
reader’s emotions directly. Instead, the writer relies on the facts
themselves to affect the reader.
A complex style uses long, elaborate sentences that contain
many ideas and descriptions. The writer uses lyrical passages to
create the desired mood in the reader, whether it be one of joy,
sadness, confusion, or any other emotion. themselves, as their
adventure turned out, wonderfully sustained.
A mid-style is a combination of the simple and complex styles.
It can give a neutral tone to the book, or it can provide two different
effects by contrast.Some authors use more than one style within a
novel. This approach allows the author flexibility in choosing which
62
style is appropriate at different points in the work, depending on the
situation and on the character or characters being portrayed.
4.6 Give a summary of your comments on the text.
TEXT 2 ‘The Education of Henry Adams’
4.7. Study the glossary to the article. Find the words in the context and
choose the proper translation.
behest наказ, веління, розпорядження, наказ; завіт at smb. 's
behest — з чиєйось волі Syn: order , injunction
feasible 1) реальний, здійсненний, ( щодо задуму, плана і т.ін. )
Syn: workable , executable , accomplishable , possible 1., practicable
2) придатний, 3) ймовірний, можливий, правдоподібний ( щодо
пропозициї, проекту, історії, теорії і т.п. ) the only feasible theory —
єдино можливе припущення Syn: likely 1., probable 1.
hаіr's-brеаdth мінімальна відстань by a hairbreadth — саму
малість
within a hairbreadth of death, by a hairbreadth of death —
на волосок від смерті
rag 1) шматок, ганчірка, лохміття He was wiping his hands on an
oily rag. — Він витирав руки замасленою ганчіркою. - rag-andbone-man - rag-picker - rag-baby - rag paper Syn: shred 1.2) а)
лохміття, ганчір'я ( про одяг; часто у фразі: ) in rags — у
лохмотьях - from rags to riches б) одяг, плаття - glad rags - rag
trade - rag fair Syn: clothes , garment 1., clothing 3) щось , що
нагадує ганчірку, шматок а) щодо театральної завіси, вітрила і
т.ін. б) папірець ( про банкноти ) І'vе no rag. — У мене тільки
дріб'язок. Syn: paper money , note 1., bill II 1. в) газетка "This man
63
Tom works for a local rag", he said. — "Ця людина, Том, працює в
місцевій газетці", - сказав він.
1.1) скандал; шум, гамір; Syn: scandal , row 2) а) жарт;
розиграш б) трюки і розиграші, що організуються студентами для
збору коштів на благодійні цілі
to get оnе's rag out —
розлютитися, вийти із себе
spout 1.1) а) бити струменем, заюшити, литися потоком ( from )
Water was spouting from a hole in the pipe. — Вода била фонтаном
з діри в трубі. Syn: flow б) викидати, Syn: disgorge , throw out 2) ;
просторікувати, виливатися ( spout off ) Hе's not fit to be chairman,
he has a bad habit of spouting off about things that concern him,
without thinking of the results of what he says. — Він не може бути
головуючим, тому що в нього є погана звичка просторікувати про
те, що цікаво тільки йому, і зовсім не задумуватися про наслідки,
до яких це приведе. 3) ; закладати, віддавати в заставу під
позичку Syn: pawn
superfluous
зайвий, непотрібний, надлишковий, надмірний -
superfluous hair - superfluous woman Syn: extraneous
tangle
1.1) а) поплутаний клубок б) плутанина, безладдя This
string is all in a tangle. — Ця мотузка вся переплуталася. to unravel
a tangle — розплутувати важку ситуацію Syn: confusion , muddle 2)
конфлікт, сварка, зіткнення to get into a tangle with smb. —
посваритися
Syn: conflict , dispute 3) драга для дослідження
морського дна 2.1) заплутувати(ся) to tangle a knot — заплутати
вузол his long hair tangled — його довге волосся сплуталися 2)
заплутувати(ся), ускладнювати(ся) 3) боротися; сперечатися 4)
зв'язуватися, спілкуватися
64
vertiginous 1) запаморочливий Syn: giddy , dizzy 2) страждаючий
запамороченням;
At first I was very vertiginous, but am slowly
getting my nerves in hand. — Спочатку я відчував запаморочення,
але поступово беру себе в руки. 3) обертовий, що крутиться, що
повертається vertiginous motion about its own axis — обертальний
рух навколо своєї власної осі vertiginous current — вир Syn:
revolving
4.8. Read the text from ‘The Education of Henry Adams’
From The Education of Henry Adams
American historian and philosopher Henry Adams first
published The Education of Henry Adams privately, for a select group
of friends, in 1907. Throughout the book, Adams referred to himself
in the third person. His chapter entitled “The Dynamo and the Virgin”
was written following a visit to the international exhibition in Paris,
France, in 1900. A student of medieval culture, Adams equated the
Virgin with the medieval world: ordered, spiritual, and oriented toward
the communal. The Dynamo symbolized the impersonal, material,
disordered force of the industrial age. Adams demonstrates an
ambivalence toward the cultural effects of the new technology that
anticipated modernist thinkers of the 20th century.
Chapter XXV: The Dynamo and the Virgin (1900)
Until the Great Exposition of 1900 closed its doors in
November, Adams haunted it, aching to absorb knowledge, and
helpless to find it. He would have liked to know how much of it could
have been grasped by the best-informed man in the world. While he
was thus meditating chaos, Langley [19th century American
astronomer and aircraft designer Samuel Pierpoint Langley] came by,
and showed it to him. At Langley's behest, the Exhibition dropped its
superfluous rags and stripped itself to the skin, for Langley knew
65
what to study, and why, and how; while Adams might as well have
stood outside in the night, staring at the Milky Way. Yet Langley said
nothing new, and taught nothing that one might not have learned
from Lord [Francis] Bacon, three hundred years before; but though
one should have known the "Advancement of Science" [The
Advancement of Learning, by Francis Bacon] as well as one knew
the "Comedy of Errors," [a comedy by William Shakespeare] the
literary knowledge counted for nothing until some teacher should
show how to apply it. Bacon took a vast deal of trouble in teaching
King James I and his subjects, American or other, towards the year
1620, that true science was the development or economy of forces;
yet an elderly American in 1900 knew neither the formula nor the
forces; or even so much as to say to himself that his historical
business in the Exposition concerned only the economies or
developments of force since 1893, when he began the study at
Chicago.
Nothing in education is so astonishing as the amount of
ignorance it accumulates in the form of inert facts. Adams had looked
at most of the accumulations of art in the storehouses called Art
Museums; yet he did not know how to look at the art exhibits of 1900.
He had studied Karl Marx and his doctrines of history with profound
attention, yet he could not apply them at Paris. Langley, with the ease
of a great master of experiment, threw out of the field every exhibit
that did not reveal a new application of force, and naturally threw out,
to begin with, almost the whole art exhibit. Equally, he ignored almost
the whole industrial exhibit. He led his pupil directly to the forces. His
chief interest was in new motors to make his airship feasible, and he
66
taught Adams the astonishing complexities of the new Daimler motor,
and of the automobile, which, since 1893, had become a nightmare
at a hundred kilometres an hour, almost as destructive as the electric
tram which was only ten years older; and threatening to become as
terrible as the locomotive steam-engine itself, which was almost
exactly Adams's own age [in 1900, Adams was 62].
Then he showed his scholar the great hall of dynamos
[generators], and explained how little he knew about electricity or
force of any kind, even of his own special sun, which spouted heat in
inconceivable volume, but which, as far as he knew, might spout less
or more, at any time, for all the certainty he felt in it. To him, the
dynamo itself was but an ingenious channel for conveying
somewhere the heat latent in a few tons of poor coal hidden in a dirty
engine house carefully kept out of sight; but to Adams the dynamo
became a symbol of infinity. As he grew accustomed to the great
gallery of machines, he began to feel the forty-foot dynamos as a
moral force, much as the early Christians felt the Cross. The planet
itself seemed less impressive, in its old-fashioned, deliberate, annual
or daily revolution, than this huge wheel, revolving within arm's-length
at some vertiginous speed, and barely murmuring—scarcely
humming an audible warning to stand a hair's-breadth further for
respect of power—while it would not wake the baby lying close
against its frame. Before the end, one began to pray to it; inherited
instinct taught the natural expression of man before silent and infinite
force. Among the thousand symbols of ultimate energy, the dynamo
was not so human as some, but it was the most expressive.
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Yet the dynamo, next to the steam engine, was the most
familiar of exhibits. For Adams's objects its value lay chiefly in its
occult mechanism. Between the dynamo in the gallery of machines
and the engine house outside, the break of continuity amounted to
abysmal fracture for a historian's objects. No more relation could he
discover between the steam and the electric current than between
the Cross and the cathedral. The forces were interchangeable if not
reversible, but he could see only an absolute fiat [decree] in electricity
as in faith. Langley could not help him. Indeed, Langley seemed to be
worried by the same trouble, for he constantly repeated that the new
forces were anarchical, and specially that he was not responsible for
the new rays, that were little short of parricidal in their wicked spirit
towards science. His own rays, with which he had doubled the solar
spectrum, were altogether harmless and beneficent; but Radium
denied its God—or, what was to Langley the same thing, denied the
truths of his Science. The force was wholly new.
A historian who asked only to learn enough to be as futile as
Langley or Kelvin [19th century British mathematician and physicist
William Thomson Kelvin], made rapid progress under this teaching,
and mixed himself up in the tangle of ideas until he achieved a sort of
Paradise of ignorance vastly consoling to his fatigued senses. He
wrapped himself in vibrations and rays which were new, and he
would have hugged Marconi [Guglielmo Marconi, inventor of the first
practical radio-signaling system] and Branly [French physicist
Edouard Branly] had he met them, as he hugged the dynamo; while
he lost his arithmetic in trying to figure out the equation between the
discoveries and the economies of force. The economies, like the
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discoveries, were absolute, supersensual, occult; incapable of
expression in horse-power. What mathematical equivalent could he
suggest as the value of a Branly coherer [a device used to detect
radio waves]? Frozen air, or the electric furnace, had some scale of
measurement, no doubt, if somebody could invent a thermometer
adequate to the purpose; but X-rays had played no part whatever in
man's consciousness, and the atom itself had figured only as a fiction
of thought. In these seven years man had translated himself into a
new universe which had no common scale of measurement with the
old. He had entered a supersensual world, in which he could
measure nothing except by chance collisions of movements
imperceptible to his senses, perhaps even imperceptible to his
instruments, but perceptible to each other, and so to some known ray
at the end of the scale. Langley seemed prepared for anything, even
for an indeterminable number of universes interfused—physics stark
mad in metaphysics.
Historians undertake to arrange sequences,—called stories,
or histories—assuming in silence a relation of cause and effect.
These assumptions, hidden in the depths of dusty libraries, have
been astounding, but commonly unconscious and childlike; so much
so, that if any captious critic were to drag them to light, historians
would probably reply, with one voice, that they had never supposed
themselves required to know what they were talking about. Adams,
for one, had toiled in vain to find out what he meant. He had even
published a dozen volumes of American history for no other purpose
than to satisfy himself whether, by the severest process of stating,
with the least possible comment, such facts as seemed sure, in such
69
order as seemed rigorously consequent, he could fix for a familiar
moment a necessary sequence of human movement. The result had
satisfied him as little as at Harvard College. Where he saw sequence,
other men saw something quite different, and no one saw the same
unit of measure. He cared little about his experiments and less about
his statesmen, who seemed to him quite as ignorant as himself and,
as a rule, no more honest; but he insisted on a relation of sequence,
and if he could not reach it by one method, he would try as many
methods as science knew. Satisfied that the sequence of men led to
nothing and that the sequence of their society could lead no further,
while the mere sequence of time was artificial, and the sequence of
thought was chaos, he turned at last to the sequence of force; and
thus it happened that, after ten years' pursuit, he found himself lying
in the Gallery of Machines at the Great Exposition of 1900, his
historical neck broken by the sudden irruption of forces totally new.
Since no one else showed much concern, an elderly person
without other cares had no need to betray alarm. The year 1900 was
not the first to upset schoolmasters. Copernicus and Galileo had
broken many professorial necks about 1600; Columbus had stood the
world on its head towards 1500; but the nearest approach to the
revolution of 1900 was that of 310, when Constantine set up the
Cross. The rays that Langley disowned, as well as those which he
fathered, were occult, supersensual, irrational; they were a revelation
of mysterious energy like that of the Cross; they were what, in terms
of medieval science, were called immediate modes of the divine
substance.
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4.9 Use the expressions below in the sentences of your own. Try to make
a connected text on the problem of getting used to the University life.
aching to absorb knowledge
-
achieve a sort of Paradise of ignorance
-
break many professorial necks
-
deny the truths of his Science
-
have no need to betray alarm
-
helpless to find
-
hidden in the depths of dusty libraries
-
make rapid progress under this teaching
-
mix oneself up in the tangle of ideas
-
much as the early Christians felt the Cross
-
seem to be worried by the same trouble
-
show how to apply it
-
stripped itself to the skin
-
take a vast deal of trouble in teaching
-
the amount of ignorance
-
the astonishing complexities
-
the literary knowledge counted for nothing
-
to be little short of parricidal in the wicked spirit towards
science
-
to teach nothing that one might not have learned from…
-
toiled in vain to find out what he meant
-
translate oneself into a new universe
4.10 Discuss the following questions:
71
-
Comment on the title of the chapter. What is the stylistic
function of the word “Virgin” in it ? How does it help the
reader to grasp the idea of the text?
-
What is the main idea of the text at large and how is it
conveyed to the reader? Try to formulate it in brief.
-
What does the author mean when giving the idea that
“Nothing in education is so astonishing as the amount of
ignorance it accumulates in the form of inert facts.”?
Express your own opinion on the subject.
-
What does Henry Adams mean by “inherited instinct taught
the natural expression of man before silent and infinite
force” and “to feel the forty-foot dynamos as a moral force”?
How does he treat the problem of what he qualifies as “a
symbol of infinity”?
-
What is said about
the man’s ability to cognize the
Universe in the story ? Say what you think about it .
-
What stylistic devices prevail in the text ? Point them out
and comment on their function.
4.11 Evaluating a story. What tropes are used to give particular
emphasis to an idea or sentiment of a reader? Find the examples of the
following figures of speech :
Irony (dryly humorous or lightly sarcastic mode of speech, in
which words are used to convey a meaning contrary to their literal
sense.)
Oxymoron (combination of two seemingly contradictory or
incongruous words)
72
Rhetorical question ( asking of questions not to gain information
but to assert more emphatically the obvious answer to what is
asked. No answer, in fact, is expected by the speaker.)
Simile (specific comparison by means of the words “like” or “as”
between two kinds of ideas or objects).
Synecdoche (figurative locution whereby the part is made to
stand for the whole, the whole for a part, the species for the
genus, and vice versa)
4.12
Give a summary of your comments on the text.
TEXT 3 ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone’
4.13 Study the glossary to the article. Find the words in the context and
choose the proper translation.
frayed протертий, порваний, поношений, старий Syn: threadbare,
shabby
flickering 1) ширяючий, що пурхає ( про птахів )
2) коливний, тріпотливий, тремтячий flickering in the
wind leaves — тремтячі на вітрі листи
3) мерехтливий flickering candles — мерехтливий світло
свіч
jolt 1.1) поштовх; зіткнення, тряска Syn: shaking
2) удар ( тж. перен.; to ) a severe jolt — жорстокий удар It
was a jolt to her pride. — Це було ударом для її гордості. Syn:
impact 1., shock I 1.
3) вирок до тюремного ув'язнення 4) ін'єкція наркотику
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2.1) струшувати, підкидати, трясти to jolt out of — виводити
She was finally jolted out of her depression. — Її зрештою вивели з
депресії. Syn: shake 2.
2) рухатися підстрибуючи, трястися ( по нерівній дорозі ) 3)
завдавати удару, потрясати 4) ; упорскувати героїн
patched 1) з латками, залатаний
2) зроблений зі шматків
3) зроблений на швидку руку; зроблений незграбно,
незграбно, неміцно
4) прикрашений обробкою
peer 1.1) а) рівний, ровня - without peer Syn: equal
б) сучасник; член групи людей того самого віку, однієї
статі, одного кольору шкіри і т.д.; дуже часто в сполученнях типу
vote by peers і т.д. - by peers - vote by peers - peer-reviewed
2) а) лорд, пер Syn: lord б) чоловік, що належить до вищих
кіл суспільства Syn: noble
2.1) а) робити рівним б) вважати рівним 2) відноситися до
визначеної категорії Syn: equal , rank with 3) бути рівним 4) робити
пером
2) удивлятися, здивуватися ( at, into, through ) Even after
peering at the letter, I still could not recognize the signature. — Навіть
після того, як я пильно розглянув лист, я усе ще не міг впізнати
підпис. She stood on the shore for some time, peering into the
distance, long after the ship had gone. — Вона стояла на березі ще
якийсь час і вперяла свій погляд в обрій, хоча корабля уже давно
не було видно. Syn: look
74
3) визирати, показуватися, переглядати The sun peered
through a vast white cloud. — Через велику білу хмару пробився
промінь сонця.
queasy 1) слабкий, делікатний; хворобливий ( про стан здоров'я )
queasy stomach — слабкий шлунок to have a queasy conscience —
бути совісним
2) а) испытывающий нудоту, неприємні відчуття ;
підданий нудоті She is feeling slightly queasy in the mornings. — Її
подташнивает по ранках.
б) нудотну, зухвалу нудоту 3) вибагливий, із примхою
queasy river — примхлива ріка
spell 1.1) заклинання, чаклунська обмова They say she died after a
witch cast a spell on her. — Говорять, вона вмерла після того, як
чаклунка наклала на неї прокляття. diabolical spells — заклинання
чорної магії Syn: conjuration , incantation , exorcism
2) чари; чарівність; привабливість to break, remove a spell
— зруйнувати чари magic spell — магічні чари - under smb.'s spell
Syn: sorcery , magic 1., enchantment , charm 1., fascination - cast a
spell on - cast a spell over - put a spell on
2. зачаровувати, зачаровувати, накладати прокляття ( на
когось ); зачаровувати Syn: bewitch , charm 2., fascinate , cast a
spell on , cast a spell over , put a spell on II ; і - spelt, spelled
1)
писати чи вимовляти ( слово ) по літерах He gave his
name and then spelt it. — Він назвав своє ім'я і
продиктував його по літерах. You can spell it either way.
— І той, і інший спосіб написання є вірними. Sorry, I
75
spelled it wrong. — Вибачте, я невірно написав. He spells
the way he speaks. — Він пише так, як чує.
2)
утворювати, складати ( слово по літерах ) What word do
these letters spell? — Яке слово утворять ці літери?
3)
означати, спричиняти Syn: mean III
- spell out III 1.1)
проміжок часу, термін, період ( of - чего-л. ) a long spell
— тривалий період a cold spell in January — холоди в
січні He did a spell in prison. — Він провів якийсь час у
в'язниці. - by spells - a spell ago Syn: period 1., stretch 1.2)
приступ ( хвороби, дурного настрою і т.п. ) a spell of
coughing — наступ кашлю Syn: fit I, bout 3) (робоча)
зміна to give a spell — перемінити (у роботі) to take spells
at the wheel — вести машину по черзі Syn: shift 1., turn 1.
4)
відпочинок від роботи, відпустка Syn: rest I 1.2. ; 1) а)
переміняти; заміняти ( кого-л. у роботі ) Will you spell me
at rowing the boat? — Переміниш мене на веслах? Syn:
relieve I б) працювати по змінах 2) а) дати перепочинок (
напр., коням ) б) відпочити ( від роботи ), передохнути;
узяти відпустка Syn: rest I 2.
spelling flame "орфовердикт" ( мережне послання якому-небудь
автору, що містить голий перелік виловлених у нього помилок,
але без пояснень )
toad 1) жаба 2) огидних чоловік, гадина
(гриб) tоаd's eye — дорогоцінний камінь
tоаd's cap — поганка
toad under the harrow —
вічно гноблена людина
4.14 Read the text from ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone’ by J.K.
Rowling
76
FROM Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone
By J.K. Rowling
Rowling, J. K. (1965- ), British author who writes about the
magical adventures of a boy wizard named Harry Potter. The
Harry Potter books dominated bestseller lists in the late 1990s
and early 2000s, attracting fans worldwide among children
and adults alike.
Joanne Kathleen Rowling was born in Chipping Sodbury, a small
town in southern England. Rowling knew she wanted to be a writer as
early as age six, when she wrote her first story. She graduated from
the University of Exeter in England and afterward worked in various
jobs while attempting to write fiction for adults. Rowling moved to
Portugal at age 26, where she taught English. While there, she
married a Portuguese journalist, and they had a daughter in 1993.
During this time she began writing a book about an orphaned boy who
lives with his mean-spirited aunt and uncle and does not know that he
is actually a wizard with magic powers. By 1995 Rowling was
divorced, and she moved to Edinburgh, Scotland. Unable to pay for
childcare, Rowling went on public assistance and continued writing
her book, often jotting down passages in cafes while her daughter
slept at her side. Her finished manuscript was rejected by a number of
publishers before its publication as Harry Potter and the Philosopher's
Stone in Britain in 1997. This tale of Harry Potter, who learns of his
magic abilities at age 11 and then attends the Hogwarts School of
Witchcraft and Wizardry, appeared in the United States as Harry
Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in 1998. A sequel, Harry Potter and
the Chamber of Secrets, was published in Britain in 1998 and a year
later in the United States. A third volume, Harry Potter and the
Prisoner of Azkaban, appeared in both countries in 1999. By then, the
Harry Potter tale had been translated into nearly 30 languages. A
fourth Harry Potter volume was scheduled for publication in the
summer of 2000.
Chapter Seven -- The Sorting Hat
The door swung open at once. A tall, black-haired witch in
emerald-green robes stood there. She had a very stern face and
Harry's first thought was that this was not someone to cross.
77
"The firs' years, Professor McGonagall," said Hagrid.
"Thank you, Hagrid. I will take them from here."
She pulled the door wide. The entrance hall was so big you
could have fit the whole of the Dursleys' house in it. The stone walls
were lit with flaming torches like the ones at Gringotts, the ceiling was
too high to make out, and a magnificent marble staircase facing them
led to the upper floors.
They followed Professor McGonagall across the flagged stone
floor. Harry could hear the drone of hundreds of voices from a
doorway to the right -the rest of the school must already be here -- but
Professor McGonagall showed the first years into a small, empty
chamber off the hall. They crowded in, standing rather closer together
than they would usually have done, peering about nervously.
"Welcome to Hogwarts," said Professor McGonagall. "The
start-of-term banquet will begin shortly, but before you take your seats
in the Great Hall, you will be sorted into your houses. The Sorting is a
very important ceremony because, while you are here, your house will
be something like your family within Hogwarts. You will have classes
with the rest of your house, sleep in your house dormitory, and spend
free time in your house common room.
"The four houses are called Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw,
and Slytherin. Each house has its own noble history and each has
produced outstanding witches and wizards. While you are at
Hogwarts, your triumphs will earn your house points, while any
rulebreaking will lose house points. At the end of the year, the house
with the most points is awarded the house cup, a great honour. I hope
each of you will be a credit to whichever house becomes yours.
78
"The Sorting Ceremony will take place in a few minutes in front
of the rest of the school. I suggest you all smarten yourselves up as
much as you can while you are waiting."
Her eyes lingered for a moment on Neville's cloak, which was
fastened under his left ear, and on Ron's smudged nose. Harry
nervously tried to flatten his hair.
"I shall return when we are ready for you," said Professor
McGonagall. "Please wait quietly."
She left the chamber. Harry swallowed.
"How exactly do they sort us into houses?" he asked Ron.
"Some sort of test, I think. Fred said it hurts a lot, but I think he
was joking."
Harry's heart gave a horrible jolt. A test? In front of the whole
school? But he didn't know any magic yet -- what on earth would he
have to do? He hadn't expected something like this the moment they
arrived. He looked around anxiously and saw that everyone else
looked terrified, too. No one was talking much except Hermione
Granger, who was whispering very fast about all the spells she'd
learned and wondering which one she'd need. Harry tried hard not to
listen to her. He'd never been more nervous, never, not even when
he'd had to take a school report home to the Dursleys saying that he'd
somehow turned his teacher's wig blue. He kept his eyes fixed on the
door. Any second now, Professor McGonagall would come back and
lead him to his doom.
Then something happened that made him jump about a foot in
the air -- several people behind him screamed.
"What the --?"
79
He gasped. So did the people around him. About twenty
ghosts had just streamed through the back wall. Pearly-white and
slightly transparent, they glided across the room talking to one
another and hardly glancing at the first years. They seemed to be
arguing. What looked like a fat little monk was saying: "Forgive and
forget, I say, we ought to give him a second chance --"
"My dear Friar, haven't we given Peeves all the chances he
deserves? He gives us all a bad name and you know, he's not really
even a ghost – I say, what are you all doing here?"
A ghost wearing a ruff and tights had suddenly noticed the first
years.
Nobody answered.
"New students!" said the Fat Friar, smiling around at them.
"About to be Sorted, I suppose?"
A few people nodded mutely.
"Hope to see you in Hufflepuff!" said the Friar. "My old house,
you know."
"Move along now," said a sharp voice. "The Sorting
Ceremony's about to start."
Professor McGonagall had returned. One by one, the ghosts
floated away through the opposite wall.
"Now, form a line," Professor McGonagall told the first years,
"and follow me."
Feeling oddly as though his legs had turned to lead, Harry got
into line behind a boy with sandy hair, with Ron behind him, and they
walked out of the chamber, back across the hall, and through a pair of
double doors into the Great Hall.
80
Harry had never even imagined such a strange and splendid
place. It was lit by thousands and thousands of candles that were
floating in midair over four long tables, where the rest of the students
were sitting. These tables were laid with glittering golden plates and
goblets. At the top of the hall was another long table where the
teachers were sitting. Professor McGonagall led the first years up
here, so that they came to a halt in a line facing the other students,
with the teachers behind them. The hundreds of faces staring at them
looked like pale lanterns in the flickering candlelight. Dotted here and
there among the students, the ghosts shone misty silver. Mainly to
avoid all the staring eyes, Harry looked upward and saw a velvety
black ceiling dotted with stars. He heard Hermione whisper, "Its
bewitched to look like the sky outside. I read about it in Hogwarts, A
History."
It was hard to believe there was a ceiling there at all, and that
the Great Hall didn't simply open on to the heavens.
Harry quickly looked down again as Professor McGonagall
silently placed a four-legged stool in front of the first years. On top of
the stool she put a pointed wizard's hat. This hat was patched and
frayed and extremely dirty. Aunt Petunia wouldn't have let it in the
house.
Maybe they had to try and get a rabbit out of it, Harry thought
wildly, that seemed the sort of thing -- noticing that everyone in the
hall was now staring at the hat, he stared at it, too. For a few seconds,
there was complete silence. Then the hat twitched. A rip near the brim
opened wide like a mouth -- and the hat began to sing:
"Oh, you may not think I'm pretty,
81
But don't judge on what you see,
I'll eat myself if you can find
A smarter hat than me…
The whole hall burst into applause as the hat finished its song.
It bowed to each of the four tables and then became quite still again.
"So we've just got to try on the hat!" Ron whispered to Harry.
"I'll kill Fred, he was going on about wrestling a troll."
Harry. smiled weakly. Yes, trying on the hat was a lot better
than having to do a spell, but he did wish they could have tried it on
without everyone watching. The hat seemed to be asking rather a lot;
Harry didn't feel brave or quick-witted or any of it at the moment. If
only the hat had mentioned a house for people who felt a bit queasy,
that would have been the one for him.
Professor McGonagall now stepped forward holding a long roll
of parchment.
"When I call your name, you will put on the hat and sit on the
stool to be sorted," she said. "Abbott, Hannah!"
A pink-faced girl with blonde pigtails stumbled out of line, put
on the hat, which fell right down over her eyes, and sat down. A
moments pause -"HUFFLEPUFF!" shouted the hat.
The table on the right cheered and clapped as Hannah went to
sit down at the Hufflepuff table. Harry saw the ghost of the Fat Friar
waving merrily at her.
"Bones, Susan!"
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"HUFFLEPUFF!" shouted the hat again, and Susan scuttled
off to sit next to Hannah.
"Boot, Terry!"
"RAVENCLAW!"
The table second from the left clapped this time; several
Ravenclaws stood up to shake hands with Terry as he joined them.
"Brocklehurst, Mandy" went to Ravenclaw too, but "Brown,
Lavender" became the first new Gryffindor, and the table on the far
left exploded with cheers; Harry could see Ron's twin brothers
catcalling.
"Bulstrode, Millicent" then became a Slytherin. Perhaps it was
Harry's imagination, after all he'd heard about Slytherin, but he
thought they looked like an unpleasant lot. He was starting to feel
definitely sick now. He remembered being picked for teams during
gym at his old school. He had always been last to be chosen, not
because he was no good, but because no one wanted Dudley to think
they liked him.
"Finch-Fletchley, Justin!"
"HUFFLEPUFF!"
Sometimes, Harry noticed, the hat shouted out the house at
once, but at others it took a little while to decide. "Finnigan, Seamus,"
the sandy-haired boy next to Harry in the line, sat on the stool for
almost a whole minute before the hat declared him a Gryffindor.
"Granger, Hermione!"
Hermione almost ran to the stool and jammed the hat eagerly
on her head.
"GRYFFINDOR!" shouted the hat. Ron groaned.
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A horrible thought struck Harry, as horrible thoughts always do
when you're very nervous. What if he wasn't chosen at all? What if he
just sat there with the hat over his eyes for ages, until Professor
McGonagall jerked it off his head and said there had obviously been a
mistake and he'd better get back on the train?
When Neville Longbottom, the boy who kept losing his toad,
was called, he fell over on his way to the stool. The hat took a long
time to decide with Neville. When it finally shouted, "GRYFFINDOR,"
Neville ran off still wearing it, and had to jog back amid gales of
laughter to give it to "MacDougal, Morag."
Malfoy swaggered forward when his name was called and got
his wish at once: the hat had barely touched his head when it
screamed, "SLYTHERIN!"
Malfoy went to join his friends Crabbe and Goyle, looking
pleased with himself.
There
weren't
many
people
left
now.
"Moon"
"Nott"
"Parkinson" then a pair of twin girls, "Patil" and "Patil" then "Perks,
Sally-Anne" and then, at last -- "Potter, Harry!"
As Harry stepped forward, whispers suddenly broke out like
little hissing fires all over the hall.
"Potter, did she say?"
The Harry Potter?"
The last thing Harry saw before the hat dropped over his eyes
was the hall full of people craning to get a good look at him. Next
second he was looking at the black inside of the hat. He waited.
Hmm," said a small voice in his ear. "Difficult. Very difficult.
Plenty of courage, I see. Not a bad mind either. There's talent, A my
84
goodness, yes -- and a nice thirst to prove yourself, now that's
interesting.... So where shall I put you?"
Harry gripped the edges of the stool and thought, Not
Slytherin, not Slytherin.
"Not Slytherin, eh?" said the small voice. "Are you sure? You
could be great, you know, it's all here in your head, and Slytherin will
help you on the way to greatness, no doubt about that -- no? Well, if
you're sure -- better be GRYFFINDOR!"
Harry heard the hat shout the last word to the whole hall. He
took off the hat and walked shakily toward the Gryffindor table. He
was so relieved to have been chosen and not put in Slytherin, he
hardly noticed that he was getting the loudest cheer yet. Percy the
Prefect got up and shook his hand vigorously, while the Weasley
twins yelled, "We got Potter! We got Potter!" Harry sat down opposite
the ghost in the ruff he'd seen earlier. The ghost patted his arm, giving
Harry the sudden, horrible feeling he'd just plunged it into a bucket of
ice-cold water.
He could see the High Table properly now. At the end nearest him sat
Hagrid, who caught his eye and gave him the thumbs up. Harry
grinned back. And there, in the center of the High Table, in a large
gold chair, sat Albus Dumbledore. Harry recognized him at once from
the card he'd gotten out of the Chocolate Frog on the train.
Dumbledore's silver hair was the only thing in the whole hall that
shone as brightly as the ghosts. Harry spotted Professor Quirtell, too,
the nervous young man from the Leaky Cauldron. He was looking
very peculiar in a large purple turban.
85
4.15 Use the expressions below in the sentences of your own. Try to
make a connected text describing your experience of taking entrance
exams .
a very important ceremony
-
any rulebreaking will lose the points
-
be sorted into
-
give smb. the thumbs up
-
haven't we given him all the chances he deserves
-
lead one to one’s doom
-
looked like an unpleasant lot
-
nervously tried to flatten his hair
-
peer about nervously.
-
plunge it into a bucket of ice-cold water
-
the first years
-
the start-of-term banquet
-
to be always last to be chosen
-
will help you on the way to greatness
-
your triumphs will earn you points
4.16 Discuss the following questions:
- Characterise the text under study. Say what features
make it a sample of a fantasy novel. Illustrate your
answer citing the text.
-
Rowling had created a world of Muggles (nonmagicians), Quidditch (a sport similar to basketball on
broomsticks), and Howlers (screaming messages
86
delivered by owls). What other words and tropes help
create vivid descriptions and an imaginative story line?
-
The Guardian newspaper applauded the book's
intricate narrative, with its weft of "plots, sub-plots, red
herrings, diversions and an un-pin-downable magic"
and found its writing style her most confident ever,
giving the impression of "an author who loves her job."
Give a more detailed commentary of this.
4.17 Evaluating a story. What tropes are used to give particular
emphasis to an idea or sentiment of a reader? Find the examples of the
following figures of speech :
Conceit - an elaborate, often extravagant metaphor or
simile making an analogy between totally dissimilar things
Exclamation - sudden outcry or interjection expressing
violent emotion, such as fright, grief, or hatred
Hyperbole - form of inordinate exaggeration according to
which a person or thing is depicted as being better or
worse, or larger or smaller, than is actually the case
Metaphor -use of a word or phrase denoting one kind of
idea or object in place of another word or phrase for the
purpose of suggesting a likeness between the two
Metonymy -use of a word or phrase for another to which
it bears an important relation, as the effect for the cause,
the abstract for the concrete, and similar constructions
Onomatopoeia - imitation of natural sounds by words
87
Personification - representation of inanimate objects or
abstract ideas as living beings
Simile - specific comparison by means of the words “like” or “as”
between two kinds of ideas or objects.
4.18
Give a summary of your comments on the text.
PART 5
TRANSLATION PRACTICE
5.1 Study the following material on translation techniques.
Терміном „транскрипція ” позначають віднайдення якомога
точнішого відповідника через запис звучання слів мови-джерела
графемами мови-реципієнта. За А. Суперанською „Основним
посередником
передачі
запозичених
слів
є
практична
транскрипція, а саме перекодування іншомовних слів у свої з
наступним записом за допомогою літер алфавіту приймаючої
мови без використання якихось додаткових знаків та без
придання літерам додаткових значень”. Транскрипція, зв’язана з
точною (наскільки це можливо) передачею звучання іноземного
слова (примат вимови), - не єдиний спосіб передачі. Можливий і
примат графіки - транслітераційна передача. Транскрипція і
транслітерація найлаконічніші способи. Завдяки ним створюється
певний експресивний потенціал: у контексті слів рідної мови
транскрибоване слово виділяється як чуже, надає предмету, який
воно позначає, конотацій небуденності, оригінальності. Коли
йдеться про нефонетичні (щодо правопису) мови, зокрема англійську, то транскрипція доречніша ніж транслітерація, що не
відтворює справжнього звучання вихідної мови, а часто навіть
88
спотворює його. Транскрипція, поруч із запозиченням і чужим
синтаксисом, сприяють перенесенню читача в атмосферу чужої
мови, а не перекладові з однієї мови на іншу.
В англомовно-українських відносинах в багатьох випадках
не розв'язана повністю проблема усталеного оформлення на
письмі звучання
англійських слів в україномовному оточенні.
Проте все ж українські перекладачі широко послуговуються цим
способом перекладу реалій і іноді досить влучно.
Транскрипція
та
транслітерація
найчастіше
використовується у випадках, коли мова йде про власні імена ,
назви державних установ, учбових закладів, тощо.
Певним
недоліком цього способу є той, що цей спосіб призводить до
появи при перекладі незвичних та малозрозумілих слів.
Єдиний різновид реалій, які неминуче треба подавати в
національній подобі - це антропоніми та топоніми. Інший підхід до
смислово значущих власних імен, прізвищ і географічних назв.
Смислове ім'я –це своєрідний троп, рівновартний метафорі чи
порівнянню
і
використаний
у
стилістичних
намірах
для
характеристики персонажа або соціального середовища. Коли
власні імена семантично значущі, втрати від транскрипції бувають
надзвичайно великі. Прикладом може бути переклад Іваном
Малковичем назви „Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardy”
(Гаррі Поттер) як „Гогвартської школи чарів та чаклунства”.
Пререкладач , використавши спосіб транслітерації, не звернув
уваги на фонетичну значущість слова Hogwarts. Його уподібнення
до слова-реалії Гарвард – Гавард (Гавардська) не дозволив би
втратити семантичну значущість назви.
89
5.2 In this sentence translate the toponyms and anthroponyms into
Ukrainian. What proper names are impossible to be translated using
these translation techniques? Give your reasons. Have you come upon
any semantically coloured names?
Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education is the
system of state-supported institutions in Oklahoma that
includes Cameron University (1908) in Lawton, East Central
University (1909) in Ada, Northeastern State University
(1846)
in
Tahlequah,
Northwestern
Oklahoma
State
University (1897) in Alva, Oklahoma Panhandle State
University (1909) in Goodwell, Southeastern Oklahoma
State University (1909) in Durant, the University of Central
Oklahoma (1890) in Edmond, and the University of Science
and Arts of Oklahoma (1908) in Chickasha.
5.3 Start research work with collecting examples and commentary by
filling in the chart:
Chart R
Методи та
засоби
трансляції
транскрипція
Приклади з власної учбової
перекладацької практики
Коментар (доречніст
методу)
5.4 In this sentence translate the proper names into Ukrainian. What
proper names are impossible to be translated using these translation
techniques? Give your reasons. Have you come upon any semantically
coloured names?
There was a table set out under a tree in front of the house, and the
March Hare and the Hatter were having tea at it: a Dormouse was
90
sitting between them, fast asleep, and the other two were using it as
a cushion, resting their elbows on it, and talking over its head. “Very
uncomfortable for the Dormouse,” thought Alice; “only as it's asleep,
I suppose it doesn't mind.”
From Alice's Adventures in Wonderland By Lewis Carroll
5.5 Divide your group into micro groups of two or three. Each of the
micro groups must choose a different extract and translate it into
Ukrainian. First work independently. Pay special attention to the italised
words. Be sure to collect and enlist all the variants of translation within
your group. Discuss the variants and decide which is the best. Present it
to the rest of the students.
a) Then something happened that made him jump about a
foot in the air -- several people behind him screamed.
"What the --?"
He gasped. So did the people around him. About twenty
ghosts had just streamed through the back wall. Pearly-white and
slightly transparent, they glided across the room talking to one
another and hardly glancing at the first years. They seemed to be
arguing. What looked like a fat little monk was saying: "Forgive and
forget, I say, we ought to give him a second chance --"
"My dear Friar, haven't we given Peeves all the chances he
deserves? He gives us all a bad name and you know, he's not really
even a ghost – I say, what are you all doing here?"
A ghost wearing a ruff and tights had suddenly noticed the first
years.
Nobody answered.
"New students!" said the Fat Friar, smiling around at them.
"About to be Sorted, I suppose?"
91
A few people nodded mutely.
"Hope to see you in Hufflepuff!" said the Friar. "My old house,
you know."
"Move along now," said a sharp voice. "The Sorting
Ceremony's about to start."
Professor McGonagall had returned. One by one, the ghosts
floated away through the opposite wall.
"Now, form a line," Professor McGonagall told the first years,
"and follow me."
Feeling oddly as though his legs had turned to lead, Harry got
into line behind a boy with sandy hair, with Ron behind him, and they
walked out of the chamber, back across the hall, and through a pair of
double doors into the Great Hall.
b) The door swung open at once. A tall, black-haired witch in
emerald-green robes stood there. She had a very stern face and
Harry's first thought was that this was not someone to cross.
"The firs' years, Professor McGonagall," said Hagrid.
"Thank you, Hagrid. I will take them from here."
She pulled the door wide. The entrance hall was so big you
could have fit the whole of the Dursleys' house in it. The stone walls
were lit with flaming torches like the ones at Gringotts, the ceiling was
too high to make out, and a magnificent marble staircase facing them
led to the upper floors.
They followed Professor McGonagall across the flagged stone
floor. Harry could hear the drone of hundreds of voices from a
doorway to the right -the rest of the school must already be here -- but
Professor McGonagall showed the first years into a small, empty
92
chamber off the hall. They crowded in, standing rather closer together
than they would usually have done, peering about nervously.
"Welcome to Hogwarts," said Professor McGonagall. "The
start-of-term banquet will begin shortly, but before you take your seats
in the Great Hall, you will be sorted into your houses. The Sorting is a
very important ceremony because, while you are here, your house will
be something like your family within Hogwarts. You will have classes
with the rest of your house, sleep in your house dormitory, and spend
free time in your house common room.
c)
… Perhaps it was Harry's imagination, after all he'd heard
about Slytherin, but he thought they looked like an unpleasant lot. He
was starting to feel definitely sick now. He remembered being picked
for teams during gym at his old school. He had always been last to be
chosen, not because he was no good, but because no one wanted
Dudley to think they liked him.
"Finch-Fletchley, Justin!"
"HUFFLEPUFF!"
Sometimes, Harry noticed, the hat shouted out the house at
once, but at others it took a little while to decide. "Finnigan, Seamus,"
the sandy-haired boy next to Harry in the line, sat on the stool for
almost a whole minute before the hat declared him a Gryffindor.
"Granger, Hermione!"
Hermione almost ran to the stool and jammed the hat eagerly
on her head.
"GRYFFINDOR!" shouted the hat. Ron groaned.
A horrible thought struck Harry, as horrible thoughts always do
when you're very nervous. What if he wasn't chosen at all? What if he
93
just sat there with the hat over his eyes for ages, until Professor
McGonagall jerked it off his head and said there had obviously been a
mistake and he'd better get back on the train?
When Neville Longbottom, the boy who kept losing his toad,
was called, he fell over on his way to the stool. The hat took a long
time to decide with Neville. When it finally shouted, "GRYFFINDOR,"
Neville ran off still wearing it, and had to jog back amid gales of
laughter to give it to "MacDougal, Morag."
Malfoy swaggered forward when his name was called and got
his wish at once: the hat had barely touched his head when it
screamed, "SLYTHERIN!"
d)
Harry had never even imagined such a strange and splendid
place. It was lit by thousands and thousands of candles that were
floating in midair over four long tables, where the rest of the students
were sitting. These tables were laid with glittering golden plates and
goblets. At the top of the hall was another long table where the
teachers were sitting. Professor McGonagall led the first years up
here, so that they came to a halt in a line facing the other students,
with the teachers behind them. The hundreds of faces staring at them
looked like pale lanterns in the flickering candlelight. Dotted here and
there among the students, the ghosts shone misty silver. Mainly to
avoid all the staring eyes, Harry looked upward and saw a velvety
black ceiling dotted with stars. He heard Hermione whisper, "Its
bewitched to look like the sky outside. I read about it in Hogwarts, A
History."
It was hard to believe there was a ceiling there at all, and that
the Great Hall didn't simply open on to the heavens.
94
Harry quickly looked down again as Professor McGonagall
silently placed a four-legged stool in front of the first years. On top of
the stool she put a pointed wizard's hat. This hat was patched and
frayed and extremely dirty. Aunt Petunia wouldn't have let it in the
house.
Maybe they had to try and get a rabbit out of it, Harry thought
wildly, that seemed the sort of thing -- noticing that everyone in the
hall was now staring at the hat, he stared at it, too. For a few seconds,
there was complete silence. Then the hat twitched. A rip near the brim
opened wide like a mouth -- and the hat began to sing:
"Oh, you may not think I'm pretty,
But don't judge on what you see,
I'll eat myself if you can find
A smarter hat than me…
e)
There weren't many people left now. "Moon" "Nott"
"Parkinson" then a pair of twin girls, "Patil" and "Patil" then "Perks,
Sally-Anne" and then, at last -- "Potter, Harry!"
As Harry stepped forward, whispers suddenly broke out like
little hissing fires all over the hall.
"Potter, did she say?"
The Harry Potter?"
The last thing Harry saw before the hat dropped over his eyes
was the hall full of people craning to get a good look at him. Next
second he was looking at the black inside of the hat. He waited.
Hmm," said a small voice in his ear. "Difficult. Very difficult.
Plenty of courage, I see. Not a bad mind either. There's talent, A my
95
goodness, yes -- and a nice thirst to prove yourself, now that's
interesting.... So where shall I put you?"
Harry gripped the edges of the stool and thought, Not
Slytherin, not Slytherin.
"Not Slytherin, eh?" said the small voice. "Are you sure? You
could be great, you know, it's all here in your head, and Slytherin will
help you on the way to greatness, no doubt about that -- no? Well, if
you're sure -- better be GRYFFINDOR!"
Harry heard the hat shout the last word to the whole hall. He
took off the hat and walked shakily toward the Gryffindor table. He
was so relieved to have been chosen and not put in Slytherin, he
hardly noticed that he was getting the loudest cheer yet. Percy the
Prefect got up and shook his hand vigorously, while the Weasley
twins yelled, "We got Potter! We got Potter!" Harry sat down opposite
the ghost in the ruff he'd seen earlier. The ghost patted his arm, giving
Harry the sudden, horrible feeling he'd just plunged it into a bucket of
ice-cold water.
He could see the High Table properly now. At the end nearest him sat
Hagrid, who caught his eye and gave him the thumbs up. Harry
grinned back. And there, in the center of the High Table, in a large
gold chair, sat Albus Dumbledore. Harry recognized him at once from
the card he'd gotten out of the Chocolate Frog on the train.
Dumbledore's silver hair was the only thing in the whole hall that
shone as brightly as the ghosts. Harry spotted Professor Quirtell, too,
the nervous young man from the Leaky Cauldron. He was looking
very peculiar in a large purple turban.
96
f)
The whole hall burst into applause as the hat finished its
song. It bowed to each of the four tables and then became quite still
again.
"So we've just got to try on the hat!" Ron whispered to Harry.
"I'll kill Fred, he was going on about wrestling a troll."
Harry. smiled weakly. Yes, trying on the hat was a lot better
than having to do a spell, but he did wish they could have tried it on
without everyone watching. The hat seemed to be asking rather a lot;
Harry didn't feel brave or quick-witted or any of it at the moment. If
only the hat had mentioned a house for people who felt a bit queasy,
that would have been the one for him.
Professor McGonagall now stepped forward holding a long roll
of parchment.
"When I call your name, you will put on the hat and sit on the
stool to be sorted," she said. "Abbott, Hannah!"
A pink-faced girl with blonde pigtails stumbled out of line, put
on the hat, which fell right down over her eyes, and sat down. A
moments pause -"HUFFLEPUFF!" shouted the hat.
The table on the right cheered and clapped as Hannah went to
sit down at the Hufflepuff table. Harry saw the ghost of the Fat Friar
waving merrily at her.
"Bones, Susan!"
"HUFFLEPUFF!" shouted the hat again, and Susan scuttled
off to sit next to Hannah.
"Boot, Terry!"
"RAVENCLAW!"
97
The table second from the left clapped this time; several
Ravenclaws stood up to shake hands with Terry as he joined them.
"Brocklehurst, Mandy" went to Ravenclaw too, but "Brown,
Lavender" became the first new Gryffindor, and the table on the far
left exploded with cheers; Harry could see Ron's twin brothers
catcalling.
"Bulstrode, Millicent" then became a Slytherin…
Malfoy went to join his friends Crabbe and Goyle, looking
pleased with himself.
g)
"The four houses are called Gryffindor, Hufflepuff,
Ravenclaw, and Slytherin. Each house has its own noble history and
each has produced outstanding witches and wizards. While you are at
Hogwarts, your triumphs will earn your house points, while any
rulebreaking will lose house points. At the end of the year, the house
with the most points is awarded the house cup, a great honour. I hope
each of you will be a credit to whichever house becomes yours.
"The Sorting Ceremony will take place in a few minutes in front
of the rest of the school. I suggest you all smarten yourselves up as
much as you can while you are waiting."
Her eyes lingered for a moment on Neville's cloak, which was
fastened under his left ear, and on Ron's smudged nose. Harry
nervously tried to flatten his hair.
"I shall return when we are ready for you," said Professor
McGonagall. "Please wait quietly."
She left the chamber. Harry swallowed.
"How exactly do they sort us into houses?" he asked Ron.
98
"Some sort of test, I think. Fred said it hurts a lot, but I think he
was joking."
Harry's heart gave a horrible jolt. A test? In front of the whole
school? But he didn't know any magic yet -- what on earth would he
have to do? He hadn't expected something like this the moment they
arrived. He looked around anxiously and saw that everyone else
looked terrified, too. No one was talking much except Hermione
Granger, who was whispering very fast about all the spells she'd
learned and wondering which one she'd need. Harry tried hard not to
listen to her. He'd never been more nervous, never, not even when
he'd had to take a school report home to the Dursleys saying that he'd
somehow turned his teacher's wig blue. He kept his eyes fixed on the
door. Any second now, Professor McGonagall would come back and
lead him to his doom.
5.6 Exchange your opinions as to the translation of the following:
houses
Gryffindor
Hufflepuff
Ravenclaw
Slytherin
house points
the Sorting Ceremony
the rest
Professor McGonagall
Hermione Granger
Dursleys
The Sorting Hat
99
-
What pros and cons does each of the variants have? What
translation methods are applied?
5.7 Try to translate the Sorting Hat’s song into Ukrainian. Choose the
best variant.
Oh, you may not think I'm pretty,
But don't judge on what you see,
I'll eat myself if you can find
A smarter hat than me…
5.8 Make and present written translation of Text 4.14 .
5.9 Make the written translation of the article into English.
Профільним Дисциплінам - Професійний Рівень
Знань
Станіслав ОШКАДЕРОВ, член-кореспондент НАН України.
З великим інтересом стежу за дискусією, що її розпочав
професор М. Ревун на сторінках "УК", про місце історії, політології
і релігієзнавства при підготовці наукових та інженерних кадрів для
України і співвідношення цих курсів у загальній системі навчання
високо професіональних спеціалістів.
Безперечно,
високоосвічений
студент
швидше
стане
гарним ученим чи інженером і швидше досягне вершин в обраній
ним галузі науки і техніки, якщо йому прищепити почуття високої
відповідальності перед суспільством і народом, те, що є
складовою національної самосвідомості.
позиція
доктора
філософських
наук
Мене здивувала
Г.
Темка,
який
що
називається в штики сприйняв занепокоєння й стурбованість М.
Ревуна рівнем підготовки інженерів, пошуком резервів часу для
100
підвищення
якості
спеціальної
підготовки,
її
поглиблення.
Природно буде запитати: навіщо в технічному вузі "піднімати,
нарощувати рівень знань (релігієзнавство, соціологія, політологія
- авт.) до стандартів вищої освіти" (маються на увазі, очевидно,
гуманітарні вузи)? Кожен вищий навчальний заклад має готувати
профільних спеціалістів, оскільки з роками обсяг інформації в усіх
галузях стрімко зростає. І було б добре, якби історики і філософи,
в свою чергу, одержали мінімальний обсяг знань з хімії, фізики,
математики, генетики, кібернетики, медицини і т. ін., що, на жаль,
важко здійснити. Не секрет і те, що сьогодні студентів, здатних
позитивно сприймати сучасні курси з природничих наук, стає
дедалі менше. Це пов'язано з наявністю різних пізнавальних
здібностей та інтелекту кожної людини зокрема і, головне,
різними можливостями і здатністю окремих індивідуумів до
засвоєння
знань,
що посилюється
обмеженим часом для
проходження курсів. А ще треба вивчати іноземні мови, без яких
неможлива інтеграція країни у світове співтовариство, любити і
знати гарну музику, а не тільки "попсу", високохудожню літературу
і т. ін. Саме в такому контексті я сприйняв статтю М. Ревуна. Який
смисл в обов'язковому вивченні історії релігії, якщо сучасний
розвиток науки, вивчення безконечного всесвіту і різних форм
життя
в ньому виключає гіпотезу про божественне походження
людини. Певна річ, важливо знати й поважати релігію своїх
батьків,
релігійні
почуття,
традиції
і
культи
всіх народів.
Зрозуміло, чим більше людина знає, тим вища її культура і
ширший її світогляд. Але професійно хай роблять це студенти, які
101
спеціалізуються на філософії, історії, соціології.
Намагання
обґрунтувати необхідність вивчення історії України у вузах тим,
що студент вивчає історію України глибше, аналітичніше, аніж
учень, видається мені мало вмотивованим. А якщо це так, то чи
не краще було б, ідучи за такою логікою, відмовитись від
неусвідомленого вивчення цих курсів у школі, залишивши їх для
аналітичного осмислення у вузах?! Тим більше що тут є що
осмислювати й аналізувати.
… Відмова нашої країни йти шляхом такого розвитку тільки
через те, що тут проглядає інтернаціоналізація виробничих
відносин,
культурного
життя
при
збереженні
національних
традицій і звичаїв, виглядала б дивною і виправданою. Це позиція
хуторянина.
Замість городити тин довкола свого хутора краще
будувати дороги до сусідів на захід і схід, на північ і південь до
чого закликають нас Президент України Леонід Кучма, Верховна
Рада і на що орієнтуються усі розсудливі громадяни країни. Без
технічної високоосвіченої і високо професіональної інтелігенції
зробити це неможливо.
"Урядовий кур'єр" 2002.04.04
PART 6
COMPREHENSION CHECK
6.1 Test yourself
Variant 1
1. Translate into English.
1. займати вищі посади в бізнесі, промисловості та уряді
2. здібності та переваги
3. зменшення державного фінансування досліджень
102
4. місцевого підпорядкування
5. надмірна спеціалізація
6. найбільш гарячі теми/ проблеми в галузі освіти
7. обов’язкові квоти
8. отримати якнайменше дворічну подальшу освіту
9. питання освіти
10. підготувати дисертацію
2. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. a preparatory first year
2. academic universities
3. autonomy in determining the curriculum
4. close supervision of students through a tutorial system
5. complete autonomy from national or local government in their
administration and the determination of their curricula
6. compulsory, alternative, and optional subjects
7. direction of a rector, an appointee of the national government
8. direction of rectors elected from within
9. graduate schools for postgraduate studies
10. more rigorous examination.
3. Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the
meaning of each sentence.
1. Hence, a great number of ___________________ have sprung
up to provide two years of undergraduate study, in contrast to the
traditional universities and colleges, where a majority of students
complete four years of study for a degree and where substantial
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numbers go on for one to three years of postgraduate study in a
"graduate school."
2. In the American system, the four-year, or "bachelor's," degree is
ordinarily obtained not by passing a "finals" examination but
rather by the ______________, or hours of classroom study.
3. 3. At these schools students work toward either a __________
degree (which involves one to two years of postgraduate study) or
a _____________ degree (which involves two to four years of
study and other requirements).
4. In Ukraine the ______________ are divided into universities,
where humanities and pure sciences are taught; _____________,
where single fields are taught (e.g., law, medicine, and
agriculture); and ______________, where subjects similar to
those in the institutes are taught but with a broader scientific
foundation.
5. Another distinction of the Ukrainian system is that it greatly
extends the educational network by offering a broad array of
carefully prepared ______________ courses.
4. Make a literary translation into English.
a) Several other issues have become troubling to higher education.
Because tuition costs have risen to very high levels, many smaller
private colleges and universities are struggling to attract students.
Many students and their parents choose state universities where
costs are much lower. The decline in federal research funds has also
caused financial difficulties to many universities. Many well-educated
students, including those with doctoral degrees, have found it difficult
to find a form of reverse discrimination as schools seek to lower costs
104
by hiring part-time and temporary faculty. As a result, despite its great
strengths and its history of great variety, the expense of American
higher education may mean serious changes in the future.
b) Satisfied that the sequence of men led to nothing and that the
sequence of their society could lead no further, while the mere
sequence of time was artificial, and the sequence of thought was
chaos, he turned at last to the sequence of force; and thus it
happened that, after ten years' pursuit, he found himself lying in the
Gallery of Machines at the Great Exposition of 1900, his historical
neck broken by the sudden irruption of forces totally new.
Variant 2
1. Translate into English.
1. протистояти зростаючій тенденції щодо...
2. стати більш різноманітними
3. ступінь бакалавра
4. ступінь спеціаліста
5. технічна освіта
6. умови вступу до вищого учбового закладу
7. форма прихованої дискримінації
8. що були історично виключені
9. що є загалом недостатньо представлені
10. що стає нагальною для вищої освіти
2. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. struggling to attract students
2. the basic entrance requirement
105
3. to achieve new prominence and success
4. to compensate for this broad social bias
5. to feel unwelcome
6. to obtain the economic and social rewards
7. traditional universities and colleges
8. uniformity in curriculum
9. university admissions policies
10. entry requirements centralized admissions bureau
3. Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the
meaning of each sentence.
1. Higher education is any of various types of education given in
_______________ and usually affording, at the end of a
course of study, a named degree, diploma, or certificate of
higher studies.
2. The basic _____________ for most higher-educational
institutions is the completion of secondary education, and the
usual entrance age is about 18 years.
3. A passing mark admits students to ________________ at a
university, which terminates in another, more rigorous
examination.
4.
______________________throughout the country leaves
each university with little to distinguish itself.
106
5.
At the conclusion of a first-degree course, all students receive
the same diploma, but students with the best results are
awarded a ____________.
4. Make a literary translation into English.
a) Many different courses and programs are available. Some schools
offer technical training in only a single field, others in a variety of
fields. Some schools combine agricultural and industrial training within
the same school; other schools train skilled craftspeople as well as
technicians. Junior or community colleges offering courses primarily
for craftspeople and technicians include courses in the liberal arts, or
the technical courses may be offered in a separate division of a liberal
arts-oriented junior college. Some senior colleges offer a 4-year
baccalaureate program in engineering technology.
b) Historians undertake to arrange sequences,—called stories, or
histories—assuming in silence a relation of cause and effect. These
assumptions, hidden in the depths of dusty libraries, have been
astounding, but commonly unconscious and childlike; so much so,
that if any captious critic were to drag them to light, historians would
probably reply, with one voice, that they had never supposed
themselves required to know what they were talking about.
Variant 3
1.
Translate into English.
1. складність впроваджених програм
2. загальна освіта
3. в іншому разі не були б спроможні
107
4. високотехнологічні та кваліфіковані види
робіт та вища
освіта
5. відповідати
обов’язків,
вимогам
щодо
виконання
професійних
мати належну професійну кваліфікацію
6. вступні іспити
7. докторантура
8. дотовані та фінансовані з боку держави
9. забезпечувати рівні можливості / умови в здобутті освіти
10. загальний суспільний обов’язок
2. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. part-time and temporary faculty
2. postsecondary institutions of learning
3. privately funded foundations
4. recruit their students by giving competitive examinations
5. research facilities
6. rigorous training in all branches of applied science and
technology
7. secure equal access
8. seek to lower costs
9. selective admission to universities
10. social and economic background3. Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the
meaning of each sentence.
108
1. In
France,
the
various
grandes
ecoles
provide________________, and their diplomas have a
somewhat higher standing than that of the ordinary licence.
2. In Germany, a country made up of what were once strong
principalities,
the
regional
universities
have
autonomy__________________ . nations.
3. The Germans were the first to stress the importance of
universities as _____________, and they also created a sense
of them as emblems of a national mind.
4. The autonomy of higher-educational institutions is strikingly
pronounced in Great Britain where
universities enjoy
almost________________, despite the fact that the schools
receive nearly all of their funding from the state.
5. Britain
has
_______________to
which
candidates
for
admission are able to give their choice of universities in an
order of preference.
4. Make a literary translation into English.
a) The demands for specific courses of postgraduate study change
with the needs of society. In most developing nations, for example,
professional training in engineering and the health sciences is in great
demand. Preparation for a career in medicine represents the most
intensive curriculum, as a medical degree requires at least four years
beyond the baccalaureate, and entry into a medical specialty can
require four or more additional years of study. Many other
occupations are currently being upgraded to the status of professions,
with accompanying increases in the amount of postgraduate
education needed for entry and advancement.
109
b) He had even published a dozen volumes of American history for no
other purpose than to satisfy himself whether, by the severest process
of stating, with the least possible comment, such facts as seemed
sure, in such order as seemed rigorously consequent, he could fix for
a familiar moment a necessary sequence of human movement. The
result had satisfied him as little as at Harvard College. Where he saw
sequence, other men saw something quite different, and no one saw
the same unit of measure
6.2 Write an essay to the topic :
“Equal access to education”
“Modern technologies in higher education”
“The US system of higher education”
“The changes in the Ukrainian system of higher education”
“My University”
“The history and the traditions of Priazov State Technical
University”
UNIT 2
PART 1
Project 1
CAREER PROSPECTS
DISCUSSION
The Right Job for You
1.1 Group discussion.
a) Work alone. Write a description of the profession you have chosen as a
future career, and the qualities needed by people in this profession. Read out
your description and exchange your opinions as to what qualities are the
most and the least important.
110
b). Work alone. Write a description of some other profession r, and the
qualities needed by people in this profession. Do not say what the profession
is. Read out your descriptions for others to guess the profession.
1.2 Act out a dialogue discussing your future/ present job based on the
information developed above. Before performing think of other
arguments you might use to back up your opinion.
Future job

What exactly do you want to be? Why?

Was it always your ambition to do this?

What will you have to do to get this job?

Why do you think you would be well suited to this job?

What is your job?

Was it always your ambition to do this?

Does your job suit you? Why?

Are you well suited to this job?

Why?
Present job
1.3 Think of ten professions. A firm of occupational consultants divided
the modern professional world into four areas of work. Which area of
work do you think each of the 10 professions belongs to?
People:
Procedures and Systems:
Communications and the Arts:
Science and Engineering:
1.4 After you have answered the quiz “ Communication and the Arts”
open the group discussion.
111
Simply indicate whether you think the statements are true or false. Circle
only one alternative for each.
I would like to present TV programs
A
C
I sometimes find it difficult to say what I mean
C
A
I think I could write good short stories
A
C
I could do drawings for new designs
B
C
My knowledge of the arts is rather limited
C
B
I prefer doing practical things to reading or creative
C
A
I rarely notice the design of clothes
C
B
I enjoy talking to others about their opinions
A
C
I am full of creative ideas
B
C
I find most fiction rather uninteresting
C
A
I am not very inventive
C
B
I am a very down-to-earth person
C
A
I would like to exhibit my photographs or paintings
B
C
I could design something which was very attractive
B
C
Translating foreign languages would appeal to me
A
C
Unconventional people make me feel uncomfortable
C
B
writing
for others to see
Ignore all C responses. They simply indicate a lack of
interest in this area.
Count Total A__________ Total B _________ Total A+B ___
A higher A than B should point you towards the media,
literature and languages. Occupations include: journalist, radio or
112
television researcher, advertising copywriter, translator or public
relations officer.
A higher B than A score indicates that you are more suited to
design and the visual arts. Careers include: graphic designer,
cartographer, architect, interior designer, window dresser, theatrical
designer, fashion designer or photographer.
Total A+B 0-4- shows very little interest in this area, 5-12 is
about average. A score of 13 and over shows a strong interest.
Project 2
Planning the On-Job Training. Role play
1.5 Read the following selection. The issue discussed is the job training.
Consider each of the presented facts and explain in what ways should
the staff keep its level high.
Employee Training
During and after World War II, in-service training by employers
became a common practice. The rapid changeover in industry from
peace to war led to training schemes for semiskilled workers, for
workers transferred to new jobs, and for women newly brought into
industry. Thereafter, the rapid contemporary advance of technological
change made training a necessity in almost all walks of life. At the
operating level in industry and in public utilities, new techniques, new
methods, new tools, new synthetics, new sources of power, and
increased uses of automation have brought extensive changes in the
past decades, and the rate of change tends to increase as time goes
on. Comparable changes are taking place in the office with the
extended use of computers and data processors, which provide for
113
the storing and recall of information in amounts unknown 20 years
ago. All of this brought about a new approach to training. Great
emphasis is now placed on a good start through initial job training,
supplemented by orientation sessions or by attractively produced
printed material describing the nature and objectives of the
employment and the conditions of work. Since changes are frequent
with technological advances, refresher training has become common
in clerical as well as in industrial work. For the more technical skills, it
is quite common in the United States for the large employer to make
arrangements with a university to set up special courses; in Great
Britain it is more usual to encourage employees to attend regular
class facilities to obtain technical certificates. Sometimes this is
achieved by "sandwich" training, periods on the job alternating with
periods at a technical institute. Many employers encourage further
education by paying tuition fees or by allowing free time to attend
classes. Some very large corporations have developed their own
systems of technical classes, supplementary to direct job training.
This widespread interest in training has led to considerable innovation
in method. Formal lectures have given way to group discussion. The
case-study method has become popular; a problem situation is
presented in considerable detail and trainees are asked to make
suggestions for its solution. Another new technique is role-playing.
Members of the training staff create a situation by playacting, and the
trainees either comment on what is taking place or participate in the
attempt to find a solution, or they perform functions or services in
conditions that simulate their working environment. Attention also has
been given to audiovisual aids. Sensitivity training has been
114
introduced to help individuals to study their own behaviour and
reactions to one another by means of group discussion in which there
is frank analysis of interrelationships between members of the group.
1.6 In this article taken from Encyclopedia Britannica the word
“training” appears 13 times. Translate the expressions containing this
word and try to substitute it with a synonymic word or expression. What
Ukrainian realia do they correspond to? Give your translations.
Reference list: training- preparation, teaching, guidance, education,
schooling instruction, exercise.

employee training

in-service training

training schemes

made training a necessity

a new approach to training

initial job training

refresher training

"sandwich" training

direct job training

widespread interest in training

trainee

the training staff

sensitivity training
1.7 Role play. Work in groups.
a) Role play situation 1. Students A and B represent the top
managerial. The problem discussed is searching the ways of
increasing the sales of… Here is an example of a role play
115
performed and prepared by the students of the English Department
(group RP-2000-2)
The board meeting of the company “Ukr XZW”
1. The executive Director- Maksymova Irina
2. The Sales manager- Nikitenko Tatiana
3. The Research & Development Manager- Petrukhina Anna
4. The Finance manager- Levin Maksim
5. The Personnel Manager- Zakharova Maryna
6. …
- The Executive Director: Good afternoon. Let me start our Board
Meeting. Today we have a lot of problems to discuss but the most
troubling issue is that the sales figures of our company have
fallen. Tatiana, what are the reasons for that?
- The Sales Manager: I should say there is a decline in sales in
our company. The demand for our cars has decreased. I think our
employees should attend regular class facilities to obtain technical
certificates. We might provide the so-called “sandwich training”the periods of the job alternating with periods at technical institute.
It’s the most modern and reasonable approach in training
employees.
- The Finance Manager: I can’t agree with you. Actually, it’s
impossible ’cos it’s too expensive for our company. Now we
experience hard times and everyone should economize and avoid
extra expenses.
116
- The Executive Director: Anna, what can your department
suggest?
- The Research & Development Manager: I consider we should
provide direct job training within our company. I believe we could
send some of our employees abroad. Many large corporations
developed this system and this experience was rather successful.
We should send a group of our employees to Germany and Japan
so that they could study the new technologies developed by VW
and MITSUBISHI.
-The Executive Director: Maksim, to your mind, can our company
afford it?
-The Finance Manager: I see Anna’s point of view. But it would be
better to establish in-service training. It’s more profitable to invite
the professionals from Germany and Japan in order to teach our
staff new methods and techniques.
- The Executive Director: Maryna, what’s your opinion? Will this
type of training work with our employees?
- The Personnel Manager :I suppose, it will. But we should add
sensitivity training to the in-service. It will influence our employees’
interrelationship and increase the “UKR XZW” productivity in
future.
-The Executive Director: Maksim, do you think we can afford
sensitivity training?
-The Finance Manager: I believe we can hire only one
psychologist.
- The Personnel Manager: One is quite enough.
-The Sales Manager: As for …
117
PART 2
VOCABULARY EXTENSION
Essential Vocabulary
2.1 Study the following expressions dealing with the topic “Career
Prospects».
a customary age to retire
традиційний вік виходу на
пенсію
a person professionally
особа, що за фахом
specializing in
спеціалізується у ...
a predictor of job turnover
вірогідність зміни місця роботи
ability to have a say
можливість розповісти
Absenteeism
відсутність на робочому місці
adequate and fair compensation
повне та справедливе
відшкодування/ платня
adjustment of the literal and the
literary
an average worker
пересічний трудящий
Retirement
вихід на пенсію/ у відставку (за
віком)
apprenticeship programs
фахове навчання (зазвичай по
місцю праці)
ascertain worker expectations
задовольнити/ забезпечити
очікування трудящих
career cycle
кар'єрний цикл
early retirement incentives
заохочувальні стимули до
раннього виходу на пенсію
entry-level training period
період спеціального
118
професійного навчання
expected lifetime earnings
бажаний заробіток на протязі
життя
failure to complete
неспроможність закінчити/
виконати
family responsibilities
відповідальність за родину
fields of discourse
розсуд
industrialized world
промислово розвинені країни
initial education
початкове навчання/
оволодіння фаховими
навичками
innovations in the organization
інновації в організації та
and management
управлінні
instantaneous and oral
безпосередній і усний
internal promotion
просування по службовій ,,,, на
своєму місці праці
internationally agreed scientific
наукові питання, які узгоджені
subjects
на міжнародному рівні
invention and diffusion
винаходження та
розповсюдження
involuntary job movement
вимушена зміна роботи
job search
пошук роботи
labour market behaviour
поведінка на ринку праці
Leading employers
ведучі роботодавці
long-run trend
довготривалі тенденції
long-standing debate
довготривалі дебати
move through different stages
пройти через різні ступені
119
observable workplace behaviours
поведінка на робочому місці,
що підлягає (науковому)
спостереженню
можливість просування по
opportunity for advancement
службі/ отримати підвищення
pay dissatisfaction
незадовільненність платнею
place a high value on
високо цінити
point of departure
відправний пункт/ пункт відліку
presents very special
є особливим
prospects of limited success
перспективи досить обмежені
respond to managerial policies
реагувати на політику
керівництва
security provided by
забезпечення, гарантоване...
seniority increase
зростання стажу
source of income
джерело прибутків
stable period
період стабільності
the long-run income prospects
перспективи довгострокового
отримання прибутків
through a third party
через третю сторону
to be assigned to important and
призначити виконувати
challenging projects
важливий та відповідальний/
складний проект
to be critical to the success of the
бути життєво важливим для
firm
успішної роботи фірми
to be externally oriented
орієнтуватися на внутрішнє...
to be fed into a machine
закласти до машини
to build human capital
будувати людський капітал
120
to contribute to science
внесок до науки
to contribute to the goals
робити свій внесок у
досягнення мети
to gain the respect of peers in
завоювати шану з боку колег/
their field of work
співпрацівників
to hire on a contract-by-contract
наймати на роботу за
basis
контрактом для виконання
окремого проекту
to impose a mandatory retirement
встановлювати обов'язковий
age
вік виходу на пенсію
to increase the likelihood
збільшувати вірогідність
to lower workers' job satisfaction
знижувати задоволеність
роботою з боку трудящого
to mount over time
зростати із пливом часу
to move up the occupational
просуватися по професійний
ladder
сходинці
to obtain budget funds from top
отримати бюджетне
management
фінансування від керівництва
to place a relatively low priority
розташовувати на відносно
низькому місці
to produce an accurate translation
зробити точний переклад
to set into a stable employment
встановити сталі виробничі
relationship
відносини/ мати постійну сталу
роботу
to win contracts from customers
залучити контракти від клієнтів
trial or job-matching period
випробний термін/ період
пошуку належної роботи
121
turnover
плинність кадрів
union organizing
організація/ створення
професійних спілок
заробітна платня та додаткові
wages and fringe benefits
пільги
припинення трудової
withdrawal from the labour force
діяльності
2.2 Study the word groups and look up their Ukrainian equivalents.
A. Labour Sectors And Types
administrative and clerical workers
administrative employees
craft and repair workers
educational services
executive
executives and managers
job classification
labourers
line manager
machine and transport workers
manual workers
nonprofessional (wage and salary workers)
personnel manager
professional
professional and supervisory personnel
professional workers
sales workers
122
service workers
to label industries
White Collar
B. Payment
a high rate of pay
annual income
bonuses added to regular earnings
earnings, computed on an hourly, daily, weekly, or output basis
fees and retainers for professional services
income taxes
insurance premiums
monetary earnings
payments
pension payments
premiums for night or holiday work
price paid for labor
salaried workers
social security taxes
the share of national income
to reckon wages at time rates, piece rates, or incentive rates
to be docked for days, hours, or even minutes of absence or idleness
to be remunerated uniformly for each unit output
to compensate for time and effort
to induce higher production
to pay according to formulas relating output to earnings
to receive fixed sums for each pay period
123
to reduce the worker's take-home pay
to state the rate of pay
union dues
wage earners on time rates
wages
weekly, monthly, or annual salaries
work exceeding stated norms of quantity and quality
workers on piece rates
C. Employment
training
welfare
to manage the work force
to provide a supportive and advisory service
a job description
Conditions of Service
Conditions of Employment
to set out the rights and obligations of employees
to be accepted by employees
vacation entitlement
hours of work
appropriate dress
relations within a firm
requirement for punctuality
to negotiate conditions
assignment
promotion
124
Vocabulary Activator
2.3 Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the meaning
of each sentence.
1. Personnel Management is a part of management concerned
with
people
at
work
and
their
________________________________________.
2. The main functions of the personnel manager usually include
staff __________ ________________________ and welfare.
3. The term personnel management is somewhat misleading in
that it is usually line managers who manage the work force,
while
personnel
managers
provide
a
mainly
___________________________________ service.
4. White Collar relates to workers whose job usually does not
involve ______ labor.
5. Conditions of Service or __________________________ are
regulations that set out the rights and obligations of
employees.
6. Conditions of service are issued by ___________________
and have to be accepted by employees.
7. Conditions of service may state the rate of pay, how often the
worker will be paid, and ___________________ entitlement.
8. They may also state the hours of work, appropriate dress, and
a requirement for _________________________.
9. Negotiating _________________________, including pay, is
arguably the most important function of a labor union in a
place of work.
125
10. The United States government has developed a set
___________________
called
the
Standard
Industrial
Classification (SIC) to classify industries.
11. The _______________________ is a series of numbers, each
ranging from 0 to 9, used to label industries. Primary industries
use either 0 or 1, secondary industries use 1, 2, or 3, and
tertiary industries use numbers 4 through 9.
12. As more digits are added to the number, the classification
becomes more specific. For example, the SIC code 8 refers to
services, 82 refers to _________________________, and
829903 refers to music and drama schools.
13. Working
Conditions
define
the
safety
and
_____________________ of the workplace, including the
physical work environment and the procedures followed in
performing the work.
14. Job Description is a document that states what duties have to
be
performed
by
a
worker
holding
a
_______________________ and what place that worker holds
within the organization.
15. For example, a _______________________ may state that a
secretary must undertake word processing and keyboarding
tasks, as well as answer the telephone and keep a diary for
his or her boss.
2.4 Use at least 25 words or word combinations from exercises 2.1
and 2.2 in the sentences of your own. Try to make a connected text on
the problems of higher education in Ukraine.
126
Additional vocabulary
2.5 Study the have idiomatic and slang words to the topic.
1. An A1 translator- adj.- the first-rate, the first class, the bestthe combination A1 used to mean the lowest risk degree.
Nowadays it evaluates the professional qualification of a
person, quality of a thing or mode of activity.
An A1 translator- найкращій перекладач
an A1 translation- першокласний переклад
an A1 firm- першокласна фірма
2. Ageism –n. – age discrimination, especially concerning to
persons of pre-retirement age. Employers often prefer the
younger employees to the older ones. The expression was
created by Robert Butler, the principal in the Gerontology
Institute and is widely used in the sphere of labour relations.
3. to give someone the elbow- to fire smb.
4. Freelance- a person hired on a contract-to-contract basis.
Usually the label is used for journalists, artists and alike.
A freelance journalist- позаштатний кореспондент
5. Hack- a person working only for the sake of money without
paying any attention to the results and consequences. The
word is applied to a journalist, writer or a translator, whose do
not respond to the professional standards.
6. An insider- a person acquainted to the most confidential
information about the projects and finance of the firm or
organization. Insider dealing / insider trading means using
such information in one’s own interests which is a great risk to
be criminally charged.
127
7. The rat race- struggle and competition for the better job,
higher payment and advancement at work.
8. Rookie- n.- a fresher, person starting his or her career,
inexperienced beginner. Sometimes the word is used as an
adjective.
translator-
A rookie
необізнаний
перекладач,
перекладач
-
початківець.
9. to
spatchcock-
to
make
corrections,
insertions
and
contractions in the text of a letter, a report, a book or a
translation in handwriting.
10. the unwaged- people who do not get wage, including
unemployed, housewives and retired ones.
2.6 Paraphrase the sentences paying attention to the proper choice of
equivalents to the italised idioms.
1. The number of the unwaged increases greatly in Europe,
following the aging of population.
2. I am looking forward to retirement. At last I’ll be out of the rat
race.
3. The government campaign against ageism was stepped up
this weekend with a call for employers to avoid discrimination
against the elderly in job advertisements.
4. Being a rookie is unbearable for an ambitious person.
5. In the old days the editor would accept a spatchcock version
of a translation. Now everything has to be on disk.
6. The novel is evidently translated by a hack, it’s unreadable.
7. Insider trading is a common practice in some joint ventures.
8. Unfortunately, we can only hire you as a freelance interpreter
128
just for this conference.
9. I’ve been elbowed for improper dressing.
10.He drives an A1 car, lives in an A1 house and entertains
lavishly, but it’s all window dressing: he is on the verge of
bankruptcy.
2.7 Learn the list of term description of commonly used tax terms.
Consumption tax
A tax levied on sales of goods or services. Consumption taxes
include general sales taxes, excise taxes, value-added taxes, and
tariffs.
Corporation income tax
A tax on the profits, or net income (total income minus costs),
of corporations.
Direct tax
A tax whose burden falls directly on the person or thing taxed
and cannot be shifted to another person or thing. A poll tax is an
example of a direct tax.
Estate tax
A tax on the property (including real, personal, and intangible
property) left by a person at death.
Excise tax
A selective sales tax, imposed only on the sale of specific
goods.
Gift tax
A tax on the value of gifts received by an individual in excess
of a certain sum per year and over a certain cumulative amount over a
person's lifetime.
Horizontal equity
The principle that people in equal positions or situations
129
should pay the same amount of tax.
Indirect tax
A tax imposed on one person or thing but whose burden is
borne indirectly by another. A sales tax, though imposed on and
collected from the seller, is an indirect tax on the buyer.
Individual income tax
A tax on the income of individuals or families, generally applied
to wages, salaries, tips, interest, and dividends. Also called personal
income tax.
Inheritance tax
A tax on the income (including property) received by an heir
from the estate of a person who has died. Bequests to charitable
organizations are not taxed.
Marginal tax rate
The tax rate applied to a particular tax bracket (a designated
range of taxable income).
Payroll tax
A tax on wages and salaries (income earned for work), used to
finance social insurance programs that provide benefits to the poor,
the elderly, the unemployed, and the disabled.
Poll tax
A tax of a specific monetary amount imposed directly on an
individual. Also called a lump-sum tax or head tax. In the United
States, the term also refers to a tax (now prohibited) imposed on
citizens as a requirement for voting.
Pollution tax
A tax levied on a company that produces air, water, or soil pollution
over a certain level established by the government.
Progressive tax
Generally, a tax that imposes a heavier burden on those more able to
bear the burden than on those less able to bear it. When applied to
income, which is the most important tax base in developed countries,
130
a progressive tax is one that takes a greater percentage of income
from those with higher incomes than from those with lower incomes.
Property tax
A tax on property, usually meaning only real property, such as land,
buildings or houses, and machinery. Personal property, such as
furniture, vehicles, or jewellery, is largely excluded, as is intangible
property, such as money, stocks, bonds, or bank deposits.
Proportional tax
A tax that imposes the same burden on people or takes the same
percentage of each person's income.
Regressive tax
A tax that imposes a heavier burden on those less able to bear it.
Applied to income, it is a tax that takes a greater percentage of
income from people with low incomes than from those with high
incomes.
Sales tax, general
A tax imposed on the sale of a wide range of goods and services.
Although collected from sellers at the retail level, consumers bear the
cost of sales taxes.
Tariff
A tax levied on imported or exported goods. Also called duty or
customs duty.
Tax base
The object on which a tax is based or calculated, such as income (the
base of the income tax), property (the base of the property tax), or the
individual (the base of the poll tax).
Tax incidence
The way a tax affects people. The statutory incidence of a tax refers
to who must legally pay the tax. The economic incidence of a tax
refers to who bears the actual burden of a tax.
Tax rate
131
The percentage of the value of the tax base that must be paid in tax,
or the amount of tax charged in the case of a direct poll tax.
Tax schedule
The set of rates applicable to different amounts of the tax base. Under
the income tax, for example, the schedule shows the rates applicable
at each level of income.
Value-added tax
A percentage tax on the value added to goods or services at each
stage of production and distribution. As with general sales taxes,
consumers bear the final burden of value-added taxes.
Vertical equity
The principle that a tax system should distribute burden fairly across
people with different abilities to pay.
2.8 Translate the terms from the chart in exercise 2.7 into Ukrainian.
Find the necessary data and put the tax rates in Ukraine next to each
item.
consumption tax, corporation income tax, direct tax, estate tax,
indirect tax, individual income tax , inheritance tax, payroll tax,
pollution tax, progressive tax, property tax, sales tax, value-added
tax.
PART 3
LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT
TEXT A
3.1 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of
translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and
expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in
exercise 3.2.
132
involve 1) а) затягувати, включати , залучити ( in, with ) to involve
smb. in a project — They are deeply involved in debt. — We were
involved with the technical details. — б) заплутувати We must not
further involve the statement; it is intricate enough already.
в)
торкатися, стосуватися to promote those general ideas which
involve the destiny of the human race 2) викликати , призвести That
job would involve my travelling a great deal. —The war involved a
great
increase
in
the
national
debt.
—Syn:
entail
2.
3)
а)занурюватися, захопитися 4) включати до себе , вміщувати Syn:
include , contain
trial 1. 1) випробування, випробний термін I took the car out for a
trial on the roads. We plan to release a prototype this autumn for trial
in hospitals. He had just given a trial to a young woman who said she
had previous experience. trial balloon — "випробна куля", зондаж
(зазвичай громадської думки) - give a trial - on trial 2) важке
випробування, спокуса; to put on trial 3) причина невдовольства
або розпачу That child is a real trial to me. 4) судовий процес, суд
at a trial - to be on one's trial — to stand, undergo trial — to bring to
trial, to put on trial — 2) ) to give a fair trial — справедливо
засуджувати She testified at his trial. He was on trial for murder.
They believed that his case would never come to trial. He will go on
trial later this month charged with murder.
He was found to be
mentally unfit to stand trial. —- closed trial - court trial - jury trial open trial - public trial - war-crimes trial 5) спроба 2. 1) випробний,
контрольний trial period — випробний термін
3.2 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian . While reading mark
or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.
133
Career can be divided into four parts: initial education and
entry-level training period, trial or job-matching period, stable period,
and retirement.
The long-run income prospects of a
worker are heavily
dependent on the amount and quality of basic education. Failure to
complete high school reduces significantly one's expected lifetime
earnings. Obtaining post-high-school technical training through
vocational schools, community colleges, or apprenticeship programs
that involve both formal schooling and on-the-job experience
increases expected long-run earnings. Finally, choosing a job that
provides additional training opportunities either on the job or through
part-time outside course work further increases a worker's earnings
potential.
Thus, the initial career stage is one in which an individual is
investing in education or, as social scientists put it, building human
capital. Failure to complete high school or to acquire basic
mathematical, verbal, and analytical skills not only limits long-run
earnings but also increases the risk of being unemployed for longer
periods than those who invested more time and energy in this period
of education and training.
Following the completion of schooling and entry-level training,
most workers experience a trial period in which they change jobs a
number of times in search of a good match between their abilities and
aspirations and the opportunities available to them. The average
worker changes jobs six to eight times before settling into a stable
employment relationship. Because most firms follow a seniority rule in
laying off workers (that is, the most junior workers are laid off first),
134
some of this job movement may be involuntary. In searching for a job,
workers tend to rely heavily on informal contacts and information
provided by friends, family members, or school advisers.
The most stable period of employment for this group of
workers occurs between the ages of 30 and 60. As family
responsibilities become greater and seniority increases the security of
employment within an organization, the likelihood of staying with a
given firm likewise increases. The potential costs of job loss also tend
to mount over time, as it becomes harder to find a job with another
company that will replace the wages and benefits often achieved after
years of service and internal promotion.
Two different factors affect workers as they approach the
retirement stage of their careers. The first is that, while age 65 still
serves as a customary age for many to retire, firms are no longer
allowed to impose a mandatory retirement age. Thus, theoretically,
employees can continue working as long as they are able to do the
job required of them. Few
workers, however, choose to stay on
beyond age 65. Instead, an increasing number of them retire and then
take part-time jobs. The second factor is the growth in early retirement
among workers, prompted in part by the early retirement incentives
many firms offer to employees between the ages of 55 and 65. This
also has led to a growing number of older workers employed parttime.
3.3 Explain in details the meaning of the phrases:
 follow a seniority rule

expected lifetime earnings

trial or job-matching period
135

a mandatory retirement age
3.4 Write down from the text the expressions similar in meaning to the
following:
 the potential costs of job loss

the long-run income prospects

entry-level training period

to build human capital

post-high-school technical training
3.5 These dictionary entries will enrich you vocabulary and help you
use the words correctly. After you learn the information, work out
the sentences of your own to every word/ expression below.
aspiration 1) велике бажання , спрямованність ( досягти ... - to )
lofty, noble aspirations — пориви, поривання, запал Aspiration is a
pure upward desire for excellence.
incentive
1. заохочування, стимул to offer an incentive —
заохочувати, стимулювати a powerful, strong incentive — вагомий
стимул an incentive to investment — to have no incentive to work
harder — Syn: motive 2. 1) заохочувальний, стимулюючий Syn:
stimulating , provocative , exciting 2) incentive wage incentive wage
прогресивна система зарплатні- incentive bonus заохочувальна
премія incentive contract стимулюючий контракт incentive earnings
сума заохочувальної винагороди incentive fare заохочувальний
тариф
involuntary 1) невільний, ненавмисний, невмисний Syn:
unintentional 3) примусовий
136
TEXT B
3.6 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of
translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and
expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in
exercise 3.8
argue 1) сперечатися ( with – із кимось.; about - ) to argue logically
— наводити логічні аргументи
to argue plausibly —
to argue
sensibly — to argue heatedly, passionately, strenuously, vehemently
—
She loves arguing.
Syn: debate , dispute Ant: consent 2)
аргументувати, обґрунтовувати - argue against - argue for - argue in
favour of - argue soundly Syn: reason 2., maintain 3) обговорювати
to argue а problem (а case, а question, etc.) Syn: discuss , reason 2.
4) переконував, упевнювати, запевнювати, радити ( into );
відмовляти ( out of ) Syn: coax 1., persuade , persuade , reason 2.,
talk into 5) доводити, стверджувати to argue ignorance (inattention,
innocence, etc.) — підтверджувати 6) служити доказом Syn:
indicate • - argue away - argue down
concern 1. 1) відносини , відношення We have no concern here
with this controversy. Syn: relation , concernment 2) справи, ділові
відносини, стосунки Syn: business relations 3) зацікавленість,
участь to have a concern in
Syn: share, interest 4) турбота ,
стурбованість
I noticed an expression of concern upon his
countenance.
Syn: solicitude , anxiety 5) справа, фірма,
підприємство Syn: business , firm 6) річ The two old men with their
butcher knives hacked out two concerns, which might serve in a rude
fashion for oars. Syn: affair , article , thing
137
critical 1) вимогливий, критичний Syn: censorious , fault-finding 2)
той ,що опікується/ має відношення до критики Moliere is only
critical by accident. —3) а) переламний, вирішальний, зламний,
критичний critical test Syn: crucial , decisive , deciding б)
загрожуючий в) важливий, нагальний, необхідний a component
critical to the operation of a machine — Syn: indispensable , vital
project
1) а) проект, план; програма
to carry out a project —
здійснювати план, виконувати програму
замислити
to conceive project —
план to draw up a project —to shelve a project —-
irrigation project - land-reclamation project - pilot project - publicworks project - water-conservation project Syn: activity , enterprise ,
operation , undertaking , programme , scheme 1. б) завдання
дослідницького характеру 2) а) об'єкт будівництва б) комплекс
житлових будівель 3) ідея, думка, намір Syn: idea
3.7 In this article taken from Encyclopedia Britannica the word
“training” appears 13 times. Translate the expressions containing this
word and try to substitute it with a synonymic word or expression.
Reference list: training- preparation, teaching, guidance,
education, schooling instruction, exercise.

employee training

in-service training

training schemes

made training a necessity

a new approach to training.

initial job training

refresher training

"sandwich" training
138

direct job training

widespread interest in training

trainee

the training staff

sensitivity training
3.8 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. While reading mark
or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.
The interests, values, and expectations that workers bring to
the workplace provide a useful point of departure for understanding
how employees respond to managerial policies. While these
psychological features vary among individuals, over time as workers
move through different stages of their family and career cycle, and
across nationalities, they do reveal certain similarities.
There is a long-standing debate between psychologists and
economists over how best to ascertain worker interests and
expectations.
Psychologists
have
traditionally
used
survey
questionnaires and interviews to measure worker attitudes, values,
and beliefs and then examined the relationships of these attitudes to
observable workplace behaviours such as job search, turnover,
absenteeism, union organizing, and withdrawal from the labour force.
The value of this approach is that it provides a direct measure of an
individual worker's expressed attitudes and beliefs. Economists favour
direct observation and measurement of these observable behaviours.
This
provides
evidence
of
what
economists
call
"revealed
preferences," preferences that are revealed by actions taken. Both
approaches are helpful in painting a complete picture of workers'
views and the workplace outcomes that result from these views.
139
Since work is the most important source of income, it is no
surprise to find that all workers place a high value on the income and
security provided by their jobs. Both survey evidence and labour
market behaviour demonstrate that workers expect their jobs to
provide both adequate and fair compensation. Fairness, or equity, is
normally assessed by comparing one's wages and fringe benefits with
those of others in the same occupation, area, industry, or
organization. Failure to provide adequate and equitable wages has
consistently been shown to lower workers' job satisfaction and to
increase the likelihood that workers will prefer either to look for
another job or to act on the job to increase wages through organizing
a union or striking. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the
expectation of high and equitable wages weakens as individuals
move up the occupational ladder and receive higher pay. Even among
professionals, pay dissatisfaction continues to be a strong predictor of
job turnover.
Most workers expect much more from their jobs than high and
fair pay. In fact, perhaps the most important long-run trend in worker
values is the gradual expansion and broadening of worker
expectations. Survey data have shown that the vast majority of
workers not only in the United States but all over the industrialized
world place a high value on autonomy, opportunity for advancement,
and the ability to have a say in how they do their work. Moreover, the
higher the level of education, the higher the value workers tend to
place on these aspects of their jobs. Given that educational
attainment
levels
are
gradually
rising,
these
dimensions
of
employment are becoming more central to behaviour at the
140
workplace. It is not surprising, therefore, that leading employers
throughout the world have been experimenting with innovations in the
organization and management of the workplace that provide workers
with these satisfactions.
What do technical professionals want from their jobs and
careers? Like all other workers, scientists and engineers are
concerned about their employment security and long-term career
opportunities. Concern over employment security arises in part from
their dependence on winning contracts from customers or on
obtaining budget funds from top management to support their project
ideas. Because of the uncertainty over project funding, some firms try
to keep their permanent research and development staffs rather small
and hire engineers and other technicians as consultants on a
contract-by-contract basis.
Like other professionals, scientists and engineers also want to
gain the respect of peers in their field of work. Recognition of this
desire led many early researchers to argue that these professionals
were externally oriented--that is, they wanted to contribute to science
and placed a relatively low priority on the needs of their particular
employer. Later research showed, however, that most technical
professionals also want to work on problems that are critical to the
success of the firm. They want to know what the firm's priorities are
and be given an opportunity to contribute to those goals. Above all
else they want to be assigned to important and challenging projects
and then be given the resources, influence, and autonomy needed to
complete the projects successfully.
141
3.9 Work out the questions to the following answers.
1. "revealed preferences"
2. by comparing one's wages and fringe benefits with those of
others in the same occupation, area, industry, or organization.
3. Since work is the most important source of income
4. Economists
5. to measure worker attitudes, values, and beliefs
6. between psychologists and economists
7. what the firm's priorities are
8. important and challenging projects
9. job search, turnover, absenteeism, union organizing, and
withdrawal from the labour force
10. through organizing a union or striking
3.10 Make a list of at least 15 expressions and phrases from the article
that would help you to speak on the topic “Career stages”.
TEXT C
3.11 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of
translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and
expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in
exercise .
accurate 1) вірний, правильний, точний The inside walls receive a
micro-finish guaranteed to be accurate within 2 micro-inches
longitudinally.
strictly accurate — абсолютно точний It would be
accurate to say that he is lazy. — Police have stressed that this is the
most accurate description of the killer to date. — They were accurate
in their prediction that he would change her life drastically. — Syn:
punctual , correct , exact , precise , right , true Ant: erroneous , false ,
142
inaccurate , incorrect , inexact , wrong 2) ретельний, щільний He
discovers a very accurate knowledge of mineralogy. — Syn: careful ,
thorough
instance 1) а) виключення , виняток Syn: exception б) окремий
випадок, приклад to cite, give an instance — наводити приклад an
isolated, rare instance —
instances —
in rare instances —
in a few isolated
- for instance Syn: sample , example 2) вимога;
прохання, доручення I am writing to you at the instance of my friend.
—
Syn: insistence 3) а) інстанція a court of first instance — б)
ступінь In this stage I prefer to remain anonymous. - for instance - in
the first instance 2. 1) доводити, наводити в якості прикладу Syn:
exemplify ; exhibit , illustrate , prove , show 2) зіслатися We will
instance in a single writer, Shakespeare. — Сошлемся лишь на
одного автора - Шекспира. Syn: cite , reference 2.
production 1) виробництво; здобич; виготовлення to decrease,
roll back production — зменшити обсяг виробництва to increase,
speed up, step up production — збільшити обсяг виробництва That
model won't go into production before late 1990. — coal production
—
oil production —
steel production —
production workers —
робітники, зайняті безпосередньо у виробництві(на відміну від
службовців) Syn: manufacture , making 2) продукція; вироб We
needed to increase the volume of production. —
produce 3)
Syn: output ,
продуктивність, ефективність; обсяг виробітку
production standard — норма виробітку Syn: productivity , output
3.12 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian . While reading
mark or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the
text.
143
As soon as two speakers of different languages need to
converse, translation is necessary, either through a third party or
directly. Before the invention and diffusion of writing, translation was
instantaneous and oral; persons professionally specializing in such
work were called interpreters. In predominantly or wholly literate
communities, translation is thought of as the conversion of a written
text in one language into a written text in another, though the modern
emergence of the simultaneous translator or professional interpreter
at international conferences keeps the oral side of translation very
much alive. The tasks of the translator are the same whether the
material is oral or written, but, of course, translation between written
texts allows more time for stylistic adjustment and technical expertise.
The main problems have been recognized since antiquity and were
expressed by St. Jerome, translator of the famed Latin Bible, the
Vulgate, from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Semantically, these
problems relate to the adjustment of the literal and the literary and the
conflicts that so often occur between an exact translation of each
word, as far as this is possible, and the production of a whole
sentence or even a whole text that conveys as much of the meaning
of the original as can be managed. These problems and conflicts
arise because of factors already noticed in the use and functioning of
language: languages do not operate in isolation but within and as part
of cultures, and cultures differ from each other in various ways. Even
between the languages of communities whose cultures are fairly
closely allied, there is by no means a one-to-one relation of exact
lexical equivalence between the items of their vocabularies.In their
144
lexical meanings, words acquire various overtones and associations
that are not shared by the nearest corresponding words in other
languages; this may vitiate a literal translation. In modern times
translators of the Bible into the languages of peoples culturally remote
from Europe are well aware of the difficulties of finding a lexical
equivalent for "lamb," when the intended readers, even if they have
seen sheep and lambs, have no tradition of blood sacrifice for
expiation nor long-hallowed associations of lambs with lovableness,
innocence, and apparent helplessness. The English word uncle has,
for various reasons, a cozy and slightly comic set of associations. The
Latin poet Virgil uses the words avunculus Hector in a solemn heroic
passage of the Aeneid (Book III, line 343); to translate this by "uncle
Hector" gives an entirely unsuitable flavour to the text.The translation
of poetry, especially into poetry, presents very special difficulties, and
the better the original poem, the harder the translator's task. This is
because poetry is, in the first instance, carefully contrived to express
exactly what the poet wants to say. Second, to achieve this end, the
poet calls forth all the resources of the language in which he is writing,
matching the choice of words, the order of words, and grammatical
constructions, as well as phonological features peculiar to the
language in metre, perhaps supplemented by rhyme, assonance, and
alliteration. The translator must try to match the stylistic exploitation of
the particular resources in the original language with comparable
resources from his own. Because lexical, grammatical, and metrical
considerations are all interrelated and interwoven in poetry, a
satisfactory literary translation is usually very far from a literal word for
word rendering. The more the poet relies on language form, the more
145
embedded his verses are in that particular language, and the harder
they are to translate adequately. This is especially true with lyrical
poetry in several languages, with its wordplay, complex rhymes, and
frequent assonances.At the other end of the translator's spectrum,
technical prose dealing with internationally agreed scientific subjects
is probably the easiest type of material to translate, because cultural
unification (in this respect), lexical correspondences, and stylistic
similarity already exist in this type of usage in the languages most
commonly involved, to a higher degree than in other fields of
discourse.Significantly, it is this last aspect of translation to which
mechanical and computerized techniques are being applied with
some prospects of limited success. Machine translation, whereby,
ultimately, a text in one language could be fed into a machine to
produce an accurate translation in another language without further
human intervention, has been largely concentrated on the language of
science and technology, with its restricted vocabulary and overall
likeness of style, for both linguistic and economic reasons. Attempts
at machine translation of literature have been made, but success in
this field, more especially in the translation of poetry, seems very
remote at present.Translation on the whole is an art, not a science.
Guidance can be given and general principles can be taught, but after
that it must be left to the individual's own feeling for the two languages
concerned.
3.14 Translate into Ukrainian paying special attention to the proper
translation of the word “career”. Study the list of synonyms to the
word career and change it according to the context.
146
Career- vocation, job, occupation, profession, calling, livelihood, line of
business, movement.
1. At one stage in its career /
/, this gig was
fairly unstable; if the horse fell to his knees, the cross springs
under the body would jerk and spill the riders.
2. The competitive career /
/environment
described above can lead to considerable tension and stress
among middle managers.
3. As a conductor he had won general acclaim, but as a
composer, during this first creative period, he immediately
encountered the public's lack of comprehension that was to
confront him for most of his career /
4. It is not clear how his career /
/.
/ in the
theatre began; but from about 1594 onward he was an
important member of the Lord Chamberlain's Company of
players (called the King's Men after the accession of James I
in 1603).
5. Newly qualified physicians want to work there because doing
so will aid their future careers /
/, though
the actual experience may be wider and better in a hospital
without a medical school.
6. Senior physicians seek careers /
/ in
hospitals with medical schools because consultant, specialist,
or professorial posts there usually carry a high degree of
prestige.
7. Unlike most politicians in Japan before World War II, Konoe
did not begin his political career /
147
/ either
through civil-service examination or through membership in a
political party.
8. Further occupational mobility at later stages of a worker's
career /
/ depends in large part on receiving
additional training and professional certification.
3.13 Choose the statement which fits the text best.
1
a) Before the invention and diffusion of translation, it was
instantaneous and oral; persons professionally specializing in such
work were called interpreters.
b) Before the invention and diffusion of writing, translation
didn’t exist either.
c) Even before writing was invented, there were persons
professionally specializing in translation.
2
a) The more the poet relies on language form, the more
embedded his verses are in the particular language, and the easier
they are to translate adequately.
b) The more the poet relies on language form, the harder they
are to translate adequately.
c) The more the poet relies on language form, the more
embedded his translations are in that particular language, and
the harder they are to translate adequately.
3
a) Poetry is this last aspect of translation to which mechanical
and computerized techniques are being applied with some
prospects of limited success.
148
b) Technical text is this last aspect of translation to which
mechanical and computerized techniques are being applied
with some prospects of limited success.
c) Scientific fiction is this last aspect of translation to which
mechanical and computerized techniques are being applied
with some prospects of limited success.
4
a) There is a one-to-one relation of exact lexical equivalence
between the items of the
vocabularies of communities whose
cultures are fairly closely allied.
b)Whenever two cultures are closely allied, there is exact
lexical equivalence between the items of their vocabularies.
c) Even between the languages of communities whose
cultures are very alike, there doesn’t exist a one-to-one relation of
exact lexical equivalence between the items of their vocabularies.
5
a) Translation is thought of only as the conversion of a written
text in one language into a written text in another
b) The modern emergence of the simultaneous translator or
professional interpreter at international conferences keeps the
oral side of translation necessary
c) In predominantly or wholly literate communities, translation
is thought of as the conversion of a written text in one
language into a written text in another, though the modern
emergence of the simultaneous translator or professional
interpreter at international conferences decreases.
149
PART 4
DEVELOPING READING SKILLS
TEXT 1 ‘ The Aging Boom ’
4.1 Study the glossary to the article. Find the words in the context and
choose the proper translation.
corporate - корпоративний, загальний - corporate body - corporate
responsibility - corporate town Syn: corporative corporate body
корпоративна організація corporate responsibility відповідальність
кожного члена корпорації
triggering пуск || пусковий, той, що запускає - data triggering event triggering - fail triggering - pattern triggering - pulse triggering state triggering - status triggering
unilateral однобічний, односторонній Syn: one-sidedly
4.2 Read the text ‘The Aging Boom by Robert N. Butler
America’s aging baby boom generation—the people who
were born from 1946 to 1964—is nearing retirement. The following
January 1999 article from the Encarta Yearbook, written by Pulitzer
Prize-winning author Robert N. Butler, founding director of the
National Institute on Aging, discusses the challenges an aging
population poses for society, as well as the research scientists are
conducting into the aging process itself.
The Aging Boom by Robert N. Butler
A Changing Society
According to the United Nations (UN), people over age 60 will
outnumber those under 15 years of age by 2050. This is partially due
150
to a decreased number of deaths combined with a drop in the
number of births. The change is especially notable in developed
countries such as Japan and many Western European nations. In
the United States, the annual number of deaths per 100,000 people
dropped from over 800 in the 1950s to about 490 in 1996. The birth
rate, meanwhile, has dropped from about 24 per 1,000 women to
about 15 per 1,000 women during the same period.
This unprecedented rise in the number of older people will
have lasting effects on society. The growing number of older persons
throughout the world is already affecting the global economy. In the
same way that the 1960s had a “youth market” that targeted the
baby boomer generation, today there is a growing “mature market”—
called the “silver industries” in Japan—that focuses on serving the
needs of the older population. The growth of the “mature market” has
prompted an economic boom in many industries, including the health
care, pharmaceutical, financial services, tourism, and recreational
industries.
The United States health care industry accounts for oneseventh of its economy and provides more than 10 million jobs.
Geriatrics is one of one of the industry's fastest growing segments.
Physicians and nurses trained in geriatrics are in great demand. But
trained professionals are in short supply. In 1998 the United States
had fewer than 9,000 physicians certified in geriatric medicine,
according to the American Geriatrics Society (AGS).
While many older people remain able to care for themselves,
others require assistance to live comfortably. Many older Americans
151
need help with activities such as eating, getting dressed, getting out
of bed, preparing meals, and doing housework.
To answer these needs, the health care industry has
developed several alternatives to the traditional institutional nursing
home, including assisted-living facilities, continuing-care retirement
communities, home care, and hospice…
Since people are living longer, they will probably also work
longer. Some will continue to work because of financial need, while
others will continue working because they enjoy what they do. The
1967 Age Discrimination in Employment Act prohibits employers in
the United States from discriminating against employees because of
their age.
Older workers are likely to prompt changes in the American
workplace. For example, job sharing, when two part-time employees
do the work of one full-time employee, would allow older workers to
reduce their working hours while maintaining a portion of their
income. More companies may offer on-the-job training and
sabbaticals (leave of absence) for workers who wish to learn new
skills. It is also likely that many older workers will want to work from
home or become self-employed.
Blue collar workers pose a special challenge. As they age,
these workers may no longer be up to the physical rigors of their
jobs. In some cases, blue collar workers who want to remain on the
job may be retrained, or their jobs may be modified to fit their
changing abilities. Experienced blue collar workers may also be used
to train younger workers.
152
Older
women
are
another
group
that
faces
unique
challenges. In the late 1990s American women could expect to live
about six years longer than men, meaning that many women outlive
their spouses. For some women this means a catastrophic loss of
income as their husbands' pension and social security income
disappears.
Employers have good reasons to adapt to the needs of older
workers even though older workers are more expensive than
younger workers because employer-paid health insurance and the
wages and salaries of long-time employees are higher. But studies
by ICF Kaiser International and the American Association of Retired
Persons (AARP) have shown that older workers are usually more
reliable than younger employees and miss work less often. Older
workers are also more experienced and have the maturity and
judgment that come with age.
Employed older persons often have higher standards of living
than unemployed retirees, and they contribute to the health of the
economy by spending more money on goods and services. They
also pay income and social security taxes.
Retirement may also change, with the introduction of phased
and trial retirements. A phased retirement allows workers to
gradually cut down their working hours as they move toward
retirement. Trial retirements allow workers to return to their job if they
change their minds and decide not to retire.
Some people fear that older Americans will use their growing
numbers to dominate national politics, triggering a rift with younger
generations.
This
is
unlikely,
however.
153
While
organizations
representing older people, such as AARP and the National Council
of Senior Citizens, have helped influence federal policy on social
security and Medicare, they are far less influential than those
organizations representing corporate America. Finally, because the
majority of the voting population will always be under 65, it is unlikely
that persons over age 65 will ever have enough power to unilaterally
influence political affairs.
Surveys by major polling organizations suggest that fears of
intergenerational conflicts are unfounded. For example, many young
Americans favor expanding programs that support the aged,
although many young people fear social security and other
government-sponsored support systems will “not be there” for them
when they retire.
4.3 Use the expressions below in the sentences of your own. Try to make
a connected text on the problem of career prospects for the young and
the older generations in Ukraine.
fears of intergenerational conflicts
catastrophic loss of income
introduction of phased and trial retirements
job sharing
mature market
more reliable than younger employees and miss work less often
older workers are more expensive than younger workers
physicians certified in geriatric medicine
pose a special challenge
prompted an economic boom
to affect the global economy
154
to be in great demand.
to be in short supply
to be up to the physical rigors of their jobs
to become self-employed.
to face unique challenges
to focus on serving the needs of the older population
to have lasting effects on society
to have the maturity and judgment that come with age
to trigger a rift with younger generations
to work because of financial need
to work from home
wish to learn new skills
4.4 Discuss the following questions:
-Formulate the subject matter of Text A.
- What facts are presented in the text ? Find passages revealing the
author’s respect and concern for elderly people, his belief in mutual
understanding between the younger and the older generations?
-Why does Robert N. Butler consider there is a need in changing of
the employment mode? How does he prove his ideas?
- Study the structure of the text. What parts does it fall into? Answer
the question quoting the text.
-Comment on Butler’s words “… fears of intergenerational conflicts
are unfounded”. What do they mean? Do they imply the author’s
disapproval or hesitation? What is your opinion on the matter ?
-Characterize the language of the text. What can you say about the
vocabulary? Is it typical of an article? Is it in line with the other
devices employed by the author?
155
-Point out stylistic devices and comment on their function.
4.5 Evaluating a story. Study the piece of theory below and define what
the theme of the texts 1, 2 , 3, (unit1) and 1 (unit 2) are. Give your
reasons.
A novel’s theme is the main idea that the writer expresses.
Theme can also be defined as the underlying meaning of the story.
The theme of a novel is more than its subject matter, because an
author’s technique can play as strong a role in developing a theme
as the actions of the characters do.
Rarely can a novel’s theme be interpreted in only one way. Because
of the length of novels, and the various characters, conflicts, and
scenes found within them, readers can look at different aspects of
the work to uncover different interpretations of the meaning of the
tale. A common theme in novels is the conflict between appearance
and reality.
Another common theme is the search for personal identity. The
Catcher in the Rye (1951) by American writer J. D. Salinger
convincingly depicts Holden Caulfield, a teenager who realizes that
he is no longer a child, but who is not quite ready for adulthood.
Holden’s desperate search for identity has captured the imagination
of generations of adolescent readers.
The theme of an individual who strikes out alone to face the world is
used in many works. One of the most famous instances is in
156
Huckleberry Finn (1884) by American novelist Mark Twain. The
book, set before the American Civil War (1861-1865), is about a
boy, Huck, who cannot endure the restrictions of his life in a town
along the Mississippi River. He runs away and rafts down the river,
along the way becoming friends with an escaped slave named Jim.
Some novels feature people who cannot break from their society’s
conventions and instead become disillusioned with the conflict
between their aspirations and the reality of their lives.
Throughout the history of the novel, a major theme has been
whether people can change their situations in life or whether they
are in the grips of forces beyond their control.
Other common themes in novels include how art and life are
reflected in one another, the meaning of religion, and whether
technology helps people or whether it is a harmful aspect of society.
4.6 Give a summary of your comments on the text.
TEXT 2 ‘Martin Eden’
4.7. Study the glossary to the article. Find the words in the context and
choose the proper translation.
bunch 1. 1) жмутик, жмуток, віхоть, віхтик, горстка, горсточка,
пучок, гроно, китиця - bunch of keys - bunch of grapes - bunch of
fives 2) букет ( квітів ) 3) група, компанія He is the best of the bunch.
— Він найкращий з них. 4) стадо, зграя 2. 1) створювати пучки,
грона 2) збитися до купи, стискати( тж. bunch up ) Don't bunch the
157
flowers up so tightly, you'll spoil them. — The singers bunched up to
make room for one more.
gang 1) а) набір, комплект ( інструментів або обладнання ) Syn:
outfit 1. б) коллекція gang of saws — колекція прислів'їв 2) група
людей, об'єднана спільними інтересами а) партія, бригада;
артель; зміна to form a gang — організувати бригаду gang leader
— бригадир - work gang б) банда, злочинна зграя, ватага , to
break up, bust (up) a gang — розігнати зграю inner-city gang —
juvenile gang — банда неповнолітніх street gang — вулична зграя
Syn: band в) компанія, тусовка
grafter 1) людина, що займається щепленням дерев 2) садовий
ніж II 1) людина , що користується своїм службовим станом з
метою отримання особистого зиску нечесним способом а)
хабарник Syn: bribe taker , bribe-taker б) шантажист Syn:
blackmailer 2) злодій, злодюжка, шахрай,торбохват, пройдисвіт
Syn: swindler , cheat , thief I III трудівник, працівник Syn: toiler ,
worker
haunt 1. 1) а) місце, яке часто відвідують ( для відпочинку та т.ін
), притулок quiet haunt Syn: resort 1. б) нора ; притон, лігвище,
кублище, кубло, гніздо Syn: den 1., nest 1., lair 1. 2) а) привид б)
місце, яке часто відвідують привиди Syn: ghost 1. б) невідступно
переслідувати My brother haunts me all the time! 2) завдавати
муки, не давати спокою (у думках) ; Problems we ignore now will
come back to haunt us. The tune haunted her all day long. Syn:
trouble 2. 3) ( про привидів) жити, з'являтися My father's ghost still
haunted our house.
158
haw II 1) хо! 2) хм... III 1. буркотіння Pauses were filled by a
prolonged haw. Syn: mutter , mumble 2. буркотіти, вимовляти
незрозумілі звуки to hum and haw — мимрити The meeting is
terrible, and the chairman haws and hums.
nomenclature 1) номенклатура, перелік, список 2) термінологія
nomenclature of law — юридична термінологія Syn: terminology
repudiate 1) відмовлятися, відкидати, нехтувати а) зректися to
repudiate one's father — to repudiate the property б) відмовитися
мати справу Not only did the whole repudiate the physician, but also
those who were sick
shirk 1. 1) крастися, скрадатися Syn: sneak 2. 2) а) ухилятися to
shirk school б) перекладати відповідальність ( upon, on to; тж.
shirk off ) to shirk responsibility — ухилятися від відповідальності •
Syn: avoid , evade 2. ; = shirker
4.8 Read the text from “Martin Eden” by Jack London.
London, Jack (1876-1916), American writer, whose
work combined powerful realism and humanitarian
sentiment. He was born John Griffith London in San
Francisco. After completing grammar school, London
worked at various odd jobs, and in 1897 and 1898 he
participated in the Alaska gold rush. Upon his return to the
San Francisco area, he began to write about his
experiences. A collection of his short stories, The Son of the
Wolf, was published in 1900. During his brief but colorful
life, London wrote more than 50 books, experienced
enormous popular success as an author, worked as a war
correspondent, and undertook two stormy marriages.
Many of his stories, including his masterpiece The
Call of the Wild (1903), deal with the reversion of a civilized
creature to the primitive state. London's style—brutal, vivid,
159
and exciting—made him enormously popular outside the
United States; his works were translated into many
languages. London's important works include People of the
Abyss (1903), about the poor in London; The Sea Wolf
(1904), a novel based on the author's experiences on a seal
hunting ship; Martin Eden (1909), an autobiographical
novel about a writer's life; John Barleycorn (1913), an
autobiographical novel about London's struggle against
alcoholism; and The Star Rover (1915), a collection of
related stories dealing with reincarnation.
From Martin Eden by Jack London
CHAPTER XLIV
Mr. Morse met Martin in the office of the Hotel Metropole.
Whether he had happened there just casually, intent on other affairs,
or whether he had come there for the direct purpose of inviting him to
dinner, Martin never could quite make up his mind, though he inclined
toward the second hypothesis. At any rate, invited to dinner he was by
Mr. Morse - Ruth's father, who had forbidden him the house and
broken off the engagement.
Martin was not angry. He was not even on his dignity. He
tolerated Mr. Morse, wondering the while how it felt to eat such
humble pie. He did not decline the invitation. Instead, he put it off with
vagueness and indefiniteness and inquired after the family,
particularly after Mrs. Morse and Ruth. He spoke her name without
hesitancy, naturally, though secretly surprised that he had had no
inward quiver, no old, familiar increase of pulse and warm surge of
blood.
He had many invitations to dinner, some of which he accepted.
Persons got themselves introduced to him in order to invite him to
dinner. And he went on puzzling over the little thing that was
160
becoming a great thing. Bernard Higginbotham invited him to dinner.
He puzzled the harder. He remembered the days of his desperate
starvation when no one invited him to dinner. That was the time he
needed dinners, and went weak and faint for lack of them and lost
weight from sheer famine. That was the paradox of it. When he
wanted dinners, no one gave them to him, and now that he could buy
a hundred thousand dinners and was losing his appetite, dinners were
thrust upon him right and left. But why? There was no justice in it, no
merit on his part. He was no different. All the work he had done was
even at that time work performed. Mr. and Mrs. Morse had
condemned him for an idler and a shirk and through Ruth had urged
that he take a clerk's position in an office. Furthermore, they had been
aware of his work performed. Manuscript after manuscript of his had
been turned over to them by Ruth. They had read them. It was the
very same work that had put his name in all the papers, and, it was
his name being in all the papers that led them to invite him.
One thing was certain: the Morses had not cared to have him
for himself or for his work. Therefore they could not want him now for
himself or for his work, but for the fame that was his, because he was
somebody amongst men, and - why not? - because he had a hundred
thousand dollars or so. That was the way bourgeois society valued a
man, and who was he to expect it otherwise? But he was proud. He
disdained such valuation. He desired to be valued for himself, or for
his work, which, after all, was an expression of himself. That was the
way Lizzie valued him. The work, with her, did not even count. She
valued him, himself. That was the way Jimmy, the plumber, and all
the old gang valued him. That had been proved often enough in the
161
days when he ran with them; it had been proved that Sunday at Shell
Mound Park. His work could go hang. What they liked, and were
willing to scrap for, was just Mart Eden, one of the bunch and a pretty
good guy.
Then there was Ruth. She had liked him for himself, that was
indisputable. And yet, much as she had liked him she had liked the
bourgeois standard of valuation more. She had opposed his writing,
and principally, it seemed to him, because it did not earn money. That
had been her criticism of his "Love-cycle." She, too, had urged him to
get a job. It was true, she refined it to "position," but it meant the same
thing, and in his own mind the old nomenclature stuck. He had read
her all that he wrote - poems, stories, essays - "Wiki-Wiki," "The
Shame of the Sun," everything. And she had always and consistently
urged him to get a job, to go to work - good God! - as if he hadn't
been working, robbing sleep, exhausting life, in order to be worthy of
her.
So the little thing grew bigger. He was healthy and normal, ate
regularly, slept long hours, and yet the growing little thing was
becoming an obsession. WORK PERFORMED. The phrase haunted
his brain. He sat opposite Bernard Higginbotham at a heavy Sunday
dinner over Higginbotham's Cash Store, and it was all he could do to
restrain himself from shouting out:"It was work performed! And now you feed me, when then you
let me starve, forbade me your house, and damned me because I
wouldn't get a job. And the work was already done, all done. And now,
when I speak, you check the thought unuttered on your lips and hang
on my lips and pay respectful attention to whatever I choose to say. I
162
tell you your party is rotten and filled with grafters, and instead of
flying into a rage you hum and haw and admit there is a great deal in
what I say. And why? Because I'm famous; because I've a lot of
money. Not because I'm Martin Eden, a pretty good fellow and not
particularly a fool. I could tell you the moon is made of green cheese
and you would subscribe to the notion, at least you would not
repudiate it, because I've got dollars, mountains of them. And it was
all done long ago; it was work performed, I tell you, when you spat
upon me as the dirt under your feet."
4.9 Use the expressions below in the sentences of your own. Try to make
a connected text on the problem of fairness of compensation between
the job perfomed and the fruits obtained for it.
for the direct purpose of
as if he hadn't been working, robbing sleep, exhausting life, in order to
be worthy of …
days of desperate starvation
I could tell you the moon is made of green cheese and you would
subscribe to the notion
never could quite make up his mind
no justice in it
not to care to have him for himself or for his work
one of the bunch and a pretty good guy
standard of valuation
the way the society valued a man
to admit there is a great deal in what i say
to be aware of the work performed
to be an expression of oneself
163
to be on his dignity
to be somebody amongst men
to check the thought unuttered on your lips and hang on my lips
to condemn smb. for an idler and a shirk
to desired to be valued for himself, or for his work, which
to disdained such valuation
to eat such humble pie
to go on puzzling over
to have increase of pulse and warm surge of blood
to have no inward quiver
to hum and haw and
to incline toward the second hypothesis
to oppose writing because it does not earn money
to pay respectful attention to whatever i choose to say
to put smth. off with vagueness and indefiniteness
to restrain oneself from shouting out
to scrap for
to spat upon me as the dirt under your feet
to take a clerk's position in an office
to urge smb to get a job
work could go hang
4.10 Discuss the following questions:
-
What is the main idea of the text at large and how is it conveyed
to the reader? Try to formulate it in brief.
-
Expand the inner struggle experienced by Martin Eden.
164
-
Expand upon the retrospective scenes, their content and
structure. What is the role of the scenes in the text? What do we
learn about Ruth and Mr Morse and their relationship to Martin?
-
Some up the characters involved in the selection discussed.
Summarize the writer’s method in presenting his characters, his
technique of character drawing. Pick out the words characterising
each person mentioned.
-
What does the author mean when giving the idea that “There
was no justice in it, no merit on his part. He was no different. All
the work he had done was even at that time work performed.”?
Express your own opinion on the subject.
-
What does Martin mean by “ When he wanted dinners, no one
gave them to him, and now that he could buy a hundred thousand
dinners and was losing his appetite, dinners were thrust upon him
right and left.”? How does he treat the problem of what he
qualifies as “the paradox ”?
-
What is said about the individual’s ability to cognize the talent in
the story ? Say what you think about it .
-
What stylistic devices prevail in the text ? Point them out and
comment on their function.
4.11 Evaluating a story. What tropes are used to give particular
emphasis to an idea or sentiment of a reader? Study the piece of
theory below and define what type conflict in the texts 1, 2 , 3,
(unit1) and 1, 2 (unit 2) are. Give your reasons.
The plot of a novel unfolds as the novel’s characters deal with
conflict. The conflict may be of various types. It may be physical.
The conflict may be ethical and involve making decisions that affect
other people. The conflict in a novel may also be emotional.
165
Don Quixote (Part I, 1605; Part II, 1615) by Spanish writer Miguel
de Cervantes describes conflict between an individual and society.
Conflict can also occur within a character’s own mind, as that
character struggles internally.
Most novelists draw the reader in by having the novel’s conflict
develop over time. The reader sees the situation that provokes the
conflict, the development of the conflict from episode to episode, and
then the climax and the resolution of the conflict. As the tension builds
toward the main conflict, the author may introduce subplots that
create and resolve other points of conflict. Some novelists reverse the
reader’s expectations by describing the aftermath of the story, then
going back in time to reveal how the characters arrived at that point.
4.12
Give a summary of your comments on the text.
TEXT 3 ‘The Lawnmower Man’
4.13 Study the glossary to the article. Find the words in the context and
choose the proper translation.
accusing- обвинувальний, осудливий, осудний The accusing look
in her eyes conveyed her sense of betrayal. — Її осудливий погляд
показував, що вона почуває себе зрадженою. Syn: accusatory
avenger – месник, мстивий
bellow -1. 1) мукання, ревіння (тварин ) 2) покрик,
волання,лемент, галасування, репетування, горлання ( людини )
Syn: cry , wail 2. 1) мукати, ревіти ( про тварин ) The bull has been
bellowing out all morning. — Бугай ревів увесь ранок. Syn: cry 2) ,
галасувати, репетувати, горлати ( про людину ) The fireman
166
bellowed out a warning as the burning roof fell. He bellowed a
command to his men. He bellowed that he would fight any man at the
bar. 3) бушувати, буяти, вирувати, нуртувати ( про бурю )
buddy приятель, друзяка, товарищ bosom buddy — щирий друг
old buddy — давній друг Syn: friend , old chap , old boy , old fellow
chore 1) рутинна робота The Ministry of Education hopes to free the
teachers from some of their chores. Syn: char , assignment , stint ,
job , task 2) повсякденні обов'язки, щоденна робота Syn: char 3)
важке завдання, неприємна робота Syn: task • - chore work - chore
man chore work поденна робота; нормована, визначена умовами/
постановами робота, зумовлена норма
Circe Цирцея
crotch -1) розгалуження, роздоріжжя, розстань (дорога) ; розсоха
( про гілки дерева ) Syn: fork , bifurcation 2) а) вила, вилка, гак
Syn: pitchfork 3) скрутне становище, скрута, скрутний стан, вибір,
дилема Syn: dilemma
judicious – із здоровим розумом (глуздом), розсудливий,
розважливий, розважний It would be judicious to remain silent. Syn:
sane , sensible
obscenity 1) непристойність, Syn: indecency , ribaldry , impurity ,
lewdness 2) непристойна лайка Syn: profanity 3) брудна робота
tromp – гостро, шпарко
4.14 Read the text from ‘The Lawnmower Man’ by Stephen King
FROM The Lawnmower Man
By Stephen King
King, Stephen (1947- ), American author, whose
horror and fantasy tales enjoy tremendous popular success.
167
His works are known for turning ordinary situations—such
as peer pressure or marital stress—into terrifying ones.
King's thrilling plots and prolific output helped reestablish
horror fiction as a vital literary genre in the late 20th century.
King has also led the way in adopting innovative publishing
techniques. Born in Portland, Maine, King wrote his first
story at the age of 7 and sold his first piece of writing to a
magazine when he was 18 years old. He earned a B.A.
degree from the University of Maine at Orono in 1970. In
1973 King’s first novel, Carrie, was published. It is about a
woman who exacts deadly revenge on her high school
classmates by using her powers of telekinesis. King moved
into science fiction with a series of fantasies about Roland
of Gilead, entitled The Dark Tower. With some of his
works, King explored unusual publishing options. In 1996
he published a six-part monthly serial entitled The Green
Mile. By parceling the tale into monthly installments,
available as paperback books, King sought to heighten the
tension of the novel. (It was made into the movie The Green
Mile in 1999.) In 2000 King became one of the first authors
to publish a work exclusively as an e-book, or electronic
book. Without releasing the story “Riding the Bullet” on
paper, King’s publisher made it available online for readers
to download onto computers, personal digital assistants
(PDAs), or specialized devices for reading e-books.
By mid-July, the lawn looked more like a meadow than a
suburbanite's backyard, and Jack Castonmeyer had begun to make
all sorts of extremely unfunny jokes, most of which concerned the
price of hay and alfalfa. And Don Smith's four-year-old daughter
Jenny had taken to hiding in it when there was oatmeal for breakfast
or spinach for supper.
One day in late July, Harold went out on the patio during the
seventh-inning stretch and saw a woodchuck sitting perkily on the
overgrown back walk. The time had come, he decided. He flicked off
168
the radio, picked up the paper, and turned to the classifieds. And
halfway down the Part Time column, he found this: Lawns mowed.
Reasonable.
776-2390.
Harold called the number, expecting a vacuuming housewife
who would yell outside for her son. Instead, a briskly professional
voice said, 'Pastoral Greenery and Outdoor Services. . . how may we
help you?'
Cautiously, Harold told the voice how Pastoral Greenery could
help him. Had it come to this, then? Were lawn-cutters starting their
own businesses and hiring office help? He asked the voice about
rates, and the voice quoted him a reasonable figure.
Harold hung up with a lingering feeling of unease and went
back to the porch. He sat down, turned on the radio, and stared out
over his glandular lawn at the Saturday clouds moving slowly across
the Saturday sky. Carla and Alicia were at his mother-in-law's and the
house was his. It would be a pleasant surprise for them if the boy who
was coming to cut the lawn finished before they came back.
He cracked a beer and sighed as Dick Drago was touched for
a double and then hit a batter. A little breeze shuffled across the
screened-in porch. Crickets hummed softly in the long grass. Harold
grunted something unkind about Dick Drago and then dozed off.
He was jarred awake a half hour later by the doorbell. He
knocked over his beer getting up to answer it.
169
A man in grass-stained denim overalls stood on the front
stoop, chewing a toothpick. He was fat. The curve of his belly pushed
his faded blue overall out to a point where Harold half suspected he
had swallowed a basketball.
'Yes?' Harold Parkette asked, still half asleep.
The man grinned, rolled his toothpick from one corner of his
mouth to the other, tugged at the seat of his overalls, and then
pushed his green baseball cap up a notch on his forehead. There was
a smear of fresh engine oil on the bill of his cap. And there he was,
smelling of grass, earth, and oil, grinning at Harold Parkette.
'Pastoral sent me, buddy,' he said jovially, scratching his
crotch. 'You called, right? Right, buddy?' He grinned on endlessly.
'Oh. The lawn. You?' Harold stared stupidly.
'Yep, me.' The lawnmower man bellowed fresh laughter into
Harold's sleep-puffy face.
Harold stood helplessly aside and the lawnmower man
tromped ahead of him down the hall, through the living room and
kitchen, and on to the back porch. Now Harold had placed the man
and everything was all right. He had seen the type before, working for
the sanitation department and the highway repair crews out on the
turnpike. Always with a spare minute to lean on their shovels and
smoke Lucky Strikes or Camels, looking at you as if they were the salt
of the earth, able to hit you for five or sleep with your wife any time
they wanted to. Harold had always been slightly afraid of men like
170
this; they were always tanned dark brown, there were always nets of
wrinkles around their eyes, and they always knew what to do.
'The back lawn's the real chore,' he told the man,
unconsciously deepening his voice. 'It's square and there are no
obstructions, but it's pretty well grown up.' His voice faltered back into
its normal register and he found himself apologizing: 'I'm afraid I've let
it go.'
'No
sweat,
buddy.
No
strain.
Great-great-great.'
The
lawnmower man grinned at him with a thousand travelling-salesmen
jokes in his eyes. 'The taller, the better. Healthy soil, that's what you
got there, by Circe. That's what I always say.'
By Circe?
The lawnmower man cocked his head at the radio.
Yastrzemski had just struck out. 'Red Sox fan? I'm a Yankees man,
myself.' He clumped back into the house and down the front hall.
Harold watched him bitterly.
He sat back down and looked accusingly for a moment at the
puddle of beer under the table with the overturned Coors can in the
middle of it. He thought of getting the mop from the kitchen and
decided it would keep.
No sweat. No strain.
He opened his paper to the financial section and cast a
judicious eye at the closing stock quotations. As a good Republican,
171
he considered the Wall Street executives behind the columned type to
be at least minor demigods -(By Circe??) -and he had wished many
times that he could better understand the Word, as handed down from
the mount not on stone tablets but in such enigmatic abbreviations as
pct. and Kdk and 3.28 up 2/3. He had once bought a judicious three
shares in a company called Midwest Bisonburgers, Inc., that had
gone broke in 1968. He had lost his entire seventy-five-dollar
investment. Now, he understood, bisonburgers were quite the coming
thing. The wave of the future. He had discussed this often with Sonny,
the bartender down at the Goldfish Bowl. Sonny told Harold his
trouble was that he was five years ahead of his time, and he should...
A sudden racketing roar startled him out of the new doze he
had just been slipping into.
Harold jumped to his feet, knocking his chair over and staring
around wildly.
'That's a lawnmower?' Harold Parkette asked the kitchen. 'My
God, that's a lawnmower?'
He rushed through the house and stared out of the front door.
There was nothing out there but a battered green van with the words
PASTORAL GREENERY, INC. painted on the side. The roaring
sound was in back now. Harold rushed through his house again, burst
on to the back porch, and stood frozen.
It was obscene.
It was a travesty.
172
The aged red power mower the fat man had brought in his van
was running on its own. No one was pushing it; in fact, no one was
within five feet of it. It was running at a fever pitch, tearing through the
unfortunate grass of Harold Parkette's back lawn like an avenging red
devil straight from hell. It screamed and bellowed and farted oily blue
smoke in a crazed kind of mechanical madness that made Harold feel
ill with terror. The overripe smell of cut grass hung in the air like sour
wine.
But the lawnmower man was the true obscenity.
The lawnmower man had removed his clothes - every stitch.
They were folded neatly in the empty birdbath that was at the centre
of the back lawn. Naked and grass-stained, he was crawling along
about five feet behind the mower, eating the cut grass. Green juice
ran down his chin and dripped on to his pendulous belly. And every
time the lawnmower whirled around a corner, he rose and did an odd,
skipping jump before prostrating himself again.
'Stop!' Harold Parkette screamed. 'Stop that!'
But the lawnmower man took no notice, and his screaming
scarlet face never slowed. If anything, it seemed to speed up. Its
nicked steel grill seemed to grin sweatily at Harold as it raved by.
4.15 Use the expressions below in the sentences of your own. Try to
make a connected text describing your experience of uneasy applying
for a new job or hiring some odd people.
to make all sorts of extremely unfunny jokes, most of which
173
concerned …
a briskly professional voice
a lingering feeling of unease
a pleasant surprise for
cast a judicious eye at
looking at you as if they were the salt of the earth, able to hit you for
five or sleep with your wife any time they wanted to
The time had come
to grin at smb with a thousand travelling-salesmen jokes in your eyes
to ask about rates
to be at least minor demigods
to bellow fresh laughter into one’s face.
to call the number, expecting a…
to grunt something unkind about
to hire office help
To place the man
to quoted a reasonable figure
To see the type before
174
to start own businesses
to take to
to the true obscenity
to turn to the classifieds
to wish many times that he could better understand the Word
told the voice how Pastoral Greenery could help him
4.16 Discuss the following questions:

Characterise the text under study. Say what features
make it a sample of a science fiction. Illustrate your
answer citing the text.

Trace the gradual increase of the tension up to its
highest point. Comment on the tone of this passage
before and after the turning point. What emotional key
is given?

Characterise the people involved in the conflict. How
does the the writer achieve their psychological
portrayal without resorting to direct ways of
characterisation?

Speak on the concluding part, its tone and the means
the author resorts to in conveying Harold Parkette’s
emotions.
175
4.17 Evaluating a story. Study this piece of theory and try to define
round and flat characters in the extract under analysis. Prove your
choice.
The characters of a book are the fictional figures who
move
through
the
plot.
Authors describe the more simple- FLAT- characters in novels with
no more than a few phrases that identify the character’s most
important traits. These characters have little capacity for personal
growth, and they appear in the novel as limited but necessary
elements of the plot. Despite their small parts, such characters are
often vivid. For example, in the novella The Bear (1942) by
American author William Faulkner, the main character, Ike
McCaslin, is introduced to his family’s tradition of hunting. Some
modern novelists reinterpret ancient myths and give new attention
to characters. Gardner’s novel tells the same story, but it is cast
from the point of view of the monster. To give these – ROUND characters motives for
their
actions,
authors
highlight
the
characters’ thoughts, feelings, conflicting impulses, and capacity for
change. Richly textured and detailed characters who are strongly
affected by events in their lives, like Anna, exist in works throughout
the history of the novel, but they especially flourished in the 19th
century. With specific tastes and traits, these characters appear to
the reader fully realized as true-to-life individuals. Famous 19thcentury literary characters include Emma Woodhouse, the willful,
witty, and playful main character in Emma (1816) by English author
Jane Austen; Emma Bovary, an extravagant and sensual woman in
Madame Bovary (1857) by French novelist Gustave Flaubert; and
176
Dorothea Brooke, who loses her idealism in Middlemarch (18711872) by English writer George Eliot.
English novelist Virginia Woolf followed this approach to
explore the characters of an Englishwoman and a young former
soldier in Mrs. Dalloway (1925). The absence of firmly stamped
characters is a feature of the nouveau roman (new novel), a type of
novel
that
developed
in
France
in
the
1950s.
Other novelists move in the opposite direction and place true-life
people in their works, attempting to portray the people in great
detail. Some novelists use historical figures not as main characters
but as elements of a backdrop to a fictional story. American writer E.
L. Doctorow takes this approach in Ragtime (1975), a book about
three families in early-20th-century America.
4.18
Give a summary of your comments on the text.
PART 5
TRANSLATION PRACTICE
5.1 Study the following material on translation techniques.
Калькування - особливий вид запозичення,
коли
структурно - семантичні моделі мови - джерела відтворюються
поелементно
матеріальними
засобами
мови
-
приймача.
Калькування своєрідно відображає суть перекладу як процесу
біполярного: адже мета перекладу - перетворити цільовою
мовою оригінальний текст. Така ж і суть калькування. Цей метод,
що передбачає відтворення внутрішньої форми слова, а разом з
нею
-
структури
образного
переносу
177
значень,
активізує
словотворчі засоби, дає поштовх до утворення семантично
містких неологізмів.
Розрізняють повне та часткове калькування. При повному
калькуванні
слова,
або
словосполучення
буквально
перекладаються. Точна калька в лексичному і семантичному
відношеннях повністю збігається із відповідником у мові-джерелі.
При частковому калькуванні вислови частково перекладають, а
частково будують з іншомовного матеріалу чи бодай за
іншомовним зразком.
Іноді калькування може перетворитися в буквальний
переклад, особливо у випадках, пов'язаних з реаліями фразеологізмами. Україномовний читач може сприйняти такий
вислів лише в прямому розумінні, тобто в контексті зовсім не
сприйняти його. Єдиний вихід - описова перифраза з свідомою
втратою значної частини країнознавчої інформації.
При
калькуванні
„переймається
лише
позначення
іншомовної одиниці та її структура (принцип її організації) , але не
її матеріальний експонент: здійснюється нібито копіювання
іншомовної
одиниці
за
допомогою
свого,
незапозиченого
матеріалу”.
Калькування доволі часто є найбільш прийнятним засобом
компенсації фразеологічної лакунарності.
Шанський виділяє контекстуальну та фразеологічну
кальки. Фразеологічна калька
це „стигле сполучення слів, що
виникло у мові в результаті послівного перекладу іншомовного
фразеологізму.”
Контекстуальна
калька
–
„створюється
перекладачем в конкретному тексті й значення калькованої
178
одиниці стає зрозумілим завдяки яскравій та живій внутрішній
формі фразеологічної одиниці мови
джерела”. Частіш за все
вдало здійснене калькування перекладачем є його знахідкою,
тому що покомпонентні та образні кальки – оказіоналізми є
найбільш
безпосереднім
проявом
намагання
перекладача
наблизитися до фразеологічних традицій мови - джерела.
5.2 Translate into Ukrainian. In which cases did you use the calques?
Give your reasons. Have you come upon any phraseological units?
And now, when I speak, you check the thought unuttered on
your lips and hang on my lips and pay respectful attention to whatever
I choose to say. I tell you your party is rotten and filled with grafters,
and instead of flying into a rage you hum and haw and admit there is
a great deal in what I say. And why? Because I'm famous; because
I've a lot of money. Not because I'm Martin Eden, a pretty good fellow
and not particularly a fool. I could tell you the moon is made of green
cheese and you would subscribe to the notion, at least you would not
repudiate it, because I've got dollars, mountains of them. And it was
all done long ago; it was work performed, I tell you, when you spat
upon me as the dirt under your feet."
( from Martin Eden by Jack London)
5.3 Continue your research work with collecting examples and
commentary by filling in the chart :
Chart R
Методи та
засоби
трансляції
Приклади з власної
учбової
перекладацької
практики
Калькування
179
Коментар (доречність
використання методу)
5.4 Translate the proverbs into Ukrainian. Which of them are
impossible to be translated using this translation technique? Give your
reasons.
A bad workman blames his tools.
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
Make hay while the sun shines.
The early bird catches the worm.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
The devil makes work for idle hands.
Many hands make light work.
5.5 Divide your group into micro groups of two or three. Each of the
micro groups must choose a different set of sentences (Group A takes ##
1, 11, 21, 31, 41: Group B takes ## 2, 12, 22, 32, 42 etc. ) and translate it
into Ukrainian. First work independently. Pay special attention to the
italised words. Be sure to collect and enlist all the variants of translation
within your group. Discuss the variants and decide which is the best.
Present it to the rest of the students.
1.
Mrs. Price, Rebecca, and Betsey all went up to
defend themselves, all talking together, but Rebecca loudest,
and the job was to be done as well as it could in a great hurry;
William trying in vain to send Betsey down again, or keep her
from being troublesome where she was; the whole of which,
as almost every door in the house was open, could be plainly
distinguished in the parlour, except when drowned at intervals
by the superior noise of Sam, Tom, and Charles chasing each
180
other up and down stairs, and tumbling about and hallooing.
(Jane Austen)
2.
"I come from your theatre," said he composedly,
as he sat down; "I found myself in it rather unexpectedly. Its
vicinity to my own room--but in every respect, indeed, it took
me by surprise, as I had not the smallest suspicion of your
acting having assumed so serious a character. It appears a
neat job, however, as far as I could judge by candlelight, and
does my friend Christopher Jackson credit." (Jane Austen)
3.
The curtain will be a good job, however. The
maids do their work very well, and I think we shall be able to
send back some dozens of the rings. (Jane Austen)
4.
He seems every thing the fondest parent could.
. . . `Oh!' said he, `I can fasten the rivet. I like a job of that sort
excessively.' she cannot refuse.--`Aye, pray do,' said Mr.
Frank Churchill, `Miss Woodhouse's opinion of the instrument
will be worth having.' (Jane Austen)
5.
But, said I, I shall be more sure of succeeding if
one of you will go with me.--`Oh,' said he, `wait half a minute,
till I have finished my job;'--For, would you believe it, Miss
Woodhouse, there he is, in the most obliging manner in the
world, fastening in the rivet of my mother's spectacles. (Jane
Austen)
6.
She might have been unconsciously sucking in
the sad poison, while a sharer of his conversation with her
friend; and from the best, the purest of motives, might now be
denying herself this visit to Ireland, and resolving to divide
181
herself effectually from him and his connexions by soon
beginning her career of laborious duty. (Jane Austen)
7.
Miss Ward, at the end of half a dozen years,
found herself obliged to be attached to the Rev. Mr. Norris, a
friend of her brother-in-law, with scarcely any private fortune,
and Miss Frances fared yet worse. Miss Ward's match,
indeed, when it came to the point, was not contemptible: Sir
Thomas being happily able to give his friend an income in the
living of Mansfield; and Mr. and Mrs. Norris began their career
of conjugal felicity with very little less than a thousand a year.
A stare or two at Fanny, as William helped her out of the
carriage, was all the voluntary notice which this brother
bestowed; but he made no objection to her kissing him, though
still entirely engaged in detailing farther particulars of the
Thrush's going out of harbour, in which he had a strong right of
interest, being to commence his career of seamanship in her
at this very time. (Jane Austen)
8.
A heroine returning, at the close of her career,
to her native village, in all the triumph of recovered reputation,
and all the dignity of a countess, with a long train of noble
relations in their several phaetons, and three waiting-maids in
a travelling chaise and four, behind her, is an event on which
the pen of the contriver may well delight to dwell; it gives credit
to every conclusion. (Jane Austen)
9.
He was thinking of a full career of vanity and
wastefulness which a young girl might indulge in, and
182
wondering how Carrie could contemplate such a course when
she had so little, as yet, with which to do. (Theodore Dreiser)
10.
He entered, and then began a scene which had
as much to do with the creation of the tragedy of affection in
Hurstwood as anything in his peculiar and involved career. For
Carrie had resolved to make something of this scene, and,
now that the cue had come, it began to take a feeling hold
upon her. Both Hurstwood and Drouet noted the rising
sentiment as she proceeded. (Theodore Dreiser)
11.
To think that for so long, having been born into
the Butler family, she had been the subject, as well as the
victim of such commonplace and inartistic illusions and
conditions, whereas now, owing to her contact with, and
mental subordination to Cowperwood, she was learning so
many wonderful phases of social, as well as financial,
refinement of which previously she had guessed nothing. The
wonder, for instance, of a future social career as the wife of
such a man as Frank Cowperwood. (Theodore Dreiser)
12.
The beauty and resourcefulness of his mind,
which, after hours of of black silk, which her brother Owen
took from her. Norah was with Callum, a straight, erect,
smiling young Irishman, who looked as though he might carve
a notable career for himself. She wore a for reelection.
(Theodore Dreiser)
13.
A scandal in connection with the city treasury
would be a very bad thing. It would end Stener's career as an
official--would very likely send him to the penitentiary. It might
183
wreck the Republican party's chances to win. It would certainly
involve himself as having much to do with it. If that happened,
record was taken. (Theodore Dreiser)
14.
Roger O'Mara, the Irish political lawyer who had
been his counsel all through his troubles, stood near him, but
had nothing to say beyond asking the judge to consider
Stener's previously honorable career. Thus ended forever for
Aileen this long-continued relationship with this older world.
(Theodore Dreiser)
15.
Chicago
was
before
her--a
much
more
distinguished career, Frank told her, than ever they could have
had in Philadelphia. (Theodore Dreiser)
16.
Or, after months of this, and because of the new
position secured for him by Wingate-- a bookkeeping job in
one of the outlying banks--slipping away early in the morning,
and returning late at night, his mind a gloomy epitome of all
that had been or yet might be. (Theodore Dreiser)
17.
Hurstwood shifted by curious means through a
long summer and fall. A small job as janitor of a dance hall
helped him for a month. Begging, sometimes going hungry,
sometimes sleeping in the park, carried him over more days.
Resorting to those Cold as it was, these officers were hot and
mad. Hurstwood worked with the conductor, lifting stone after
stone and warming himself by the work. (Theodore Dreiser)
18.
"Ah, you scab, you!" yelled the crowd. "You
coward! Steal a man's job, will you? Rob the poor, will you,
you thief? We'll get you yet, now. Wait." "It's hell these days,
184
ain't it?" said the man. "A poor man ain't nowhere. You could
starve, by God, right in the streets, and there ain't most no one
would help you." (Theodore Dreiser)
19.
"Right you are," said the other. "The job I had I
lost 'cause they shut down. They run all summer and lay up a
big stock, and then shut down." (Theodore Dreiser)
20.
"I don't blame these fellers for striking," said
one. "They've got the right of it, all right, but I had to get
something to do." (Theodore Dreiser)
21.
"Same here," said the other. "If I had any job in
Newark I wouldn't be over here takin' chances like these."
(Theodore Dreiser)
22.
"Are you a railroad man?" said one.
"Me? No. I've always worked in a paper factory."
"I had a job in Newark until last October," returned the
other, with reciprocal feeling. (Theodore Dreiser)
23.
"They're back in New York now," Carrie went
on. "She did look so nice."
"Well, she can afford it as long as he puts up for it,"
returned Hurstwood. "He's got a soft job." (Theodore Dreiser)
24.
There is no character, howsoever good and
fine, but it can be destroyed by ridicule, howsoever poor and
witless. He was a homely, freckled, sandy-haired young fellow,
with an intelligent blue eye that had frankness and
comradeship in it and a covert twinkle of a pleasant sort. But
for an unfortunate remark of his, he would no doubt have
185
entered at once upon a successful career at Dawson's
Landing.
25.
( Mark Twain )
Tom sprang at him and drove his pocketknife
into him two or three times before the boys could snatch him
away and give the wounded lad a chance to escape. He was
considerably hurt, but not seriously. If the blade had been a
little longer, his career would have ended there.
( Mark
Twain )
26.
Witness after witness was called by the state,
and questioned at length; but the cross questioning was brief.
Wilson knew they could furnish nothing valuable for his side.
People were sorry for Pudd'nhead Wilson; his budding career
would get hurt by this trial.
27.
( Mark Twain )
"Lookyhere, Huck, less not try that thing any
more till we know Injun Joe's not in there. It's too scary. Now, if
we watch every night, we'll be dead sure to see him go out,
some time or other, and then we'll snatch that box quicker'n
lightning."
28.
( Mark Twain )
"Well, I'm agreed. I'll watch the whole night long,
and I'll do it every night, too, if you'll do the other part of the
job."
( Mark Twain )
29.
I got under the table and raised the blanket, and
went to work to saw a section of the big bottom log out -- big
enough to let me through. Well, it was a good long job, but I
was getting towards the end of it when I heard pap's gun in the
woods.
( Mark Twain )
186
30.
Then he showed us another little job he'd
printed and hadn't charged for, because it was for us. It had a
picture of a runaway nigger with a bundle on a stick over his
shoulder, and "$200 reward" under it.
31.
( Mark Twain )
So we dug and dug with the case-knives till
most midnight; and then we was dog-tired, and our hands was
blistered, and yet you couldn't see we'd done anything hardly.
At last I says:
"This ain't no thirty-seven year job; this is a thirty-eight year
job, Tom Sawyer." ( Mark Twain )
32.
There are things that a woman should not
mention, and yet I would tell them without shame to your face
were it not for your sister. If it were not for her, I would not
have you in my presence. Shall I speak of your career in
France? There is Valenciennes, for example--'' citizen of the
United States. (Winston Churchill)
33.
As much as I dislike to submit to a stranger
private details in the life of a member of my family, I feel that I
must tell your Excellency something of Mr. Temple's career, in
order that you may know that restlessness and the thirst for
adventure were the only motives that led him into this foolish
undertaking.''(Winston Churchill)
34.
It was horrible! Why is your friendship so fatal to
young men? There was that wretched boy in the Guards who
committed suicide. You were his great friend. There was Sir
Henry Ashton, who had to leave England with a tarnished
name. You and he were inseparable. What about Adrian
187
Singleton and his dreadful end? What about Lord Kent's only
son and his career? I met his father yesterday in St. James's
Street. He seemed broken with shame and sorrow. What
about the young Duke of Perth? What sort of life has he got
now? What gentleman would associate with him?" (Oscar
Wilde)
35.
They career gaily through all centuries and
through all costumes, and, like actors, are interesting only
when they are not themselves. They are extremely goodnatured, and very accommodating. (Oscar Wilde)
36.
As for the English lad of the same age, he never
sits at all. Apparently he does not regard the career of a model
as a serious profession. (Oscar Wilde)
37.
Your nephew and I are great friends. I am so
much interested in his political career. I think he's sure to be a
wonderful success. He thinks like a Tory, and talks like a
Radical, and that's so important nowadays. (Oscar Wilde)
38.
Somehow it doesn't go with modern dress. It
makes one look old. [Takes up hand-mirror from table and
looks into it.] And it spoils one's career at critical moments.
(Oscar Wilde)
39.
Any young man would. And now, simply
because it turns out that I am the boy's own father and he my
own son, you propose practically to ruin his career. That is to
say, if I were a perfect stranger, you would allow Gerald to go
away with me, but as he is my own flesh and blood you won't.
How utterly illogical you are! (Oscar Wilde)
188
40.
But I'm ambitions; I want something more than
that. I want to have a career. I want to do something that will
make you proud of me, and Lord Illingworth is going to help
me. He is going to do everything for me. (Oscar Wilde)
41.
Don't you understand now, mother, what it
means to me to be Lord Illingworth's secretary? To start like
that is to find a career ready for one - before one - waiting for
one. If I were Lord Illingworth's secretary I could ask Hester to
be my wife. (Oscar Wilde)
42.
LADY HUNSTANTON. But, my dear Gerald, at
your age you shouldn't have any views of life. They are quite
out of place. You must be guided by others in this matter. Lord
Illingworth has made you the most flattering offer, and
travelling with him you would see the world - as much of it, at
least, as one should look at - under the best auspices
possible, and stay with all the right people, which is so
important at this solemn moment in your career. (Oscar Wilde)
43.
LORD GORING. Rather than lose your love,
Robert would do anything, wreck his whole career, as he is on
the brink of doing now. He is making for you a terrible
sacrifice. Take my advice, Lady Chiltern, and do not accept a
sacrifice so great. If you do, you will live to repent it bitterly.
We men and women are not made to accept such sacrifices
from each other. We are not worthy of them. Besides, Robert
has been punished enough. (Oscar Wilde)
44.
One side of his literary career deserves especial
notice. Modern journalism may be said to owe almost as much
189
to him as to any man of the early part of this century. He was
the pioneer of Asiatic prose, and delighted in pictorial epithets
and pompous exaggerations. To have a style so gorgeous that
it conceals the such an admirable motive for a tragedy. I do
not know anything in the whole history of literature sadder than
the artistic career of Charles Reade. He wrote one beautiful
book, THE CLOISTER AND THE HEARTH. (Oscar Wilde)
45.
Amory gradually accepted this point of view,
decided that next fall would inaugurate his career, and
relinquished himself to watching Kerry extract joy from 12
Univee. (F. Scott Fitzgerald)
46.
"Just to be dramatic, I'll let you know that if it's
blue, my name is withdrawn from the editorial board of the
Prince, and my short career is over." (F. Scott Fitzgerald)
47.
"I've felt like leaving college, Monsignor."
"Why?"
"All my career's gone up in smoke; you think it's petty and
all that."
"Not at all petty. I think it's most important. I want to hear
the whole thing. Everything you've been doing since I saw you
last." (F. Scott Fitzgerald)
48.
He may be unselfish, kind-hearted, even just in
his own way, but his first job is to provide and to hold fast. His
wife shoos him on, from ten thousand a year to twenty
thousand a year, on and on, in an enclosed treadmill that
hasn't any windows. He's done! Life's got him! He's no help!
(F. Scott Fitzgerald)
190
49.
"What's your difficulty? Lost your job?"
"Not exactly, butwell, call it that."
"What was it?"
"Writing copy for an advertising agency." (F. Scott
Fitzgerald)
50.
At
any
rate
we'll
have
really
knock-out
roomsyou can get a job on some fashion magazine, and Alec
can go into the Zinc Company or whatever it is that his people
ownhe's looking over my shoulder and he says it's a brass
company, but I don't think it matters much, do you? (F. Scott
Fitzgerald)
5.6 Exchange your opinions as to the translation of the following:
Anything which brought an under classman into too glaring a light was
labelled with the damning brand of "running it out." The movies thrived
on caustic comments, but the men who made them were generally
running it out; talking of clubs was running it out; standing for anything
very strongly, as, for instance, drinking parties or teetotalling, was
running it out; in short, being personally conspicuous was not
tolerated, and the influential man was the non-committal man, until at
club elections in sophomore year every one should be sewed up in
some bag for the rest of his college career. (F. Scott Fitzgerald)
Never, in a brilliant and uninterrupted career of three hundred years,
had he been so grossly insulted. He thought of the Dowager Duchess,
whom he had frightened into a fit as she stood before the glass in her
lace and diamonds; of the four housemaids, who had gone off into
hysterics when he merely grinned at them through the curtains of one
191
of the spare bedrooms; of the rector of the parish, whose candle he
had blown out as he was coming late one night from the library, and
who had been under the care of Sir William Gull ever since, a perfect
martyr to nervous disorders; and of old Madame de Tremouillac, who,
having wakened up one morning early and seen a skeleton seated in
an arm-chair by the fire reading her diary, had been confined to her
bed for six weeks with an attack of brain fever, and, on her recovery,
had become reconciled to the Church, and broken off her connection
with that notorious sceptic Monsieur de Voltaire. (Oscar Wilde)
-
What pros and cons does each of the variants have? What
translation methods are applied?
5.7 Try to translate a poetry of E. E. Cummings into Ukrainian.
Choose the best variant.
Born in 1894, American poet E. E. Cummings is considered
one of the most innovative poets of American literature. He is
best known for abandoning the traditional rules of punctuation,
capitalization, and sentence structure. Critics have often noted
that although Cummings’ work appears complex, the ideas
expressed are simple and frequently romantic.
Poetry of E. E. Cummings
you shall above all things be glad and young
you shall above all things be glad and young.
For if you're young, whatever life you wear
it will become you;and if you are glad
192
whatever's living will yourself become.
Girlboys may nothing more than boygirls need:
i can entirely her only love
whose any mystery makes every man's
flesh put space on;and his mind take off time
that you should ever think,may god forbid
and(in his mercy)your true lover spare:
for that way knowledge lies,the foetal grave
called progress,and negation's dead undoom.
I'd rather learn from one bird how to sing
than teach ten thousand stars how not to dance
5.7 Make and present a written translation of Text 4.14 .
5.8 Make the written translation of the article into English.
Державна служба зайнятості України створена одинадцять
років тому з метою забезпечення умов для здійснення права
громадян на працю, а також соціальний захист тимчасово
непрацюючого населення. Реалії сучасного життя вимагають
єдиних підходів у наданні державних соціальних послуг на ринку
праці. Це підкреслив міністр праці та соціальної політики України
Іван Сахань на презентації Єдиної інформаційно- аналітичної
системи Державної служби зайнятості, яка відбулася в Інституті
підготовки кадрів державної служби зайнятості, а потім у
Мінпраці. Учасники презентації відзначали, що державна служба
193
зайнятості володіє інформацією про вільні робочі місця, надані
роботодавцями,
незайнятих
громадян
і
безробітних,
котрі
перебувають на обліку в службі зайнятості, про заходи сприяння
зайнятості та соціальної підтримки тощо. І ця інформація стає все
актуальнішою для широкого кола користувачів, повідомляє
Укрінформ.
Єдина технологія обслуговування незайнятого
населення (ЄТОНН), в основу якої покладено передовий досвід
вітчизняних та зарубіжних служб зайнятості, здійснюватиметься
за
допомогою
Єдиної
інформаційно-аналітичної
системи
державної служби зайнятості (ЄІАС).
PART 6
COMPREHENSION CHECK
6.1 Test yourself
Variant 1
1. Translate into English.
1. знижувати задоволеність роботою з боку трудящого
2. плинність кадрів
3. заохочувальні стимули до раннього виходу на пенсію
4. пройти через різні ступені
5. забезпечення, гарантоване...
6. організація/ створення професійних спілок
7. відсутність на робочому місці
8. період спеціального професійного навчання
9. зростання стажу
10. будувати людський капітал
2. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. apprenticeship programs
194
2. further human intervention
3. labour market behaviour
4. survey questionnaires
5. to contribute to the goals
6. to obtain budget funds from top management
7. workplace outcomes
8. ascertain worker expectations
9. leading employers
10. the long-run income prospects
3. Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the
meaning of each sentence.
1. The interests, values, and expectations that workers bring
to
the
workplace
provide
a
useful
_________________________ for understanding how
employees respond to managerial policies.
2. Psychologists
have
traditionally
used
survey
questionnaires and interviews to measure worker attitudes,
values, and beliefs and then examined the relationships of
these
attitudes
to
______________________________such as job search,
turnover, absenteeism, union organizing, and withdrawal
from the labour force.
3. Failure to complete high school reduces significantly one's
expected________________________.
4. Thus, the initial career stage is one in which an individual
is ___________________________or, as social scientists
195
put it, building human capital.
5. Before
the
__________________________________of
writing, translation was instantaneous and oral; persons
professionally specializing in such work were called
interpreters.
4. Make a literary translation into English.
a) Since people are living longer, they will probably also work
longer. Some will continue to work because of financial need, while
others will continue working because they enjoy what they do. The
1967 Age Discrimination in Employment Act prohibits employers in
the United States from discriminating against employees because of
their age.
Older workers are likely to prompt changes in the American
workplace. For example, job sharing, when two part-time employees
do the work of one full-time employee, would allow older workers to
reduce their working hours while maintaining a portion of their
income. More companies may offer on-the-job training and
sabbaticals (leave of absence) for workers who wish to learn new
skills. It is also likely that many older workers will want to work from
home or become self-employed.
b) One thing was certain: the Morses had not cared to have
him for himself or for his work. Therefore they could not want him now
for himself or for his work, but for the fame that was his, because he
was somebody amongst men, and - why not? - because he had a
hundred thousand dollars or so. That was the way bourgeois society
valued a man, and who was he to expect it otherwise? But he was
proud. He disdained such valuation. He desired to be valued for
196
himself, or for his work, which, after all, was an expression of himself.
That was the way Lizzie valued him. The work, with her, did not even
count. She valued him, himself. That was the way Jimmy, the
plumber, and all the old gang valued him. That had been proved often
enough in the days when he ran with them; it had been proved that
Sunday at Shell Mound Park. His work could go hang. What they
liked, and were willing to scrap for, was just Mart Eden, one of the
bunch and a pretty good guy.
Variant 2
1. Translate into English.
1. джерело прибутків
2. внесок до науки
3. неспроможність закінчити/ виконати
4. незадовільненність платнею
5. період стабільності
6. отримати бюджетне фінансування від
керівництва
7. припинення трудової діяльності
8. пересічний трудящий
9. відповідальність за родину
10. вимушена зміна роботи
2. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. to gain the respect of peers in their field of work
2. to place a relatively low priority
3. a person professionally specializing in
4. initial education
5. long-run trend
197
6. prospects of limited success
7. through a third party
8. to hire on a contract-by-contract basis
9. a predictor of job turnover
10. dimensions of employment
3. Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the
meaning of each sentence.
1. Since
work
is
the
most
important____________________________, it is no
surprise to find that all workers place a high value on
the income and security provided by their jobs.
2. Both survey evidence and labour market behaviour
demonstrate that workers expect their jobs to provide
both ____________________________compensation.
3. Following
the
completion
of
schooling
and_____________________________, most workers
experience a trial period in which they change jobs a
number of times in search of a good match between
their abilities and aspirations and the opportunities
available to them.
4. The average worker changes jobs six to eight times
before
settling
into_____________________________________.
5. Even between the languages of communities whose
cultures
are______________________________,
there is by no means a one-to-one relation of exact
198
lexical equivalence between the items of their
vocabularies. In their lexical meanings, words acquire
various overtones and associations that are not shared
by
the
nearest
corresponding
words
in
other
languages; this may vitiate a literal translation.
4. Make a literary translation into English.
a) This unprecedented rise in the number of older people will
have lasting effects on society. The growing number of older persons
throughout the world is already affecting the global economy. In the
same way that the 1960s had a “youth market” that targeted the
baby boomer generation, today there is a growing “mature market”—
called the “silver industries” in Japan—that focuses on serving the
needs of the older population. The growth of the “mature market” has
prompted an economic boom in many industries, including the health
care, pharmaceutical, financial services, tourism, and recreational
industries.
b) He had many invitations to dinner, some of which he accepted.
Persons got themselves introduced to him in order to invite him to
dinner. And he went on puzzling over the little thing that was
becoming a great thing. Bernard Higginbotham invited him to dinner.
He puzzled the harder. He remembered the days of his desperate
starvation when no one invited him to dinner. That was the time he
needed dinners, and went weak and faint for lack of them and lost
weight from sheer famine. That was the paradox of it. When he
wanted dinners, no one gave them to him, and now that he could buy
a hundred thousand dinners and was losing his appetite, dinners were
thrust upon him right and left. But why? There was no justice in it, no
199
merit on his part. He was no different. All the work he had done was
even at that time work performed. Mr. and Mrs. Morse had
condemned him for an idler and a shirk and through Ruth had urged
that he take a clerk's position in an office.
Variant 3
1.
Translate into English.
1. завоювати пошану з боку колег/ співпрацівників
2. розташовувати на відносно низькому місці
3. вихід на пенсію/ у відставку (за віком)
4. пошук роботи
5. відправний пункт/ пункт відліку
6. перспективи довгострокового отримання прибутків
7. наймати на роботу за контрактом для виконання
окремого проекту
8. встановлювати обов'язковий вік виходу на пенсію
9. задовольнити/ забезпечити очікування трудящих
10. призначити виконувати важливий та відповідальний/
складний проект
2. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. to be assigned to important and challenging projects
2. to impose a mandatory retirement age
3. to set into a stable employment relationship
4. early retirement incentives
5. to be concerned about the employment security
6. to win contracts from customers
7. entry-level training period
200
8. internal promotion
9. trial or job-matching period
10. expected lifetime earnings
3. Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the
meaning of each sentence.
1. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the expectation of high
and equitable wages weakens as individuals move up the
________________________________ and receive higher
pay.
2. What do technical professionals want from their jobs and
careers? Like all other workers, scientists and engineers are
concerned about their employment security
and_______________________.
3. As family responsibilities become greater and seniority
increases the ______________________within an
organization, the likelihood of staying with a given firm
likewise increases.
4. The potential costs of job loss also tend to mount over time,
as it becomes harder to find a job with another company that
will __________________________often achieved after
years of service and internal promotion.
5. Significantly, it is this last aspect of translation to which
mechanical and computerized techniques are being applied
with some___________________________________.
4. Make a literary translation into English.
a) Blue collar workers pose a special challenge. As they age,
these workers may no longer be up to the physical rigors of their
201
jobs. In some cases, blue collar workers who want to remain on the
job may be retrained, or their jobs may be modified to fit their
changing abilities. Experienced blue collar workers may also be used
to train younger workers.
Older
women
are
another
group
that
faces
unique
challenges. In the late 1990s American women could expect to live
about six years longer than men, meaning that many women outlive
their spouses. For some women this means a catastrophic loss of
income as their husbands' pension and social security income
disappears.
b) Mr. Morse met Martin in the office of the Hotel Metropole.
Whether he had happened there just casually, intent on other affairs,
or whether he had come there for the direct purpose of inviting him to
dinner, Martin never could quite make up his mind, though he inclined
toward the second hypothesis. At any rate, invited to dinner he was by
Mr. Morse - Ruth's father, who had forbidden him the house and
broken off the engagement.
Martin was not angry. He was not even on his dignity. He
tolerated Mr. Morse, wondering the while how it felt to eat such
humble pie. He did not decline the invitation. Instead, he put it off with
vagueness and indefiniteness and inquired after the family,
particularly after Mrs. Morse and Ruth. He spoke her name without
hesitancy, naturally, though secretly surprised that he had had no
inward quiver, no old, familiar increase of pulse and warm surge of
blood.
6.2 Write an essay to the topic :
202
“Translation- The Art Or A Job”
“Career Prospects Of A Young Person ”
“Youth Market And Its Problems”
“The Way That We Choose”
“Profile. A Successful Career”
“The History And The Traditions Of The English Language
Department Of Priazov State Technical University”
UNIT 3
PART 1
Project 1
CURRENT ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
DISCUSSION
The Language of Statistics
1.1 Group discussion.
Here are two quotations: “There are three kinds of lies: lies? Damn
lies and statistics”,“He uses statistics as a drunken man uses lamp- posts
– for support rather than illumination”.
Study the graphs illustrating the Labour force statistics in Britain.
Make similar graphs about Ukraine using the related information from
the captions given below.
Ukraine. The country’s labour force totaled 25.1 million
people in 1998. Some 40 percent of workers are employed in
industry, 40 percent in the service sector, and 20 percent in
agriculture. Unemployment is rising steadily, especially in the form
of hidden unemployment, which includes people who have been
kept on payrolls but have not been paid salaries. Although official
data reported an unemployment rate of only 1.6 percent in 1996, the
minister of labor acknowledged an actual rate of more than 11
203
percent. Trade union membership is strong, reaching nearly 100
percent of the workforce. The miners’ unions are especially active.
The UK
Total
Labour force
29,527,500
Unemployment rate
7.1%
Labor Force By Sector
Percent
Agriculture, forestry, and
fishing
2
Industry
27
Services
71
M
Women
e
n
543.7%
6
.
3
%
Source: International Labour Organization; The World Bank
Ukraine
Total
Labour force
204
M
Women
e
n
5
6
.
3
%
Unemployment rate
Labor Force By Sector
Percent
Agriculture, forestry, and
fishing
Industry
Services
Source:
1.2 Look at the graphs illustrating the imports- exports statistics in
Britain. Make similar graphs about Ukraine using the related
information from the captions given below.
In 1998 Ukraine imported $14.2 billion of goods and exported $12.3
billion. The major imports are oil and gas from Russia and
Turkmenistan and technology from Western nations. Exports, which
are minimal for a developed country, consist mainly of raw materials
and agricultural goods. Leading purchasers of exports are Russia,
China, Belarus, Turkey, and Germany; principal sources of imports
are Russia, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Germany, and China. Ukraine is
experiencing great difficulty breaking into the global market.
205
In 1992 Ukraine became a member of the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (World Bank). It also became affiliated with the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).
Ukraine is an associate member of the trade and economic union of
the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the loosely
organized alliance of 12 former Soviet republics.
The UK
IMPORTS
VALUE (BILLION US$)
Finished manufactured goods
157.3
Semi manufactured goods
72.7
Food, beverages, tobacco
26.0
Basic materials
10.2
Oil
8.5
EXPORTS
VALUE (BILLION US$)
Finished manufactured goods 146.6
Semi manufactured goods
70.7
Food, beverages, tobacco
17.6
Oil
16.1
Basic materials
4.4
206
Source: Britain 1998
Ukraine
IMPORTS
VALUE (BILLION
US$)
Finished manufactured goods
Semi manufactured goods
Food, beverages, tobacco
Basic materials
Oil
EXPORTS
VALUE (BILLION
US$)
Finished manufactured goods
Semimanufactured goods
Food, beverages, tobacco
Oil
Basic materials
Source:
When you have finished, compare your data in class. Was it difficult to find
the necessary data? What source did you use?
1.3 Act out a dialogue considering the reasons and economic prospects
of each country based on the information given above. Before
207
performing think of other arguments you might use to back up
your opinion.
1.4 Open the group discussion by the reasons as to why Ukraine is
experiencing great difficulty breaking into the global market. Try to use
the pattern phrases and sentences.
Project 2
The Economic Systems
1.5 Read the following selections. The issue discussed is the mixed
economy as it is presented in the UK. Consider each of the presented
facts and discuss the status of Ukraine in view of the current tendencies
in the Ukrainian economy.
a) Like many modern developed countries, the United Kingdom
has a mixed economy. This means that some sectors of the
economy are operated by the government and some are
operated by private businesses. Since World War II (19391945), Britain has worked to balance the mix of private and
public enterprises in order to maximize the country’s
economy and ensure the economic well-being of its citizens.
Historically, Britain’s Conservative Party has sought a
stronger private component in the mix while the Labour Party
has sought to strengthen the public component. Both parties
are committed to a healthy mix of both elements, however.
b) The public component consists of the welfare system, which
includes socialized medicine, known as the National Health
Service, plus government controls over business, banking,
and the money supply. The welfare system provides support
from before birth to the grave. The government is a major
employer: Public officials, the judiciary, the military, police
departments, fire departments, educators, and health
208
professionals are, for the most part, employed by the state.
The government is also a major purchaser of goods,
particularly military equipment.
c) After World War II the government nationalized, or took over,
a number of large and troubled industries. These included
coal, electricity, transport, gas, oil, steel, certain car and
truck manufacturing, shipbuilding, and aircraft building. Since
the 1950s, the government has privatized a number of these
industries, selling them to private firms. The first sales were
the
steel
Conservative
and
road
transportation
governments
between
industries.
1979
and
The
1996
denationalized oil companies, telecommunications, car and
truck
production,
gas,
airlines
and
aircraft
building,
electricity, water, railways, and nuclear power. By privatizing
these industries, the government hoped they would become
more efficient, due to pressure by stockholders demanding
profits. Nevertheless, the government continues to regulate
these newly privatized industries by controlling prices and
monitoring performance. The government also seeks to
encourage competition in the economy and increase
productivity by sponsoring and subsidizing training and
educational programs.
d) As in many modern states, the British government seeks to
fine-tune the economy in order to keep economic booms
from becoming too inflationary and recessions from
becoming too deep. In carrying out fine-tuning, the
209
government uses a combination of monetary policies and
fiscal policies. Monetary policies involve the attempt to
control the supply and demand for money through the
Treasury and the central bank, the Bank of England. Fiscal
policy is concerned with the level and distribution of
government spending and taxation. The government often
opts to manage demand, intervening when demand for
goods and services is high enough to threaten inflation. In
such cases the government tries to reduce demand by
raising interest rates and taxes. In economic emergencies
the government can control prices and incomes to a
considerable extent, but this is only done in extreme
circumstances, such as in times of war or runaway inflation.
e) Government revenue in 1997 and 1998 came from many
sources. The primary sources were income tax, which
provided 23 percent, social security contributions, and valueadded tax (VAT, a national sales tax), which each
contributed 16 percent. Excise duties contributed 11 percent
of government revenue, corporation tax 9 percent, business
and council rates (property taxes) 8 percent, other taxes 8
percent, borrowing 6 percent, and other financing 4 percent.
f)
Government expenditures for 1997 and 1998 included social
security (the welfare system), which made up 32 percent of
expenditures, and health and personal social services, which
made up 17 percent. Other government monies went to
education, 12 percent; interest on the debt, 8 percent;
210
defense, 7 percent; law, order, and protective services, 5
percent; housing, heritage, and environment, 5 percent;
industry, agriculture, and employment, 4 percent; transport, 3
percent; and other expenditures, 7 percent.
1.6 The information below deals with the mixed economic system.
What are the differences in the Ukrainian and British experience in
this field? Do some research to get necessary facts and data.
All modern economic systems combine private ownership
with government control. Sometimes called mixed economies,
these systems attempt to eliminate inefficiencies inherent in
capitalism or socialism alone. Governments, imbued with
centralized control and the power to make legislation, set
standards and taxes and may direct certain industries such as
telecommunications or transportation, while private businesses
control the remaining industries and generally thrive or fail
according to the dictates of the market. In some cases, a publicprivate partnership may operate some industries.
1.7 The chart below illustrates in general the shares of private
ownership with government control within the mixed economic system.
Try to add your commentaries and data about your country. Use the
following group of words :
defence
education
health and personal social services
housing, heritage, and environment
industry, agriculture, and employment
interest on the debt
211
law, order, and protective services
social security
the welfare system
transport
PART 2
VOCABULARY EXTENSION
Essential Vocabulary
2.1 Study the following expressions dealing with the topic “Economy”.
advocacy groups
група захисту
basic necessities
засоби першої необхідності
212
business enterprises
підприємництво, підприємство
competitive markets
конкурентний ринок ( ринок конкуруючих продавців і покупців )
consumption
споживання; витрата, витрати, витрата , сфера споживання
distribution
розподіл; роздача
economic objective
економічна задача
economics
економіка; народне господарство , економічна теорія, економічна наука
exchange
обмін; бартер ( про товари )
extract profit
витягати прибуток
for-profit businesses
рентабельний, прибутковий бізнес
foundations
фонди
213
goods and services
товари і послуги
inadequate aggregate demand
не задовольняти зростаючий попит
increase unemployment
збільшувати безробіття
seeking a cure for unemployment
пошук способів боротьби з безробіттям
industrial and postindustrial (service- and information-based) free-market econo
промислово розвинена і постіндустріальна ( що базується на сферах послу
технологій) економіка вільної конкуренції
the law of supply and demand
закон попиту та пропозиції
larger budget deficits
більший дефіцит бюджету
luxuries
предмети розкоші
macroeconomics
макроекономіка
maximize utility
збільшити рентабельність до максимальної межі
214
multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes
масиви цін, ставок заробітної плати, розмірів прибутку, орендної плати
national income and employment
національний доход і безробіття
nongovernmental service providers
недержавні / приватні постачальники послуг
nonprofits
некомерційний
personal services
фірми, що надають побутові послуги
price theory or microeconomics
теорія цін чи мікроекономіка
production
виробництво
prosperity and depression
тимчасове, сумнівне процвітання; проспериті і спад, депресія, економічна
revenues that exceed the costs
прибуток, що перевершує витрати
seek to achieve efficiently
намагатися досягти раціональними способами
215
social service agencies
соціальна служба; соціальне обслуговування; надання соціальних послуг; с
забезпечення
to be determined by competition
обумовлюватися конкуренцією
to cover their operating costs
покрити виробничі витрати
to make a profit
вилучити прибуток
to play a vital role
грати життєво важливу роль
to provide just about anything consumers want or need
забезпечити споживача практично усім, чого він бажає й у чому відчуває по
total demand for
загальний обсяг попиту
2.2 Study the word groups and look up their Ukrainian equivalents.
A. Types of economy
National economy
achieve economy
balance of national economy
216
build up the economy
capitalist system of economy
closed economy
command economy
commodity exchange economy
customary economy
domestic economy
economy of scale
home economy
lagging productive economy
market economy
open economy
planned economy
private sector of economy
public sector of economy
rural economy
state sector of economy
traditional economy
B. How economy develops
ailing economy
balance of national economy
build up the economy
declining economy
depressed economy
diversify the economy
economy and thrift
economy measures
217
economy test
expand the economy
productive economy
rapid upsurge of economy
rehabilitate the economy
underperformance of economy
wreck a country's economy
Vocabulary Activator
2.3 Match the English and Ukrainian expessions.
Set 1
1. National economy
a. баланс народного господарства
2. achieve economy
b. нездорова економіка
3. ailing economy
c. домогтися економії
4. all possible economies
d. домогтися економії
5. balance of national
e. максимальна економія,
economy
найсуворіша економія
6. build up the economy
f. нездорова економіка
7. capitalist system of
g. капіталістична система
economy
господарств
8. closed economy
h. розвивати господарство
9. achieve economy
i. закрита економіка ( економіка
країни, що не експортує і не
імпортує товари і послуги )
10. ailing economy
j. 1) національна економіка 2)
народне господарство
Set 2
1.
2.
all possible economies
balance of national
a. адміністративно-командна система
(планування економічної діяльності і
керування економічною діяльністю
здійснюється центральними органами
влади; ініціатива підприємств зводиться
практично до нуля )
b. максимальна економія найсуворіша
218
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
економія
c. баланс народного господарства
d. товарне господарство
economy
build up the economy
capitalist system of
economy
closed economy
command economy
commodity exchange
economy
customary economy
declining economy
depressed economy
e. розвивати господарство
f. економіка, що знаходиться в занепаді
g. економіка з діловою активністю, що
знижується
h. традиційна економіка
i. капіталістична система господарств
j. закрита економіка ( економіка країни,
що не експортує і не імпортує товари і
послуги )
Set 3
a.
b.
c.
d.
різнобічно розвивати економіку
внутрішня економіка
економія й ощадливість
міри економії
5. private sector of
economy
e.
6. diversify the
economy
7. market economy
f.
ефект (від підвищення) масштабу;
підвищення ефективності від
росту масштабів виробництва
ринкова економіка
1.
2.
3.
4.
open economy
economy and thrift
economy measures
domestic economy
8. economy of scale
9. money economy
10. planned economy
Set 4
1.
2.
g. планове господарство, планова
економіка
h. відкрита економіка ( економіка
країни, що здійснює експорт і
імпорт )
i. грошове господарство, грошова
економіка
j. приватний сектор економіки
a. продуктивна економіка
underperformance of
economy
rapid upsurge of economy
b. державний сектор
економіки
219
3.
public sector of economy
4.
traditional economy
5.
6.
static economy
wreck a country's economy
state sector of economy
7.
8.
9.
c. бурхливий підйом
економіки, господарський
підйом
d. вносити зміни, що
обновляють усю економіку
чи окремі її галузі
e. сільське господарство
f. державний сектор
економіки
g. статична економіка
h. традиційна економіка
i. слабка економічна
активність, функціонування
економіки в умовах
неповної зайнятості
j. підірвати економіку країни
rural economy
rehabilitate the economy
10. productive economy
2.4 Use at least 25 words or word combinations from exercises 2.1
and 2.2 in the sentences of your own. Try to make a connected text on
the problems of economic development in Ukraine.
Additional vocabulary
2.5 Study the of idiomatic and slang words to the topic.
1. fob обманювати; одержувати чи нав'язувати облудним
шляхом to fob off smb. with smth., to fob smth. off on smb. —
надувати ( підробленою річчю, помилковими обіцянками і
т.п. )
2. gazumping прийняття продавцем більш високої пропозиції
після вже укладеної угоди про продаж
3. gazump вимагати додаткової плати ( після угоди, зв'язаної
з покупкою будинку )
4. horse trade махінація, нечесна угода ( особ. політична )
5. jobbing in and out гра на фондовій біржі
220
6. jobbery
1) використання службового становища в
корисливих цілях 2) сумнівні операції; спекуляція 3)
корупція, хабарництво;
7. lemon непотрібна річ, барахло The effect of this on
consumers is too many lemons or part lemons coupled with
near impossibility of obtaining redress from the manufacturer.
— Результат усього цього для споживача - занадто
велика кількість або цілком, або частково непотрібних
речей і практична неможливість одержати яке-небудь
відшкодування від виробників. to hand smb. a lemon —
надути, обдурити кого-л.
8. McCoy ; Mackay, McKie ( звичайно у вираженні the real
McCoy (Mackay, McKie) ) дійсна, непідроблена, "рідна" річ (
особ. про каком-л. продукт, споживчий виріб і проч. ) Syn:
the "genuine article" , the real thing
9. nitty-gritty
практично важливий; буденний, але життєво
необхідний
10. nouveau riche нувориш, багатий вискочка
11. play the dozens бути утягнутим до словесної перепалки;
ображати, насміхатися над одним чи кількома людьми The
bookless may have difficulty in reading a paragraph in a
newspaper, but when they get down to "playing the dozens"
they have no equal in America. — Неосвічені люди можуть
із труднощами прочитати абзац у газеті, але коли вони
починають обсипати лайками один одного, їм немає
рівних в Америці.
221
2.6
Make the sentences of your own using the vocabulary from
exercise 2.5
PART 3
LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT
TEXT A
3.1
These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of
translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and
expressions and try to find the best variant according to the
context in exercise 3.3.
interest 1.1) а) зацікавленість, інтерес revive interest (in) —
відроджувати інтерес (до) to be of interest to smb. — становити
інтерес для кого-л. to hold smb.'s interest — розділяти інтереси to
demonstrate, display, evince, manifest, show interest — виявляти,
виражати інтерес to express an interest in — виявляти цікавість до
She took a keen interest in the project. Syn: concern , curiosity б)
захоплення ( чем-л. ); інтерес ( до чему-л. ) His only interest was
mathematics.
2) а) вигода, користь, перевага in the interest of smb., in the
interests of smb. — в інтересах кого-л. the devotion to the interests
both of the king and of religion — відданість благу (інтересам)
короля і релігії Syn: advantage 1., benefit 1., good 2., profit 1. б)
егоїзм, своєкорисливість I love you without interest, without
pretence.. Syn: self-interest 3) вплив, вплив ( на кого-л. - with ),
авторитет Her interest with him is such, that she governs him
absolutely. 4) значимість, важливість, значення Things that possess
no moral interest. Syn: concernment , importance 5) частка ( у чем-л.
); участь у прибутках to own an interest — одержати частку (у
бізнесі) a half interest — половина (частка) Syn: share , part 1.6)
222
обличчя,
об'єднані
загальними
діловими
чи
професійними
інтересами banking interests — банківські об'єднання business,
commercial interests — комерційне об'єднання competing interests
— конкуруючі об'єднання controlling interests — контролююча
група shipping interests — судноплавна компанія special interests
—
особливі
угруповання
steel
interests
—
сталеливарне
об'єднання vested interest — правообладатели landed interest —
землевласники 7) відсотки ( на капітал 8) капіталовкладення Syn:
stake 1., investment 2.1) а) цікавити б) утягувати, зацікавлювати (
кого-л. чем-л.- smb. in smth. ) to interest greatly, very much —
сильно зацікавлювати Few teachers are able to interest their
students in dull subjects that mean a lot of hard work. Syn: entertain
2) мати відношення ( до чему-л. ), стосуватися ( чего-л. ) It is
matter for deep regret that the case has so little interested those
whom it most interests. Syn: concern 2.; affect I 2.; relate 3)
викликати ( чье-л. цікавість ), залучати ( чье-л. увага ) She had
been too much interested by the events of the moment.
objective
1.1) ціль; прагнення ( тж. objective point ); об'єкт (
настання ) Syn: goal, purpose , aspiration , striving 2) об'єктний
падіж, непрямий падіж ( тж. objective case ) 3) об'єктив ( тж.
objective glass ) 2.1) а) об'єктивний, реальний ( існуючий
незалежно від нашої свідомості ) objective reality — об'єктивна
дійсність objective data — об'єктивні дані Dragons have no objective
existence. — б) предметний; речовинний Syn: corporeal , real в)
об'єктивний ( про симптоми ) 2) об'єктивний; дійсний, реальний 3)
безсторонній, неупереджений, об'єктивний an objective study —
об'єктивне дослідження an objective history of the war —
223
об'єктивна історія війни an objective judgment — безстороннє
судження Syn: disinterested , impartial , unprejudiced 4) цільовий,
стосовний до мети objective point — кінцева мета; ціль руху, об'єкт
дій 5) стосовний до доповнення - objective case
rational 1) розумний; раціональний, доцільний Syn: expedient ,
advisable , sensible 2) розумовий, стосовний до мислення 3)
раціональний rational fraction — раціональна функція
profit
1. 1) вигода, корисність, користь to make a profit on —
покористуватися з Syn: benefit , use , good 2) прибуток, доход;
бариш, нажива to bring (in), yield a profit — приносити прибуток,
давати доход to clear, earn, make, realize, reap, turn a profit —
діставати прибуток, покористуватися profit motive — користь;
корисливі спонукання He sold his house at a profit. clear profit —
чистий прибуток gross profit — валовий прибуток net profit —
чистий прибуток windfall profit — раптовий прибуток profit margin
— розмір прибутку 2.1) а) приносити користь, бути корисним It
profited him nothing. б) одержувати, витягати користь; користатися,
скористатися ( by ) I profited enormously from working with her. I
hope you have profited by your unfortunate experience. You can even
profit from your mistakes. 2) діставати прибуток to profit by / over a
transaction — дістати прибуток від угоди A lot of companies will
profit by / from the fall in interest rates.
revenue 1) а) доход; виторг to collect revenue — одержувати
доход to generate, produce, yield revenue — давати доход
government revenue — урядовий доход annual, yearly revenue —
річний доход monthly revenue — місячний доход weekly revenue —
тижневий доход б) державні доходи net revenue — чистий річний
224
доход Syn: public revenues 2) дохідні статті 3) департамент
державних зборів; фінансове керування
3.2 Translate the sentences into English.
1.
Вона жваво цікавилася проектом.
2.
Безліч компаній дістануть прибуток від зниження
процентних ставок.
3.
Він вигідно продав дом.
4.
Вона має на нього такий великий вплив, що може
маніпулювати їм, як хоче.
5.
Деяким учителям удається зацікавити студентів
предметами, заняття якими вимагають серйозної роботи.
6.
Дракони не існують у дійсності.
7.
Дуже шкода, що цей випадок дуже мало зв'язаний з тими,
кого він цікавить більше всього.
8.
Єдиним його захопленням була математика.
9.
Іноді можна навіть заробити на власних помилках.
10.
Її дуже захопили події поточного моменту.
11.
Сподіваюся, ви витягли досвід з вашої невдачі.
12.
У наших інтересах мати стабільні ціни
13.
Це не принесло йому вигоди.
14.
Це повинно бути цікаво деяким хакерам.
15.
Ця історія буде нам цікава
16.
Я люблю тебе, не думаючи ні про які особисті вигоди,
без усякої неправди.
17.
Я одержав величезну користь від роботи з нею.
18.
Явища, що не представляють ніякої важливості
225
з точки зору моралі.
3.3 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian . While reading mark
or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.
Economics is a social science concerned with the
production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and
services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups,
business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any
economic objective they select. Other fields of study also contribute to
this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives
are formed; history records changes in human objectives; sociology
interprets human behavior in social contexts.
Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. The first,
price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply
and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual
prices,
wage
rates,
profit
margins,
and
rental
changes.
Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers
try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as
possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part,
entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their
operations.
The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations
of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the
book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
(1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His
explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or
aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business
investors,
and
governments.
Because,
226
according
to
Keynes,
inadequate
aggregate
demand
increases
unemployment,
the
indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more
spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the
goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an
organization
that
provides
these
goods
and
services.
Most
businesses seek to make a profit- that is, they aim to achieve
revenues that exceed the costs of operating the business. Prominent
examples of for-profit businesses include Mitsubishi Group, General
Motors Corporation, and Royal Dutch/Shell Group. However, some
businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
Commonly
called
nongovernmental
nonprofits,
service
these
businesses
are
primarily
providers.
Examples
of
nonprofit
businesses include such organizations as social service agencies,
foundations, advocacy groups, and many hospitals.
Business plays a vital role in the life and culture of countries with
industrial and postindustrial (service- and information-based) freemarket economies such as in the United States. In free-market
systems, prices and wages are primarily determined by competition,
not by governments. In the United States, for example, many people
buy and sell goods and services as their primary occupations. In 1996
American companies sold in excess of $7.5 trillion worth of goods and
services annually. Businesses provide just about anything consumers
want or need, including basic necessities such as food and housing,
luxuries such as whirlpool baths and wide-screen televisions, and
even personal services such as caring for children and finding
companionship.
227
3.4 Explain in details the meaning of the phrases:
 contribute to this knowledge

price theory or microeconomics

macroeconomics

postindustrial free-market economies
3.5 Write down from the text the expressions similar in meaning to the
following:
 basic necessities

nonprofit businesses

entrepreneurs

economic objective

seek to make a profit
3.6 These dictionary entries will enrich you vocabulary and help you
use the words correctly. Still, you have to match the pairs first. After
you learn the information, work out the sentences of your own to every
word/ expression from any two groups.
Group 1
1. academic interest
a. активний інтерес
2.
active interest
b. в інтересах суспільства
3.
an objective judgment
c. теоретичний інтерес
4.
in the interests of safety
d. виплачувати, приносити
відсотки
5.
e. вираховувати складний
in the national interest
відсоток
6.
in the interests of our
f.
в інтересах держави
organization
7.
g. великі капіталовкладення
in the public interest
228
8.
far-flung interests
h. безстороннє судження
9.
to bear, pay, yield interest
i.
в інтересах безпеки
j.
в інтересах нашої
10. to compound interest
організації
Group 2
1.
a. економічна
a.
задача
interest accrues (to an
account)
2.
interest on a loan
b. відстоювати свої інтереси
3.
promote оnе's interests
c. відсоток йде
(на рахунок)
4.
military objective
d. вузькі інтереси
5.
narrow interests
e. досягти мети
6.
to act in оnе's own
f.
відсоток по позичці
interest
7.
long-range objective
g. додавати відсоток
8.
to add interest
h. довгострокова мета
9.
to attain an objective,
i.
військова мета
j.
діяти відповідно до
gain an objective, win an
objective
10.
economic objective
своїх інтересів
Group 3
1.
a. зловживання
a.
deep, intense, keen,
lively, profound, serious,
службовим
strong interest
становищем
229
2.
common, mutual interests
b. інтерес
відновляється
3.
c. живий, серйозний,
vested interests
глибокий, сильний
інтерес
4.
d. загальні, взаємні
conflict of interest(s)
інтереси
5.
e. закріплені законом
interest picks up
майнові права
6.
interest flags
f.
мати
капіталовкладення
7.
g. капіталовкладення
interest wanes
дорівнюють
8.
h. інтерес спадає,
interests coincide
слабшає
9.
interests clash
i.
інтерес слабшає,
гасне
10. to have interests
j.
капіталовкладення
конфликтують
Group 4
1. passing interest
a. обчислювати відсоток
2. international interests
b. охороняти
капіталовкладення
3. the national interest
c. національний інтерес
4. to show no interest in
d. не цікавитися
фінансовими
financial matters
230
питаннями
e. минаючий інтерес
5. an objective history of
the war
одержувати відсотки
6. objective study
f.
7. to calculate interest
g. міжнародні
капіталовкладення
h. під визначений
8. to draw, receive interest
відсоток
9. to defend, guard, look
i.
об'єктивна історія війни
j.
об'єктивне
after, protect оnе's
interests
10. at a certain (rate of)
дослідження
interest
Group 5
1. personal interest
a. розумна істота
2. to charge interest
b. суспільний інтерес
3. rational creature,
c. світові
капіталовкладення
rational being
4. rational plan
d. суспільний інтерес
5. rational faculty
e. призначати
відсоток
розумова здатність
6. worldwide interests
f.
7. (the) public interest
g. розумний план
8. popular interest
h. приватний інтерес
9. broad interests
i.
231
широкі інтереси
TEXT B
3.7 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of
translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and
expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context
in exercise 3.9
industrial 1.1) а) індустріальний, промисловий industrial area —
промисловий район industrial classes — промислові робітники, що
трудяться industrial goods — промислові вироби industrial relations
— відносини, що виникають у процесі виробництва, виробничі
відносини industrial revolution — промислова революція б) ( про
людину ) вовлеченный у виробничу діяльність 2) виробничий
(безпосередньо зв'язаний із процесом виробництва ) industrial
sanitation — фабрично-заводська санітарія - industrial union industrial school Syn: production , works 3) використовуваний у
промислових цілях industrial crops — технічні культури industrial
plant — технічна рослина industrial wood — пиломатеріали
industrial tractor — трактор-тягач
2.1) а) промисловець Syn: manufacturer б) промислове
підприємство 2) акції промислових підприємств 3) індустріальна
культура ( що йде від футуризму, що знайшла відображення в
мистецтві, зокрема, у конкретній музиці)
output 1.1) а) продукція; продукт, виріб to increase, step up output
— збільшувати випуск продукції to curtail, cut back, reduce output
— скорочувати випуск продукції manufacturing output — продукція
обробної промисловості gross output — валова продукція Much of
her output as a writer was first published in magazines. Syn:
232
production , produce б) випуск; вироблення; видобуток annual
output — річний обсяг виробництва, випуск продукції за рік
industrial output — обсяг промислового виробництва daily output —
щоденний випуск output per worker — індивідуальний виробіток,
вироблення на одного робітника 2) продуктивність; потужність,
віддача; пропускна здатність; місткість average output — середня
продуктивність 3) підсумок, результат 4) вихідний пристрій,
пристрій виводу; вивід data output — вивід даних
2.1) що випускається, вироблений output goods —
продукти, що випускаються, 2) вихідної; зв'язаний з виводом, з
вивідним пристроєм output information — вихідна інформація
output error — помилка на виході, помилка вихідної величини,
помилка виводу output capacitance — вихідна місткість 3. ; і output чи outputted 1) робити; випускати The great water power of
the Mississippi at Minneapolis enables the millers there to output
some 1,200 tons of flour per day. — Syn: produce 2., put out , turn out
2) виводити ( дані ) device for inputting and outputting information —
пристрій для введення і виводу інформації Results are output in
the form of punched cards.
profit 1.1) вигода, корисність, користь to make a profit on —
покористуватися з Syn: benefit , use , good 2) прибуток, доход;
бариш, нажива to bring (in), yield a profit — приносити прибуток,
давати доход to clear, earn, make, realize, reap, turn a profit —
діставати прибуток, покористуватися profit motive — користь;
корисливі спонукання He sold his house at a profit. clear profit —
чистий прибуток gross profit — валовий прибуток net profit —
233
чистий прибуток windfall profit — раптовий прибуток profit margin
— розмір прибутку
2.1) а) приносити користь, бути корисним It profited him
nothing. — Це не принесло йому вигоди. б) одержувати, витягати
користь; користатися, скористатися ( by ) I profited enormously from
working with her. I hope you have profited by your unfortunate
experience. You can even profit from your mistakes. 2) діставати
прибуток to profit by / over a transaction — дістати прибуток від
угоди A lot of companies will profit by / from the fall in interest rates.
policy 1) а) політика, лінія поведінки, настанова, курс to adopt,
establish, formulate, set a policy — приймати курс, установлювати
політику to adhere to, follow, pursue a policy — випливати політиці,
тримати курс, здійснювати політику to carry out, implement a policy
— провадити політику to form, shape a policy — виробляти
політику cautious policy — обачна, обережна політика clear, clearcut policy — чіткий політичний курс conciliatory policy —
примиренська політика deliberate policy — обміркована, зважена
політика economic policy — економічна політика established, set
policy — установлена політика firm policy — тверда політика
flexible policy — гнучка політика foolish policy — недальновидна
політика foreign policy — зовнішня політика friendly policy —
дружня політика government, public policy — політика уряду longrange, long-term policy — довгострокова політика military policy —
воєнна політика monetary policy — грошова політика national policy
— національна політика official policy — офіційна політика opendoor policy — політика відкритих двер personnel policy — кадрова
політика prudent policy — розумна, завбачлива політика rigid policy
234
— тверда, жорстка політика scorched-earth policy — тактика
випаленої землі short-range, short-term policy — короткострокова
політика sound, wise policy — здорова, мудра політика tough policy
— жорсткий політичний курс, тверда політика wait-and-see policy
— політика вижидання It is our established policy to treat everyone
fairly. — It is company policy that all workers be / should be paid
according to the same criteria. bridge-building policy — політика
наведення мостів б) мистецтво керувати Syn: statecraft , diplomacy
2) розсудливість, політичність; спритність, хитрість In this case he
was actuated by policy rather than by sentiment. — Syn: prudence ,
sense 3) парк ( навколо садиби ) II [ ] 1) страховий поліс to take out
a policy — одержувати страховий поліс to issue, write up a policy —
видавати, виписувати страховий поліс to reinstate a policy —
відновлювати страховий поліс to cancel a policy — анулювати
страховий поліс - endowment policy - hомеоwnеr's policy insurance policy - lifetime policy - term policy 2) а) рід азартної гри,
лотерея ( побудована за принципом угадування чисел ) б) число,
комбінація чисел ( в азартній грі ) Syn: number
3.8 Translate the sentences into English.
1.
Багато хто з її перших літературних творів були
надруковані спочатку в журналах.
2. Безліч компаній дістануть прибуток від зниження
процентних ставок.
3. Величезна потужність течії Міссісіпі в районі Мінеаполісу
дозволяє мірошникам виробляти близько 1200 тонн
борошна в день.
235
4. Він вигідно продав дім.
5. Іноді можна навіть заробити на власних помилках.
6. Політика компанії полягає в тому, щоб усі співробітники
одержували зарплату на загальних підставах.
7. Результати видаються у вигляді перфокарт.
8. Сподіваюся, ви витягли досвід з вашої невдачі.
9. У нас прийнято з усіма звертатися справедливо.
10. Цього разу він керувався розсудливістю, а не почуттями.
11. Я дістав величезну користь від роботи з нею.
3.9 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. While reading mark
or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.
Since the mid of the last century the economies of the
industrialized nations of Western Europe, Japan, and the U.S. grew
fast enough to vastly improve living standards for their residents. A
similarly favorable growth was registered by some, but far from all, of
the developing or industrializing nations, in particular such thriving
Southeast Asian economies as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and
South Korea. Clearly several circumstances contributed to this almost
unique historical performance. After the devastation of World War II, a
substantial rebuilding boom, combined with lavish flows of aid from
the U.S., generated rapid growth in Western Europe and Japan.
American multinational corporations invested heavily in the rest of the
world. Perhaps most important of all, energy was plentiful and cheap.
By 1973, increasing international demand made oil a scarce
and valuable commodity. At that time the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC), which controls the bulk of the world's oil
reserves, seized the opportunity to sharply raise prices. OPEC's
236
policies dramatically reduced the possibilities of rapid economic
growth both in the industrialized countries and in those developing
nations without oil of their own. Oil, which in the autumn of 1973 cost
$2 per barrel, sold in mid-1981 at nearly 20 times that figure. For rich
countries, their oil import bill was the equivalent of a tremendous
annual transfer of claims on their output and wealth to OPEC
suppliers. Third World importers borrowed enormous sums, mostly
from major banks in Western Europe and the United States.
Staggering under the interest payments, poor nations have been
compelled to slow the pace of their development plans.
Some advanced economies, notably Japan and West
Germany (now part of the united Federal Republic of Germany), fared
better than others during the 1970s and '90s. All of them, however,
confronted
persistent
unemployment,
and
combinations
sluggish
of
high
economic
inflation,
growth.
severe
OPEC's
transformation of the world energy market increased inflation by
raising not only gasoline and home-heating fuel charges but also the
prices of all the important manufactures into which petroleum enters,
among them chemical fertilizers, plastics, synthetic fibers, and
pharmaceutical products. These higher prices reduce purchasing
power in much the same manner as would a severe new tax.
Reduced purchasing power in turn depresses sales of consumer
items, resulting in layoffs of factory and sales personnel. The entire
procedure has a spiraling effect in all sectors of the economy.
The lower oil prices of the mid- and late 1980s tend to restrain
inflation and, like a cut in taxes, leave more income available for other
purchases.
237
The various economic problems of recent years have
stimulated serious debate about the proper role of public policy.
Parties on the political left in Europe have advocated more controls
and more planning. In the 1980s a different solution was offered by
the Conservative Party government of Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher in the United Kingdom and by the Republican administration
of President Ronald Reagan in the U.S. In both countries, attempts
were made to diminish taxation and government regulation on private
enterprise and thus, by enlarging the potential profits of corporations,
encourage additional investment, higher productivity, and renewed
economic growth. These were the central elements of supply-side
economics, the guiding doctrine of the two leaders.
Implicit in this government decision to provide businesses with
increased incentives to invest, take risks, and work harder were the
hopes that technology would reduce the costs of alternatives to oil as
an energy source and that the nonenergy sectors of the economy,
such as data processing and scientific agriculture, would experience
rapid growth as a result of encouragements to invention and
innovation.
Poor nations desperately need aid from the rich nations in the
form of capital and of technological and organizational expertise. They
also need easy access to the markets of the industrialized nations for
their manufactures and raw materials. However, the political capacity
of rich nations to respond to these needs depends greatly on their
own success in coping with inflation, unemployment, and lagging
growth rates. In democratic communities, it is exceedingly difficult to
generate public support for assistance to foreign countries when
238
average wage earners are themselves under serious financial
pressure. It is no easier politically to permit cheap foreign
merchandise and materials to freely enter American and European
markets when they are viewed as the cause of unemployment among
domestic workers.
By the early 1990s, the dissolution of the Soviet Union,
coupled with the fall of Communist governments in most of Eastern
Europe, underlined the trend away from centrally planned economies
and toward a freer market system. Seeking to overcome a legacy of
inefficiency and mismanagement, the post-Communist nations found
themselves competing with Third World countries for investment
capital and technological assistance.
Opinions differ as to how long sustained economic growth can
continue. Optimists pin their hopes on the ability to improve crop
yields and enhance industrial productivity through technological
innovation. Pessimists point to diminishing resources, unchecked
population growth, excessive militay spending, and the reluctance of
rich countries to share their wealth and expertise with less fortunate
nations. Government instability, endemic corruption, and wide swings
in economic policy make the Third World's economic prospects seem
even less auspicious in the 2000s.
3.10 Work out the questions to the following answers.
1. living standards for their residents
2. a scarce and valuable commodity
3. the bulk of the world's oil reserves
4. staggering under the interest payments
5. some advanced economies
239
6. high inflation, severe unemployment, and sluggish
economic growth
7. depresses sales of consumer items
8. to diminish taxation and government regulation on
private enterprise
9. aid from the rich nations
10. under serious financial pressure
3.11 Make a list of at least 15 expressions and phrases from the article
that would help you to speak on the topic “Current Economic
Problems”.
TEXT C
3.12 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of
translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and
expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in
exercise .
domestic 1.1) а) домашній; сімейний domestic appliances предмети побутового ужитку Syn: family , married б) такий, що
любить сімейне життя 2) внутрішній; вітчизняний, що знаходиться
в межах країни domestic trade - внутрішня торгівля domestic
industry
-
вітчизняна
промисловість
3)
домашній,
ручний,
приручений ( про тварин ) Syn: tame 2.1) а) мешканець,
мешканець будинку б)
член родини 2) прислуга, слуги Syn:
servant 3) а) товари вітчизняного виробництва б) ; прості
бавовняні тканини в) вид сигари gross domestic product валовий
внутрішній продукт
curtail 1) скорочувати, укорочувати ( лінійні розміри ); урізати,
відрізати, відтинати частину 2) скорочувати ( витрати, статтю і т.п.
240
); зменшувати, урізувати ( текст, час і т.п. ) Syn: cut down ;
abbreviate , abridge , diminish , reduce 3) позбавляти, відбирати,
віднімати ( власність, права і т.п. ) Syn: deprive , rob
1) а) сміливе підприємство, ініціатива ( дія по
enterprise
створенню чего-л. ) free enterprise — вільна ініціатива private
enterprise — особиста ініціатива a joint enterprise — спільна
ініціатива, спільне підприємство б) промислове підприємство (
фабрика, завод і т.п. ) a commercial enterprise — комерційне
підприємство Syn: firm 2) заповзятливість, спритність, сміливість;
ініціатива ( якість людини ) a person of great enterprise — людина
великої енергії, заповзятлива людина Syn: courage , boldness ,
initiative
3)
підприємництво
free
enterprise
—
приватне
підприємництво private enterprise — приватне підприємництво
Syn: business undertakings
tender
1.1) а) офіційна пропозиція ( сплатити борг, виплатити
зобов'язання ) б) сума ( внесена на сплату боргу і т.п. ) plea of
tender — заява в суді про готовність задовольнити грошову
вимогу позивача 2) пропозиція ( про чем-л., чего-л. ) tender of
friendship — пропозиція дружби a formal tender — офіційна
пропозиція Syn: offer 1.3) тендер, конкурс, заявка на підряд 4)
платіжний засіб legal tender — законний платіжний засіб Syn:
money 2.1) а) пропонувати ( что-л. ), робити пропозицію ( про чемл. ) to tender thanks — складати подяку to tender an apology —
принести вибачення to tender оnе's resignation — подавати у
відставку to tender an oath — дати клятву, заприсягтися, дати
слово Syn: offer 2., proffer 2. б) надавати, вносити (суму );
сплачувати, оплачувати Syn: pay out 2) а) брати участь у тендері,
241
конкурсі, подавати заявку ( на конкурсі, торгах ) б) подавати заяву
про підписку ( на цінні папери ) - tender for
3.13 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian . While reading
mark or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.
Ukraine was the second-ranking Soviet republic in industrial
and agricultural production, after Russia. Long known as the
"breadbasket of Europe," Ukraine traditionally had a highly
developed agricultural sector because of its vast, fertile lands. It
generated more than one-fourth of the total agricultural output of the
Soviet Union. Industrial development was a high priority of the
Soviet government. In the 1930s Ukraine experienced a rapid and
extensive industrial upsurge, mainly in the mineral-rich Donets'k and
Kryvyy Rih regions. Because of Soviet development, which
emphasized heavy industry, Ukraine possesses one of the most
industrialized economies of Europe. However, its industries are
highly inefficient and in pressing need of modernization.
The collapse of the Soviet Union brought a dramatic rise in
energy costs and a reduction in demand for Ukraine's products,
causing a catastrophic decline in production. The problems were
compounded by high rates of inflation and sluggish reforms to
increase private ownership of enterprise. By 2000 , however,
inflation was significantly reduced and reforms toward a system
based on free enterprise were accelerated.
The value of Ukraine's gross domestic product (GDP) in
1998 was $43.6 billion. Agriculture, which includes forestry and
fishing, accounted for 14 percent; industry, which includes mining,
242
manufacturing, and construction, accounted for 34 percent; and
trade and other services accounted for 51 percent.
The country's labor force totaled 25.1 million people in 1998.
Some 40 percent of workers are employed in industry, 40 percent in
the service sector, and 20 percent in agriculture. Unemployment is
rising steadily, especially in the form of hidden unemployment,
which includes people who have been kept on payrolls but have not
been paid salaries. Although official data reported an unemployment
rate of only 1.6 percent in 1996, the minister of labor acknowledged
an actual rate of more than 11 percent. Trade union membership is
strong, reaching nearly 100 percent of the workforce. The miners'
unions are especially active.
The primary crops are wheat, corn, and sugar beets. Small
private plots account for much of the vegetables and fruits that are
grown. Livestock raising is widespread and involves cattle, hogs,
sheep, and goats. Despite heavy government subsidies, agricultural
output in 1999 was 47 percent of the level in 1990. Collective
cooperatives and state-owned farms, holdovers from the Soviet
period, continue to outnumber privately owned farms; private
ownership is allowed, but lack of capital, social attitudes, and the
high cost of fuel have discouraged it. The major agricultural regions
are located in central and southern Ukraine, where the fertile
chernozem soil is found.
Ukraine is the world's third largest producer of manganese
ore and seventh largest producer of iron ore. Reserves of these
minerals are located primarily in the south central Kryvyy Rih area.
243
Ukraine is also among the world's largest producers of bituminous
coal (soft coal), which is concentrated in the Donets Basin of the
southeastern Donets'k region. The mining sector is hampered by
outdated equipment and inefficiency, however, and its productivity
severely declined between 1990 and 1995.
Ukraine has a large ferrous metallurgical industry. Heavy
industries such as metalworking, mechanical engineering, and
machinery and chemicals manufacturing also dominate the
industrial sector. Light industries producing consumer goods such
as
household
appliances
are
underdeveloped
by
Western
standards. Between 1990 and 1995, output in major industries such
as metallurgy, coal mining, and chemicals manufacturing decreased
by nearly 60 percent. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union,
Ukraine's industrial sector has been cut off from its traditional
markets, and supplies from former republics are no longer easily
accessible. Products of relatively poor quality and stiff international
competition obstruct entry into the global market, while the
increasing cost of the energy needed to power industry makes
many items too expensive to produce. Other products, especially
those of the large defense sector, are no longer in demand.
Many of the enterprises included in the service sector are
poorly developed, especially in rural areas. The tourism industry, for
example, is hindered by a shortage of hotels and inadequate
transportation.
Most of Ukraine's electricity (48 percent in 1998) is supplied
by coal- and oil-based thermal power stations. Only 7 percent of its
244
electricity is supplied by hydroelectric stations, most notably the
Dniprohes hydroelectric station on the Dnieper near Zaporizhzhya,
one of Europe's largest. Ukraine's five nuclear power stations
generate 45 percent of the country's electricity. To supply its energy
needs, Ukraine must import 80 percent of its natural gas and 90
percent of its oil. Lacking the funds to purchase what it needs,
however, Ukraine has had to sharply curtail its consumption of
these sources. The resulting energy shortage explains the country's
reluctance to immediately shut down the hazardous Chernobyl'
nuclear power station. Ukraine's reliance on nuclear power is
expected to increase, with the government planning to complete
construction on two plants that were partially built during the Soviet
period.
Ukraine has an extensive state-owned and centrally planned
transportation system of uneven quality. There are 176,310 km
(109,554 mi) of roads and highways and 22,546 km (14,009 mi) of
railroad track. The Dnieper and the Danube rivers are major
waterways for international freight. Major airports are in Kyiv,
Kharkiv, Odesa, Donets'k, and L'viv. Air Ukraine is the national
airline. The largest seaports, located on the Black Sea coast, are in
Odesa, Illchinsk, and Mykolayiv. Major cities have subway systems,
but automobiles are the fastest growing mode of transportation.
In September 1996 Ukraine introduced its new currency, the
hryvnia (2.40 hryvni equal U.S.$1, 1998 average). The currency of
the Soviet period, the ruble, ceased to be legal tender in 1992 when
it was replaced with a temporary coupon currency, the karbovanets.
245
The country's bank of issue is the National Bank of Ukraine,
founded in 1991 and located in Kyiv.
3.14 Translate into Ukrainian paying special attention to the rendering
of the proper names terms and set expressions.
1. Ukraine was the second-ranking Soviet republic in industrial
and agricultural production
2. The collapse of the Soviet Union brought a dramatic rise in
energy costs and a reduction in demand for Ukraine's
products
3. The value of Ukraine's gross domestic product (GDP) in
1998 was $43.6 billion. Agriculture
4. The country's labor force totaled 25.1 million people in 1998.
Some 40 percent of workers are employed in industry
5. Ukraine is the world's third largest producer of manganese
ore and seventh largest producer of iron ore. Reserves of
these minerals are located primarily in the south central
Kryvyy Rih area. Ukraine is also among the world's largest
producers of bituminous coal (soft coal)
6. Ukraine has a large ferrous metallurgical industry. Heavy
industries such as metalworking
7. Many of the enterprises included in the service sector are
poorly developed
8. Most of Ukraine's electricity (48 percent in 1998) is supplied
246
by coal- and oil-based thermal power stations.
9. Ukraine has an extensive state-owned and centrally planned
transportation system of uneven quality.
3.15 Choose the statement which fits the text best.
1. a) Long known as the "breadbasket of Europe," Ukraine
traditionally had an underdeveloped agricultural sector because of
its vast, fertile lands.
b) It generated more than a half of the total agricultural output
of the Soviet Union. Industrial development was a high priority of the
Soviet government.
c) Long known as the "breadbasket of Europe," Ukraine
generated more than 25% of the total agricultural output of the
Soviet Union.
2. a) In the 1990s Ukraine experienced a rapid and extensive
industrial upsurge, mainly in the mineral-rich Donets'k and Kryvyy
Rih regions.
b) Because of Soviet development, which emphasized heavy
industry, Ukraine possesses one of the most industrialized
economies of Europe.
c) However, its industries are highly efficient and in pressing
need of modernization.
3. a) The collapse of the Soviet Union brought a dramatic
reduction in energy costs and a rise in demand for Ukraine's
products.
247
b) The problems were compounded by zero rates of inflation
and sluggish reforms to increase state ownership of enterprise.
c) By 2000 , however, inflation was significantly reduced and
reforms toward a system based on free enterprise were
accelerated.
4. a) The value of Ukraine's gross domestic product (GDP) in 1898
was $43.6 billion.
b) Some 40 percent of workers are employed in industry and
about 40 percent in the service sector.
c) Unemployment is rising steadily, especially in the form of
hidden unemployment, which includes people who have been kept
on payrolls and have been paid salaries.
5. a) Ukraine is the world's third largest producer of manganese
ore and the second largest producer of iron ore.
b) Ukraine is also among the world's largest producers of
bituminous coal (soft coal), which is concentrated in the south
central Kryvyy Rih area.
c) Heavy industries such as metalworking, mechanical engineering,
and machinery and chemicals manufacturing also dominate the
industrial sector.
248
PART 4
DEVELOPING READING SKILLS
TEXT 1 “The Government Should Not Subsidize Internet
Access”
4.1 Study the glossary to the article. Find the words in the context and
choose the proper translation.
innovation 1) нововведення ; інновація, новаторство,
новація ( in ) a daring innovation — нахабне новаторство 2)
новинка, нова ідея, чи метод, механізм Syn: novelty, innovation
banks-
інноваційні
коэффициент,
банки,
іnnоvаtіоn
factor-
поправочний
іnnоvаtіоn group- група впровадження нових
виробів ( ідповідальна за планування і реалізацію нових видів
виробів ), innovation policy інноваційна политика, іnnоvаtіоn
strategy - інноваційна стратегія, іnnоvаtіоn technique -інноваційна
технологія,
іnnоvаtіvе activity- створення нових продуктів;
розробка нової технологии
provide
1)
заготовляти,
запасати;
зберігати
2)
а)
постачати; доставляти; забезпечувати ( чем-л. матеріальним ) (
with ) to provide smb. with goods — постачити кого-л. товарами
He provided a car with a radio. — Він у машину установив
радиоприемник. б) давати, надавати; забезпечувати to provide
military aid — надати воєнну допомогу provide housing for —
надавати житлоплощу There is no way that we can provide
another teacher for that class. — У нас немає ніякої можливості
запросити ще одного вчителя в цей клас. 3) забезпечувати
засобами до існування ( provide for ) to provide a family for —
містити родину Has every member of the family been equally
provided for? — чи Кожен член родини одержує те, що йому
249
необхідно? 4) а) уживати заходів, готуватися to provide against
an inflationary economy — ужити заходів проти інфляції Steps
can be taken to provide against a severe winter. — Можна
підготуватися до суворої зими. б) передбачати ( provide for )
Expenses provided for in the budget. — Витрати, передбачені в
бюджеті . 5) обумовлювати, передбачати (that - за умови) The
new law provides for equality of human rights. — Новий закон
установлює рівність прав усіх людей. Section 17 provides that all
decisions must be circulated in writing. — Роздягнув 17
передбачає, що всі рішення повинні передаватися в писемній
формі.
affordable можливий; припустимий; по средствамаffоrd a
basis служити опорою, підставою to afford a basis for conclusions
— служити підставою для выводоваffоrd an opportunity надати
возможностьаffоrd ground for давати підстави для; надавати
возможностьаffоrd proof представити доказу
intervention 1) інтервенція 2) утручання armed, military
intervention — збройне втручання divine intervention — сила
провидіння
government
intervention
—
втручання
уряду,
державне вмешательствоіntеrvеntіоn by government втручання
уряду; державне втручання
digital 1) а) имеющий відношення до пальців б)
пальцевидный, пальцеобразный, перстовидный Syn: digitate ,
finger-shaped 2) цифровий, числовий - digital computer - digital
audio tape Syn: numerical 2.1) перст, палець 2) клавіша (
музичного інструмента ) Syn: keydigital communication цифрова
250
связь dіgіtаl diary електронний ежедневникdіgіtаl electronics
цифрова електронна апаратура; цифрові електронні схеми
4.2 Read the text “The Government Should Not Subsidize Internet
Access” by Mark I. Schwartz
The explosive growth of the Internet has raised concerns
about the creation of a "digital divide" between those who can afford
Internet access and those who cannot. Will the poor be left behind as
jobs and other opportunities in the world economy increasingly shift
to Internet-related businesses? Will those with Internet access enjoy
educational advantages over those without such access? Should the
government step in to help? Attorney Mark Schwartz argues that
free-market forces are lowering costs and expanding access more
quickly and efficiently than any government action could.
The Government Should Not Subsidize Internet Access
By Mark I. Schwartz
About the author: Mark I. Schwartz is an attorney in the Washington,
D.C. office of Piper Marbury Rudnick & Wolfe LLP, where he
practices venture capital and technology law. He has authored
numerous articles relating to technology, markets, and government.
Free-market capitalism is the engine that created the
technological wonderland that we both marvel at and take for
granted today. Market forces are rapidly expanding Internet access
across society, but the economics behind the Internet's phenomenal
growth remain poorly understood by many people. Some observers
recommend that the government step in to bridge the "digital divide"
251
between those who can afford Internet access and those who
cannot. Government intervention will only distort markets and will
ultimately hurt everyone.
Current proposals call for the government to intervene in two
ways, and both of them are harmful. One would impose new taxes to
subsidize Internet access. The other would impose new regulations
that could, among other things, force Internet service providers
(ISPs) to give away some access. Each time the government taxes
or regulates citizens or companies, it alters the playing field, voiding
countless potential exchanges and innovations that would otherwise
have taken place. For example, if new regulations cut into the
revenues of an ISP, the ISP will have a smaller budget to pursue
innovations. The reduction in innovation will harm both the company
and its customers.
The free market can correct the digital divide on its own. It is
important to understand that by providing economic opportunity and
empowering consumers, free-market economies are better at
assisting the poor than those characterized by government
intervention. Free markets are an integral part of our overall freedom.
Government intervention can prove to be harmful to the economy
and democratic society as a whole.
The key to making something universally available is
affordability, the key to affordability is innovation, and the key to
innovation is a free market in goods and services. The explosion of
PC and Internet usage clearly demonstrates the power of the free
market. According to the research firm PC Data, Inc., from 1995 to
1999 the average price of a PC dropped by almost 50 percent to just
252
over $900. During the same period, the amount of instructions the
average computer can process each second has more than doubled.
In terms of power for each dollar spent, PC prices have declined to a
small fraction of what they were just a few years ago. During this
period Internet access has also seen price reductions and a move to
monthly rather than hourly rates. Some ISPs are now even providing
free service.
Internet access is accelerating the pattern we have already
witnessed in the growth of consumer technologies such as
televisions, CD players, and a host of others that have become
commonplace
in
American
society,
all
without
government
intervention. No one would now claim that there was a television
divide or a microwave divide. Interestingly, today the price of the
average computer is rapidly falling, and in the near future we can
expect them to drop below the price of the average television set.
Monthly Internet access is already in many cases less expensive
than cable television service.
In short, market forces are rapidly bringing computer and
Internet access into every home. This is occurring because
companies recognize the economic benefits of wiring the countrie’s
landscape.
Economic and political freedoms are two sides of the same
coin, and anything that reduces freedom in one area of our lives is
likely to affect freedom in the rest of our lives.
Government intervention also impedes innovation. The
experience of the automobile and railroad industries provides an
illustration. These industries serve similar markets and provide
253
similar services. Nevertheless, the passenger rail industry is
backward, inefficient, and has displayed little innovation over the
past several decades. Do trains in the United States look very
different today than they did 20 years ago? By contrast the
automobile industry is dynamic. New models and innovations such
as satellite navigation, airbags, and antilock brakes appear nearly
every year. The passenger rail industry is regulated and protected
from competition, whereas the automobile industry is competitive
and each company must continually improve its products.
The computer, the commercial Internet, and a nearly endless
list of other technologies have taken root in the United States and
flourished because of the free market. The free market makes them
universally available because it encourages people and companies
to find innovative ways of reducing production costs and expanding
markets. A popular axiom in economics suggests that if you tax or
regulate something, you will end up with less of it. The last thing that
the United States needs is less innovation and less creation of
wealth in the technology industry, especially since this also means
that people will be less free as a result.
4.3 Use the expressions below in the sentences of your own. Try to make
a connected text on the problem of developing new technologies in
Ukraine.
 jobs and other opportunities in the world economy

increasingly shift to Internet-related businesses

free-market forces

lowering costs and expanding access

create the technological wonderland
254

phenomenal growth

to bridge the divide

impose new taxes

void countless potential exchanges and innovations

provide economic opportunity

empower consumers

to make something universally available

the average price of a … dropped by

in terms of power for each dollar spent

decline to a small fraction of what they are

provide free service

recognize the economic benefits of

economic and political freedoms

two sides of the same coin

continually improve its products

a nearly endless list of other technologies

flourish because of the free market
4.4 Discuss the following questions:
What is the main idea of the essay? What can be said
about its structure?
-
Find the key-word of the essay and speak of its role.
-
Account for the question mark in the title.
-
Comment on the author’s conclusion.
-
Characterize the language of the essay, the author’s choice
of words and such stylistic devices as metaphors, epithets,
255
parallel constructions, rethorical questions and speak of
their emotional value.
4.5 Evaluating a story. Study the piece of theory below and define the
style of Text One. Prove your point of view with examples.
Essay, literary composition devoted to the presentation of the
writer's own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular
aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the
essay differs from such formal expository forms as the thesis,
dissertation, or treatise.
The essay is fundamentally an invention of the European
Renaissance and particularly of the French writer Michel Eyquem de
Montaigne. The development of the form may be considered a
result of the Renaissance emphasis on the individual, which
fostered exploration of one's inner self in relation to the outside
world. Montaigne's Essais (as he called the brief personal
meditations in prose that he began to publish in 1580) were created
in a time of great intellectual and social reorientation—a time when
Europeans were readjusting their visions and values with respect to
a vast number of matters, including death and the possibility of an
afterlife, travel and exploration, and social relationships. All of these
remain major themes of the essay.
When Renaissance individualism began to decline, essayists very
commonly assumed personas, using descriptive pseudonyms, or
they remained anonymous. Their themes continued, however, to be
determined by personal points of view. A pseudonym often
persuaded readers that they shared something in common with the
essayist. Thus, not only for his own protection but perhaps also to
256
establish rapport with his audience, the Anglo-Irish satirist Jonathan
Swift signed himself “A Drapier” in The Drapier's Letters (17241725), and pretended to be an economist in “A Modest Proposal”
(1729)—both highly provocative commentaries on conditions in
Ireland. In calling his essays on London life Sketches by Boz
(1836)—borrowing his brother's childhood nickname—the English
writer Charles Dickens continued the tradition. Perhaps the most
prodigious assumer of personas was the American humorist Samuel
Langhorne Clemens , whose social criticism was voiced in essays
variously signed Sergeant Fathom, Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass,
Satan, or W. Epaminondas Adrastus Blabb and Twain, Mark.
Because the essay allows the full range and expression of personal
concerns, its style is not fixed. It is not even confined to prose, as
the poems Essay on Criticism (1711) and Essay on Man (1733) by
the English writer Alexander Pope illustrate. The essay is a flexible
form and can be developed at the writer's will. It may be formal, as
in Essays, or Counsels Civil and Moral (1597-1625) of the English
philosopher and statesman Sir Francis Bacon, or casually
conversational, as in “On the Pleasure of Hating” (1823) by the
English critic William Hazlitt. It may be lyrical, as in Maine Woods
(1864) by the American philosopher Henry David Thoreau, or
oracular, as in the essays of another American transcendentalist,
Ralph Waldo Emerson—for example “Fate” (1860). An essay may
adopt the form of a letter, embodying whimsical comments on
contemporary values, as in the works of the British writers Oliver
Goldsmith (Citizen of the World,1762) and C. S. Lewis (Screwtape
Letters,1942). Bold contemporary experimenters in the essay form
257
include the American writers Norman Mailer, who developed a style
combining biography, cinematic documentary, history, journalism,
and fiction in such works as Armies of the Night (1968), reflections
on the protests against the Vietnam War (1959-1975); and Tom
Wolfe, whose essays (many of them collected in The Purple
Decades,1982) are devastatingly witty commentaries on
contemporary American trends.
Prominent Russian essayists include Ivan Turgenev
(in A Sportsman's Sketches,1852) and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who
a century later continued Turgenev's tradition of realistically
portraying social injustices. Like Mailer, Solzhenitsyn combined
fiction with reportage, and he expanded the essay form to
monumental proportions in The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: An
Experiment in Literary Investigation (three volumes, 1974-1978).
Thus, despite the opinion popularly held in the later 20th century
that the essay had declined or had ceased to be written and read,
the form has continued to grow, modified by changing times and
values. Additionally, the essay has been translated into the medium
of the motion picture. In Louisiana Story (1948), a movie
documentary by the American director Robert Flaherty, the narrator
focuses events into a point of view as surely as the photographer
and the director frame the same events. The documentary in turn
influenced the development of the television concept of a “visual
periodical,” in programs such as “60 Minutes”; “America,” narrated
by the Anglo-American journalist Alistair Cooke; and “Civilisation,”
narrated by the English art historian Sir Kenneth Clark.
258
4.6 Give a summary of your comments on the text.
TEXT 2
‘Russia’s New Rich’
4.7. Study the glossary to the article. Find the words in the context and
choose the proper translation.
blatant 1) вульгарний, крикливий A blatant, insolent materialism
threatens to engulf moral distinctions. — Вульгарний, нахабний
матеріалізм погрожує знищенням моральних відзнак. Syn: loud ,
flashy
2) волаючий, страшний, жахливий Syn: terrible, horrible 3)
очевидний, явний, волаючий a blatant lie — явна неправда
cronyism- призначення на посади по знайомству
flimsy 1) тонкий папір ( використовуваний для копіювання ); тж.
копія на такому папері
2) а) "папірець", банкнот б) телеграма
2.1) ламкий, неміцний, тендітний; тонкий ( про тканину )
flimsy wooden huts — неміцні дерев'яні хатини You wоn't be warm
enough in that flimsy dress. — Тобі не буде тепло в такій легкій
сукні.
Syn: frail, insubstantial , fragile , brittle
Ant: firm , rugged , solid , sturdy , substantial ,
2)
а)
необґрунтований,
безпідставний,
хибкий
flimsy
argument — непереконливий / слабкий довід
Syn: unconvincing б) незначний, дрібний, слабкий He gave the
flimsy excuse. — Він навів погану відмовку.
Syn: trivial , tenuous
259
gaudy I 1) велике свято Syn: rejoicing , joy , festival , merry-making
2) щорічний обід в англ. університетах ( на честь колишніх
студентів )
II
1)
несмачний,
кричущий,
яскравий
Syn:
garish
,
meretricious , tawdry 1., flashy Ant: modest , plain I 1., quiet 1., simple
1., tasteful 2) квітчастий, ( про стиль)
legion 1) рим. легіон ( основна організаційна і тактична одиниця в
армії Древнього Рима ) 2) легіон - Legion of Honour - foreign legion
3) асоціація ветеранів American Legion — Американський легіон (
асоціація ветеранів Америки ) 4) маса, безліч, сукупність their
name is Legion — ім'я їм легіон Syn: multitude , great number
lip-service нещирі слововиливи; порожні слова - pay lip-service to
smth. - pay lip-service to smb.
opulence 1) достаток, багатство Syn: wealth , riches , affluence 2)
надлишок ( сили, ресурсів і т.д. ) 3) розкіш ( тіла )
platitudes - банальність, заяложеність, площина, вульгарність,
тривіальність to mouth, utter a platitude — говорити, вимовляти
банальність to speak in platitudes — говорити банальності, сипати
побитими фразами Hе's always mouthing platitudes. — Він увесь
час говорить вульгарності. Syn: truism
platitudinarian
1.
банальний,
побитий,
неоригінальний,
вульгарний platitudinarian remark — банальне зауваження Syn:
banal , trite
2. людина, що говорить вульгарності, площини,
банальності; паскудник
poach 1) а) помішувати что-л. пальцем, рукою і т.д. Syn: poke б)
виколювати ока в) сунути пальці в дірки, отвори 2) а) намацувати
260
шлях тростиною, ціпком Syn: thrust б) тупотіти, топтати; розривати
землю копитами Syn: trample в) ставати м'якою, неміцною ( про
землю ); грузнути ( у такій землі ) Syn: soak г) змочувати ( щоб
зробити більш м'яким ) 3) а) незаконно вторгатися на територію з
метою украсти ( особливо
худобу чи дичину );
полювати
незаконно чи незаконними методами The police caught the young
man poaching for rabbits on the lоrd's land. — Поліція схопила
юнака за незаконне полювання на кроликів на землі лорда. Syn:
encroach
,
trespass
б)
переходити
на
половину
полю
супротивника і відбирати в нього м'яч в) нечесним образом
одержати перевагу на стрибках ( звичайно при старті забігу )
II [ ] 1) варити яйця без шкарлупи в окропі Syn: boil 2)
варити яйця в пароварці 3) варити що б те ні було на повільному
вогні Syn: simmer
poacher turned gamekeeper браконьєр, що став лісником ( про
людину, що поміняла переконання на протилежні )
rapacious 1) жадібний, жадібний rapacious appetite — жадібний
апетит Syn: avid , avaricious , greedy 2) хижий ( про тварин ) Syn:
raptorial
spawn 1) ікра ( маса з яєчок самок риб, молюсків, і т.п. ) Syn: roe II
2) (численний) виводок, потомство Syn: brood I 1.3) поріддя,
породження Syn: offspring 4) плоди, результат ( of ) Syn: product ,
result 1., effect 1.5) грибниця, міцелій ( вегетативне тіло грибів, що
складається з одноклітинних чи багатоклітинних ниток ) Syn:
mycelium 2.1) метати ікру 2) народжувати ( у великій кількості );
розмножуватися, плодитися ( про людей )
261
4.8. Read the essay ‘ Russia’s New Rich ’ by Vichael Specter
About the author: Michael Specter is a senior correspondent for the
New York Times. He was the Moscow bureau chief for the Times
from 1995 to 1998.
Since the 1991 breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR), Russia has embarked on a rocky transition from a planned,
state-run economy to one set free to market forces. In the early,
heady days of capitalism, a new breed of Russians, known as the
New Rich, has emerged.
Russia's New Rich
By Michael Specter
In the 1980s the surest sign of status and wealth in Moscow,
the capital of the USSR, was a Volvo: Ordinary people never owned
cars, let alone cars made in Sweden. A Volvo meant the owner was
a foreign diplomat, journalist, or a Soviet official with extremely rare
and powerful connections to the West.
That was before one of the most astonishingly rapid shifts in
wealth the world has ever seen. These days you could leave a Volvo
unlocked at night in a high-crime district in Moscow, and chances are
nobody would bother with it.
There are so many more rich people in Moscow—they are
uniformly referred to as New Russians, or the New Rich—that Volvos
no longer seem worth stealing. In 1997 more of the most expensive
models of Mercedes-Benz were sold in Moscow than in any other
city in the world. The riches accumulated by a few thousand
people—through an odd combination of cronyism, hard work, and
262
blatant theft—have astonished nearly everyone who has seen them,
spawning envy, fascination, and, naturally, some bitterness.
New Russian jokes, which say as much about today’s mood
in Moscow as any federal report possibly could, are legion. This one
is typical: Alex wants to date Masha. “Does your father have a
Mercedes?” she asks him. Reluctantly, he has to say no. “Well, does
your father have a three-story house in the country?” she asks.
Again the answer is no. “Get lost,” the vulgar young lady says. At
home, Alex complains to his stupefied father. The father picks up a
mobile phone and calls his driver. “Ivan, tomorrow go sell one of the
Rolls Royces and buy a Mercedes,” he says. Then he turns to his
son and continues, “But there is no way I am going to demolish the
top two stories of our dacha (country home) for that girl of yours.”
Behind all the jokes, of course, the opulence is not so simple,
and it is certainly not so common. Taken as a whole, Russian society
is significantly poorer than it was when the Soviet Union collapsed in
1991—in part because the Soviets destroyed a generation of
workers and factories—through poor management. The end of
Communism, and the closing of hundreds of factories, threw tens of
thousands of people with no special skills out of work. Many of the
enterprises that still operate fail to pay wages on time. And in the
new competitive environment that capitalism demands, workers
reared under Communism—particularly those over the age of 45—
have had a hard time learning to adapt to a new way of life.
263
In 1997 the wealthiest 10 percent of Russians—almost all of
them in the biggest cities, such as Moscow, Saint Petersburg, or
Nizhniy Novgorod—earned about 15 times as much as the poorest
10 percent. That ratio is not uncommon in the world—the disparity
between the richest and poorest is even higher in the United
States—but this is a country that until recently gave lip service to
Communist platitudes about an equal distribution of wealth.
No longer though. In Moscow, the home of most of the New
Rich because it is the home of most of the new wealth, there has
been an endless proliferation of restaurants since the mid-1990s.
Where fresh fish was once a delicacy whispered about among the
elite Communist leaders, today you can find it grilled or poached and
wrapped in figs. Restaurants here now routinely fly in lobster from
Maine and wine from California. It is not unusual for a meal in one
the city’s gaudier showcase restaurants to cost two people $300 with
a bottle of wine.
The New Rich often live in the same drab apartment blocks
they occupied during the Communist era, preferring to spend wildly
on dachas. Most Russians have dachas, although often they are
flimsy shacks without running water or electricity. But the dachas of
Russia’s New Rich are like nothing else on earth.
Most cost $1 million or more; rental prices can exceed
$40,000 a month. For that money you get many rooms in an old
mansion once inhabited by the Communist elite. There will also
264
typically be a house for guests, a sauna annex—and often—
underground passageways connecting them all.
The
New Rich
in
Russia
suddenly find
themselves
surrounded by a burgeoning service industry eager to cater to their
every whim. The Gold’s Gym in Moscow, for example, is one of the
busiest, most expensive, and most successful in the world. Many
expatriate businessmen belong to it, but most of the members are
Russians eager to pay $2000 or more a year to use its state-of-the
art equipment while their drivers wait in their Mercedes outside. After
the workout, people can relax at the juice bar with a $7 glass of
apple juice.
The transition from a rigidly controlled planned economy to
the freedom of the semi-open market made it all happen, of course.
It has been described as the biggest giveaway in history: Nickel
mines, defense factories, public works projects that were owned by
the state suddenly became private in huge numbers. And in a
desperate attempt to get businessmen to invest in the future of
Russia—many of those industries were all but given away—sold at a
fraction of their value to insiders.
In the Soviet era capitalism was a dirty word, and people who
practiced it drew prison sentences. Today the goal of most young
people is to become an entrepreneur. A transition that quick is
necessarily bumpy. Moscow’s many nightclubs pulse from dusk till
dawn; rich people think nothing of dropping $10,000 on French
265
champagne at a dinner party. Mercedes are often flanked by
Chevrolet Suburbans—chase cars—filled with bodyguards. And it is
not unusual for the children of wealthy parents to head off to their
private school each day with an apple in their rucksacks and a
bodyguard in the next seat.
Not all money has fallen into the hands of people who
obtained it solely through their connections or by illegal means. Nor
are all the New Rich of Russia stunningly wealthy. Many earned their
money by seeing ways to serve a new market before anyone else.
Russian travelers now spend more than $5 billion a year abroad;
villas in France are in demand, hotels in much of Europe are now
filled with Russian guests. As a result, travel agents are suddenly
successful and in demand. Dry cleaners did not even exist in Russia
in the 1980s. Now they pick up and deliver. So do pizza parlors and
computer repair people. Art galleries have proliferated, and
advertising, once almost nonexistent, is one of the fastest growing
businesses in the former workers’ state.
Of course there is a dark side to all the rapid accumulation of
wealth. For one thing most people don’t benefit from it—at least not
yet. Pensioners never lived as desperately in the Soviet system as
they do now. Students have been stranded by the loss of
government support, and the federal government—deeply in debt—
routinely fails to pay teachers, soldiers, and even its own bureaucrats
on time.
266
Some say rapacious greed is a necessary start on the road to
a free market. They point to Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s, when
Al Capone and other gangsters dominated the underworld, and to
the American robber barons of a century past. They are instructive
but not totally apt comparisons: the price of wealth in Russia can be
judged at the morgue. More than 100 people in Moscow alone—
bankers, businessmen, mobsters—were killed in gangland slayings
in 1997. Kidnappings have increased, and the rich have begun to
retreat behind the giant, constantly protected walls of gated
communities.
Normal Russians grumble and laugh, often saying a fine
bottle of Dom Pеrignon cannot be worth losing your life—even a rich
man’s life.
4.9 Use the expressions below in the sentences of your own. Try to make
a connected text on the problem of wealthy and poor division in our
society.

the surest sign of status and wealth

extremely rare and powerful connections to

astonishingly rapid shifts in wealth

an odd combination of cronyism, hard work, and blatant theft

spawn envy, fascination, and some bitterness

to destroy a generation of workers and factories

through poor management

with no special skills out of work

to adapt to a new way of life.
267

the disparity between the richest and poorest

to give lip service to

to be like nothing else on earth

to be eager to cater to one’s every whim

transition from a rigidly controlled planned economy to the
freedom of the semi-open market

giveaway in history

to become private in huge numbers

to invest in the future

to sell at a fraction of the value

the goal of most young people is to become an entrepreneur

to obtain solely through connections or by illegal means

to be successful and in demand

pick up and deliver

once almost nonexistent, is one of the fastest growing
businesses

the former workers’ state

to be stranded by the loss of government support

on the road to a free market

to retreat behind the giant, constantly protected walls of gated

communities
be worth losing your life
4.10 Discuss the following questions:
268
- Comment on the title of the chapter. What is the stylistic function
of the expression “New Rich” in it ? How does it help the reader to
grasp the idea of the text ?
- What is the main idea of the text at large and how is it conveyed
to the reader? Try to formulate it in brief.
- What does the author mean when giving the idea that “Of
course there is a dark side to all the rapid accumulation of wealth.
For one thing most people don’t benefit from it—at least not yet.
”? Express your own opinion on the subject.
- What does Michael Specter mean by “the opulence is not so
simple, and it is certainly not so common” and “ to head off to
their private school each day with an apple in their rucksacks and
a bodyguard in the next seat”? How does he treat the problem of
what he qualifies as “a dark side to all the rapid accumulation of
wealth”?
- Say what you think about it .
- What stylistic devices prevail in the text ? Point them out and
comment on their function.
4.11
Give a summary of your comments on the text.
TEXT 3
‘The Financier’
4.12 Study the glossary to the article. Find the words in the context and
choose the proper translation.
transfer 1) а) перенесення; переміщення Syn: transference ,
transmission б) переведення ( по службі ) І'vе been thinking again
about putting in for a transfer. — Я знову і знову повертаюся до
думки про перехід на іншу роботу. в) пересадження (на залізниці і
269
т.п. ) 2) а) пересадний, транзитний квиток б) пункт пересадження
в) обсяг пасажирів і вантажу, що доставляється з одного пункту в
інший
3) а) переведення, перерахування ( грошових сум )
telegraphic / cable transfer — телеграфне переведення the transfer
of an immense sum of public money — переведення великої суми
суспільних грошей б) поступка, передача ( майна, права і т.п. );
цесія; трансферт transfer of authority — передача права,
повноважень 4) а) переведення фарб на полотно ( при
реставруванні ) б) переведення малюнка і т.п. на іншу поверхню;
перекладні картинки в) дзеркальний відбиток
2. 1) а) переносити, переміщати ( from - з; to - в) Syn: move ,
transmit б) перевозити, транспортувати, переправляти Syn:
transport 2.2) а) пересаджуватися ( на інший трамвай, автобус і
т.п. ); робити пересадження ( на залізниці ) б) переходити ( з
однієї роботи на іншу ); переводитися transfer to another
department — перевести кого-л. в інший відділ students may
transfer to other colleges — студенти можуть переходити в інші
коледжі Syn: transform , change 2.3) а) передавати ( майно і т.п. )
б) здійснювати переведення коштів, прав
Syn: convey 4) а)
переводити малюнок на іншу поверхню б) наносити малюнок на
літографський камінь - transfer from - transfer into
ledger 1) головна книга, гроссбух 2) поперечна балка 3)
надгробна плита
commission 1) а) доручення; повноваження - in commission to do
smth б) указівка, наказ діяти якимось чином Syn: order , command ,
instruction 2) посада а) звання офіцера, офіцерський чин;
обов'язки, зв'язані з офіцерським чином; документ, що дає такі
270
повноваження - get a commission - resign оnе's commission б)
звання, посада, обов'язки світового судді; документ, що дає такі
повноваження - be on the commission Syn: commission of peace 3)
комісія ( як група уповноважених осіб ) - accrediting commission standing commission - interim commission
а) комісійний продаж
Sold by commission from the makers. — Продається від імені і з
доручення творців. б) комісійна винагорода He must also pay a
commission, usually five percent, to his London agent. — Він також
повинен сплачувати комісію, звичайно п'ять відсотків, своєму
агенту в Лондоні. в) доручення; замовлення He received a
commission to paint a landscape. — Він одержав замовлення на
пейзаж. 5) здійснення якоїсь дії, звичайно: порушення закону
There are very few men who delight in the commission of cruelty —
Існує лише небагато людей, що одержують задоволення від
здійснення насильства. - sin of commission 6) ряд морських
термінів а) озброєння б) введення до ладу судна - come into
commission - in commission - out of commission - ship in commission
в) термін служби судна 2.1) призначати на посаду commission 1.2)
The King commissioned new judges to administer justice. — Король
призначив
нових
суддів
вершити
правосуддя.
2)
а)
уповноважувати ( у юридичному і загальномовному змісті ) Any
sergeant commissioned to ride the circuit. — Будь який сержант,
уповноважений об'їжджати округ. I am commissioned to make you
an offer which I have told him you would not accept. — Я виконую
його прохання і роблю вам пропозицію, яку , як я йому сказав, ви
навряд чи приймете. Syn: authorize , empower б) посилати
із
завданням Syn: send , dispatch 3) доручати, давати, робити
271
замовлення; виписувати I have commissioned him to do a sketch of
the park for me. — Я замовив йому начерк парку. І'vе
commissioned a walking-stick for my lord from Paris. — Я виписав
для свого пана тростину з Парижа. Syn: order 4) а) підготовляти
корабель до плавання ( укомплектовувати особовим складом,
боєприпасами і т.п. , commission 1.5) ) б) призначати капітаном
корабля; одержувати призначення на капітанську посаду Thеrе's a
super-Dreadnought commissioning soon. — Незабаром на супердредноут призначать капітана.
ship 1) а) корабель; морське судно ( на силовому чи вітрильному
двигуні
) to abandon ship (when it is sinking) — залишити
(потопаюче) судно to board a ship — сісти на корабель to christen
a ship — давати кораблю ім'я, називати корабель to disembark
from a ship — висадитися з корабля to jump ship — дезертирувати
з корабля to launch a ship — спускати судно на воду to load a ship
— завантажувати судно to navigate a ship — вести корабель to
raise a sunken ship — піднімати затонуле судно to refit a ship —
переобладнати корабель to sail a ship — керувати кораблем to
scuttle, sink a ship — затопити судно to take ship — сісти на
корабель to torpedo a ship — підірвати судно to unload a ship —
розвантажувати судно a ship heaves — судно йде a ship pitches —
судно піддається кільовій хитавиці a ship rolls — судно випробує
бортову хитавицю - battleship - capital ship - hospital ship merchant ship - oceangoing ship - passenger ship - rocket ship sailing ship - weather ship Syn: vessel , boat 1. б) трищоглова
шхуна; вітрильне судно в) академічна гоночна вісімка Syn: rowboat , eight-oar 2) екіпаж, команда корабля the ship was paid off —
272
екіпаж судна розпустили Syn: crew 3) у переносному значенні про багатьо інших засобів пересування а) дирижабль Syn: airship
б) ракета, космічний корабель Syn: spacecraft , spaceship в) літак
Syn: airplane
пропливають
ships that pass in the night — кораблі, що
мимо
у
ночі;
випадково
зустрінуті
люди,
скороминущі зустрічі ( Longfellow, 1873 ) to give up the ship, to burn
оnе's ships — спалювати свої кораблі; розставатися з минулим
when my ship comes home / in — коли я розбагатію 2.1) а)
вантажити,
навантажувати
корабель;
робити
посадку
на
корабель, приймати людей на борт the shipped cargo —
занурений на корабель вантаж all the people were shipped — усі
піднялися на борт Syn: load 2. б) сідати на корабель, підніматися
на борт Syn: embark 2) плисти на кораблі, по морю ( куда-л. - to,
into, from ) 3) а) перевозити на кораблі, відправляти кораблем to
ship by a steamer — відвантажувати пароплавом, відправляти на
пароплаві б) , перевозити (вантажі і т.п. ) по
залізниці чи за
допомогою інших транспортних засобів to ship freight by rail —
відправляти вантажі
залізницею Syn: transport 2., send в)
виселяти, випирати, виставляти ( тж. to ship off ) we were shipped
off — нас виставили Syn: send off , get rid of , dismiss 1., expel 4)
про
швидкопсувні
продукти-
переносити
перевезення;
транспортуватися, перевозитися ( добре чи погано ) banana ships
well — банани зручні в транспортуванні 5) а) наймати команду (
на судно ) б) найматися, надходити матросом 6) черпати,
набирати бортом води ( про судно; тж. to ship a sea ) 7) а)
ставити, установлювати, фіксувати ( щоглу, кермо ) б) уставляти
весла в кочети • - ship off - ship out - ship up - ship over
273
consignment 1) партія відправленого / прибулого товару, вантаж
2) а) консигнаційне відправлення товарів Syn: delivery , committal ,
allotment б) транспортна накладна, фактура; to sell on consignment
— продавати по накладних;
накладна; consignor
consignment note вантажна
відправник вантажу;
consignor of goods
відправник вантажу Syn: shipper
confront 1) протистояти, дивитися в обличчя ( небезпеки і т.п. )
John Hampden had the courage to confront the whole power of the
government.
—
У
Джона
Хэмпдена
вистачило
сміливості
протистояти всій силі уряду. Syn: oppose 2) а) стояти проти;
стояти
віч-на-віч;
зіштовхуватися
віч-на-віч
The
manager
confronted his work with determination. — Менеджер з жаром
прийнявся за роботу. Fearless hunters confront wild animals with
bravery. — Безстрашні мисливці сміло йдуть на диких звірів. They
confronted the possibility of failure. — Вони стояли перед можливим
банкрутством. б) зіштовхувати to confront a reader with statistics —
знайомити читача зі статистичними даними в) робити очну ставку
( with ) Mr. Hastings, instead of choosing to confront his accuser,
resisted enquiry. — Містер Гастингс замість того, щоб зустрітися зі
своїм обвинувачем віч-на-віч, вчинив опір слідству. • Syn:
encounter 2.3) порівнювати, зіставляти The old order of things
makes so poor a figure when confronted with the new. — Старий
порядок речей виглядає набагато гірше при порівнянні з новим
порядком. Syn: compare , collate
solicit 1) а) просити, прохати; благати Syn: entreat , beg , request
2. б) випрошувати 2) вимагати; запитувати, питати, клопотати
274
Syn: demand 2.3) приставати до чоловіка на вулиці ( про повій ) 4)
підмовляти, підбурювати 5) практикувати ( про адвоката )
glut 1.1) надлишок, надлишок, зайва кількість; надмірність,
непомірність ( у їжі і т.п.) glut in / on the market — затоварення
ринку 2) пересичення, насичення; пересиченість Syn: satiety ,
surfeit 2.1) насичувати; задовольняти потреби; пересичувати ( with
) Children at any party will glut themselves with cake and ice cream,
and not touch healthier foods. — На будь-якому дні народження
діти люблять наїдатися тістечками і морозивом. Ні б зїсти щонебудь більш корисне! Syn: surfeit 2) завалювати, наповняти до
відмовлення; затоварювати, забивати товаром ( with ) The shops
are glutted with fruit from abroad, because nobody will pay the high
prices. — Магазини завалені імпортними фруктами, тому що ніхто
їх не купує через високу ціну.
quarter 1) а) чверть, четверта частина A quarter of the population
voted for him. — За нього проголосувала чверть населення.
exactly a quarter of a circle, or 90 degree — точно четверта частина
кола, чи 90 градусів Syn: one of four equal parts , fourth part , onefourth , fourth б) чверть, четвертна нота ( тж. quarter-note ) 2) а)
четвертина ( четверта частина, що включає ногу, на яку
поділяють тушу при обробленні; у домашнього птаха - частина,
що включає чи ногу крило ) - fifth quarter б) чотири частини тіла
людини, кожна кінцівка, що включає, на які поділялося тіло
людини при четвертуванні Their heads and quarters were still rotting
on poles. — Їхні голови і четвертовані частини усе ще висіли і
розкладалися на столбах. в) задня частина ( тварини ), круп (
коня ) Syn: hind-quarter , haunch 3) чверть геральдичного щита -
275
grand quarter 4) чверть ( четверта частина какой-л. міри: міра
сипучих тіл = 2,9 гектолітри; міра ваги = 12,7 кг; міра довжини: 1/4
ярда = 22,86 див, 1 / 4 милі = 402,24 м) 5) біг на чверть милі 6)
міра часу а) квартал, чверть року б) чверть в) четверта частина
місячного періоду; положення місяця між першою і другою чи
третьою і четвертою фазами; зрушення по фазі на 90 градусів г)
чверть години, 15 хвилин a quarter to one, a quarter of one — за
чверть перша a quarter past nine — чверть на десяту The clock
struck the quarter. — Годинник пробили чверть. - bad quarter of an
hour д) один період гри, що продовжується чотири періоди, чи
чотири тайми 7) а) 25 центів ( четверта частина американського
чи канадського долара ) His allowance was a quarter a week. —
Його тижневий зміст складала 25 центов. б) монета в 25 центів 8)
чверть румба 9) сторона світу, частина світла Venus was also
seen in the southern quarter. — Венера була також видна в
південній півкулі. 10) місце, місцевість, бік a distant quarter —
віддалене місце The troops attacked the city from all quarters. —
Війська атакували місто з усіх боків. Syn: area , place , location ,
locality , region , district 11) коло облич a suspicion that even in the
highest quarters justice had ceased to be much considered —
підозра, що навіть у вищих колах справедливість перестала
особливо цінуватися 12) квартал ( міста ) the Jewish quarter —
єврейський квартал the Latin Quarter of Paris — Латинський
квартал Парижа residential quarter — квартал житлових будинків
13) а) житло, житло, квартира We must find quarters before nightfall.
— Ми повинні знайти яке-небудь житло, перш ніж наступить ніч.
bachelor quarters — будинок холостяка Syn: lodging , housing ,
276
dwelling-place , place to stay , place to live , board , shelter б) ;
квартири, казарми; стоянка; посада to find quarters — знайти
квартиру officers' quarters — офіцерські казарми winter-quarters —
зимові казарми to beat to quarters, sound off quarters — бити збір в)
; хатини ( у який жили негри на плантаціях ) 14) взаємини з ,
поводження стосовно ; to keep good (fair) quarter(s) with —
зберігати, підтримувати гарні відносини з 15) пощада, милосердя
( виявляються по відношенню до бранця ) to ask for / to cry quarter
— просити пощади The king gave no quarter to traitors. — Король
не пощадив зрадників. Several of them uttered a cry of "Quarter
quarter". — Деякі з них видали лемент "Пощади, пощади". Syn:
clemency , mercy 16) а) бічна сторона ратиці в коня б) задник (
чобота ) 17) кормова частина судна 18) дерев'яний чотиригранний
брус 2.1) а) поділяти на чотири (рівні) частини She quartered the
sandwiches and put them on a serving tray. — Вона розділила
бутерброди на чотири частини і поклала їх на підніс. Syn: cut into
quarters , slice four ways б) четвертувати 2) поділяти на більше чи
менше (чим чотири) числа частин 3) поділяти ( щит ) на чверті чи
на
будь-яке
число
частин,
утворених
вертикальними
і
горизонтальними лініями; поміщати в одній із чвертей щита новий
герб 4) поселяти, поміщати на квартиру; розквартировувати (
особ. війська ); ставити на постій ( on, upon - до кому-л. ) He was
then quartered in Edinburgh as a lieutenant. — Його тоді оселили в
Единбурзі як лейтенанта. Syn: station , place , lodge , billet 5)
квартирувати, жити ( at ) an atmosphere of manner belonging to
those who have quartered in various countries — манера і стиль
поводження, характерні для тих, хто жив у різних країнах Syn: stay
277
, reside , lodge 6) будувати з чотиригранного бруса 7) а)
нишпорити ( у пошуках дичини - про мисливських собак ), літати,
кружляти ( про хижих птахів ) б) бродити, переходити з місця на
місце в) петляти, переміщатися з однієї сторони дороги на іншу (
напр., при підйомі ) 8) звільняти дорогу, звертати ( щоб дати
дорогу зустрічному транспорту ) 9) вступати в нову фазу ( про
місяць )
4.13 Read the text from ‘The Financier’ by Theodor Dreiser.
FROM The Financier
by Theodore Dreiser
Dreiser, Theodore Herman Albert (1871-1945), American
novelist and journalist of the naturalist school. Although
some critics regarded his style as clumsy and plodding,
Dreiser was generally recognized as an American literary
pioneer.
Born in Terre Haute, Indiana, Dreiser was a reporter for the
Chicago Daily Globe in 1892, dramatic editor and traveling
correspondent for the St. Louis Globe Democrat from 1892
to 1893, and traveling correspondent for the St. Louis
Republic from 1893 to 1894. His career as a novelist began
in 1900 with Sister Carrie, which he wrote in the intervals
between work for various magazines. The novel tells the
story of a small-town girl who moves to Chicago and
eventually becomes a Broadway star in New York City. It
also traces the decline and eventual suicide of her lover. By
the time Dreiser's second novel, Jenny Gerhardt, was
published in 1911, his work had found influential supporters,
including the British novelists H. G. Wells and Sir Hugh
Seymour Walpole, and he was able to devote himself
entirely to literature. Dreiser believed in representing life
honestly in his fiction. He accomplished this through
accurate detail, especially in his descriptions of the urban
settings in which many of his stories take place. In his
278
naturalistic portrayals Dreiser saw his characters as victims
of social and economic forces, and of fate, all of which
conspire against them. Dreiser's last novels, The Bulwark
and The Stoic, appeared posthumously, in 1946 and 1947;
in 1983 his autobiographical An Amateur Laborer was
published.
Frank Cowperwood …turned out to be the most efficient clerk
that the house of Waterman & Co. had ever known. They put him on
the books at first as assistant bookkeeper, vice Mr. Thomas Trixler,
dismissed, and in two weeks George said: "Why don't we make
Cowperwood head bookkeeper? He knows more in a minute than that
fellow Sampson will ever know."
"All right, make the transfer, George, but don't fuss so. "He
won't be a bookkeeper long, though. I want to see if he can't handle
some of these transfers for me after a bit."
The books of Messrs. Waterman & Co., though fairly
complicated, were child's play to Frank. He went through them with an
ease and rapidity which surprised his erstwhile superior, Mr.
Sampson.
"Why, that fellow," Sampson told another clerk on the first day
he had seen Cowperwood work, "he's too brisk. He's going to make a
bad break. I know that kind. Wait a little bit until we get one of those
rush credit and transfer days." But the bad break Mr. Sampson
anticipated did not materialize. In less than a week Cowperwood
knew the financial condition of the Messrs. Waterman as well as they
did--better--to a dollar. He knew how their accounts were distributed;
from what section they drew the most business; who sent poor
279
produce and good--the varying prices for a year told that. To satisfy
himself he ran back over certain accounts in the ledger, verifying his
suspicions. Bookkeeping did not interest him except as a record, a
demonstration of a firm's life. He knew he would not do this long.
Something else would happen; but he saw instantly what the grain
and commission business was—every detail of it. He saw where, for
want of greater activity in offering the goods consigned--quicker
communication with shippers and buyers, a better working agreement
with surrounding commission men--this house, or, rather, its
customers, for it had nothing, endured severe losses. A man would
ship a tow-boat or a car-load of fruit or vegetables against a
supposedly rising or stable market; but if ten other men did the same
thing at the same time, or other commission men were flooded with
fruit or vegetables, and there was no way of disposing of them within
a reasonable time, the price had to fall. Every day was bringing its
special consignments. It instantly occurred to him that he would be of
much more use to the house as an outside man disposing of heavy
shipments, but he hesitated to say anything so soon. More than likely,
things would adjust themselves shortly.
…Brother Henry was for trying him on the outside. It was not
always possible to fill the orders with the stock on hand, and
somebody had to go into the street or the Exchange to buy and
usually he did this. One morning, when way-bills indicated a probable
glut of flour and a shortage of grain--Frank saw it first--the elder
Waterman called him into his office and said:
"Frank, I wish you would see what you can do with this
condition that confronts us on the street. By to-morrow we're going to
280
be overcrowded with flour. We can't be paying storage charges, and
our orders won't eat it up. We're short on grain. Maybe you could
trade out the flour to some of those brokers and get me enough grain
to fill these orders."
"I'd like to try," said his employee.
He knew from his books where the various commissionhouses were. He knew what the local merchants' exchange, and the
various commission-merchants who dealt in these things, had to offer.
This was the thing he liked to do--adjust a trade difficulty of this
nature. It was pleasant to be out in the air again, to be going from
door to door. He objected to desk work and pen work and poring over
books. As he said in later years, his brain was his office. He hurried to
the principal commission-merchants, learning what the state of the
flour market was, and offering his surplus at the very rate he would
have expected to get for it if there had been no prospective glut. Did
they want to buy for immediate delivery (forty-eight hours being
immediate) six hundred barrels of prime flour? He would offer it at
nine dollars straight, in the barrel. They did not. He offered it in
fractions, and some agreed to take one portion, and some another. In
about an hour he was all secure on this save one lot of two hundred
barrels, which he decided to offer in one lump to a famous operator
named Genderman with whom his firm did no business. The latter, a
big man with curly gray hair, a gnarled and yet pudgy face, and little
eyes that peeked out shrewdly through fat eyelids, looked at
Cowperwood curiously when he came in.
281
"What's your name, young man?" he asked, leaning back in
his wooden chair.
"Cowperwood."
"So you work for Waterman & Company? You want to make a
record, no doubt. That's why you came to me?"
Cowperwood merely smiled.
"Well, I'll take your flour. I need it. Bill it to me."
Cowperwood hurried out. He went direct to a firm of brokers in
Walnut Street, with whom his firm dealt, and had them bid in the grain
he needed at prevailing rates. Then he returned to the office.
"Well," said Henry Waterman, when he reported, "you did that
quick. Sold old Genderman two hundred barrels direct, did you?
That's doing pretty well. He isn't on our books, is he?"
"No, sir."
"I thought not. Well, if you can do that sort of work on the
street you won't be on the books long."
Thereafter, in the course of time, Frank became a familiar
figure in the commission district and on 'change (the Produce
Exchange), striking balances for his employer, picking up odd lots of
things they needed, soliciting new customers, breaking gluts by
disposing of odd lots in unexpected quarters. Indeed the Watermans
were astonished at his facility in this respect. He had an uncanny
faculty for getting appreciative hearings, making friends, being
introduced into new realms. New life began to flow through the old
channels of the Waterman company. Their customers were better
satisfied. George was for sending him out into the rural districts to
drum up trade, and this was eventually done.
282
4.14 Use the expressions below in the sentences of your own. Try to
make a connected text describing your experience of taking a new job .
 a demonstration of a firm's life

for want of greater activity

He had an uncanny faculty for getting appreciative hearings,
making friends, being introduced into new realms

to object to desk work and pen work and poring over books

his brain was his office

More than likely, things would adjust themselves shortly.

New life began to flow through the old channels

our orders won't eat it up

picking up odd lots of things they needed

though fairly complicated, were child's play to

to drum up trade

to turn out to be the most efficient

to make a bad break

went through them with an ease and rapidity

were astonished at his facility in this respect

to be short on grain

which surprised his erstwhile superior, Mr. Sampson.

you won't be on the books long
4.15 Discuss the following questions:
- Comment on the personality of Frank in the text.
What is the author’s attitude to this character?
-
Sum up the characters involved in the passage
discussed. Summarize the writer’s method in
283
presenting his characters. Pick out verbs and
adjectives characterising each of the personages.
Take notice of their manner of speech and behaviour.
What do we learn about them through their behaviour,
through their actual and inner speech?
-
Define the settings of the extract.
4.16 Evaluating a story. Study the piece of theory below and define the
settings of the Text .
The setting of a novel—the time and place of its action—is crucial to
the creation of a complete work. Physical places such as deserts
and outer space, as well as cultural settings such as hospitals and
universities, help determine characters’ conflicts, aspirations, and
destinies.
In the 19th century, writers such as Honore de Balzac of France,
Ivan Turgenev of Russia, and Charles Dickens of England provided
great amounts of detail when describing their novels’ settings, and
they did so for specific reasons. In Balzac’s Pиre Goriot (1834; Old
Goriot), the main character arrives in Paris and finds lodging at a
boarding house, the Maison Vauquer. The house’s shabby furniture
and stained linens represent the struggles of lower-middle-class life.
In Ottsy i deti (1862; Fathers and Sons), Turgenev distinguishes
between two kinds of country families by contrasting the elegance
and the earthiness of their respective households. The
ominousness of Dickens’s Great Expectations (1860-1861)
284
proceeds as much from the bleak marshes and the Gothic house
owned by the character Miss Havisham as from anything the
characters say or do.
Some novelists pay less attention to specific physical objects.
English writer Jane Austen, for example, is less concerned with
items in a room than Dickens is, but this does not mean she is not
concerned with social environment. In focusing, rather precisely, on
details such as Mr. Bennet’s income in Pride and Prejudice (1813)
or Mr. Eliot’s background in Persuasion (1818), she creates an
atmosphere in which a character’s background and home town—
whether London, the town of Meryton, or somewhere in northern
England—becomes central to the story.
Sometimes novelists make time and place so essential to the
narrative that they become as important as the characters
themselves. Often this occurs when novels are set in a single,
distinctive location. For example, Wuthering Heights (1847) by
English novelist Emily Brontл, The Scarlet Letter (1850) by
American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Tess of the d’Urbervilles
(1891) by English novelist Thomas Hardy are inconceivable without
their settings of Stonehenge, colonial New England, and the
Yorkshire moors, respectively.
4.17
Give a summary of your comments on the text.
285
PART 5
TRANSLATION PRACTICE
5.1 Study the following material on translation techniques.
Описовий переклад
Описовий переклад використовують, коли з тих чи інших
причин калькування неможливе. При цьому способі відбувається
розширення компонентного складу, а також значні зміни в
структурно-граматичному побудуванню речення. Такий спосіб
робить неминучою втрату інформації за рахунок образності та
експресивності,
позбавляє
текст
притаманного
йому
національного колориту та своєрідності. Однак він має ту
перевагу,
що
виключає
неповне
розуміння
(
що
часто
відбувається , коли нове слово запозичується з новим поняттям).
Описовий переклад- найбільш розповсюджений засіб передачі
сучасних реалій.
Гіперонімічне перейменування
Термін „гіпонімія” впровадив у мовознавство Дж. Лайенз
для позначення видо- родових відношень. В. Виноградов і А.
Федоров застосували цей термін у перекладознавстві, назвавши
„гіпонімічним” такий переклад, при якому видове поняття мовиджерела передається родовим мови- сприймача. Отже, гіперонім
не відтворює усього обсягу семантики гіпоніма, а лише наближає
до неї. Виходячи із семантики відповідних грецьких слів
(гіперонім- родове поняття стосовно гіпоніма- видового поняття),
є доречним назвати цей вид перекладу гіперонімічним.
Гіперонімічне перейменування – досить поширений вид
перекладу реалій, пов'язаний із засадним поняттям лексичних
трансформацій,
категоризацією
286
денотата,
визнанням
ізоморфізму частини й цілого, генералізацією. Усе це належить
до мовних універсалій. Можливість такого виду трансляційного
перейменування, такої деконкретизації зв'язана з наявністю
міжмовних гіпонімів, які, в свою чергу, зумовлені гіпонімією як
мовною універсалією. При гіперонімічному перейменуванні , по
суті відбувається дереалізація реалій, тому що часто конкретне
поняття
передається
розпливчатої
референції
лексемою
.
При
надзвичайно
такому
виді
широкої,
перекладу
стилістична роль реалій незначна.
Водночас
гіперонімічне
перейменування
має
певні
позитивні риси. Якщо інші способи відтворення реалій часто
надмірно актуалізують текст, бо вносять в нього щось нове, що
приковує до себе увагу, то гіперонімічне перейменування
належить до нейтральних методів. Оскільки перекладні тексти як
поле різноманітної мовної та лінгвокультурної інтерференції
часто надзвичайно актуалізовані незалежно від суб'єктивних
намірів перекладача і, тим паче, автора, метод гіперонімічного
перейменування може виявитися корисним.
Гіперонімічний переклад передає семантику так званих
денотативних реалій з втратою семи „локальність” і окремих
семантико- диференційних ознак.
З цитати із Другої Інавгураційної промови Біла Клінтона,
звернемо увагу на реалію welfare rolls.
There is work to do, work that government alone cannot
do: teaching children to read; hiring people off welfare rolls; coming
out from behind locked doors and shuttered windows to help reclaim
287
our streets from drugs and gangs and crime; taking time out of our
own lives to serve others.
Є ще багато роботи, - роботи, яку уряд поодинці не
зможе зробити: навчити дітей читати, подолати безробіття,
вийти з-за зачинених дверей та визирнути з-за зачинених вікон
щоб допомогти очистити наші вулиці від наркотиків та
злодіїв;- присвятити частку свого життя служінню іншим.
Гіперонімічне перейменування welfare rolls: безробіття не
адекватне. Безробіття- нейтральне позначення, а welfare rolls крім загального денотативного значення приналежності до стану
безробітних,-
означає
списки
тих,
хто
одержує
поміч
по
безробіттю. Щодо конотативної семантики, то реалія „welfare rolls
” має ще імпліцитне значення бути одним із бідних (бо одержує
грошову допомогу ), та локальне віднесення „американський
спосіб допомоги
безробітним”. Усі конотативні семи, локальна
сема і частина денотативних сем при
даному гіперонімічному
перекладі не відтворюються.
Дескриптивна перифраза
Коли
експліцитності
у
виникає
необхідність
процесі
перекладу,
у
високій
часто
ступені
застосовують
дескриптивну перифразу, чому сприяють контекстно-ситуативні
чинники.
Коротко
охарактеризувати
перифразу
можна
як
описовий зворот, за допомогою якого явище, предмет, особа,
реалія називаються не прямо, а описово, через характерні їх
риси. Зазвичай цей спосіб використовують для передавання
сучасних реалій (реалій 90-2000 років). За допомогою описової
перифрази
відтворюють
семантику
288
деяких
часових
реалій
національного календаря. Оскільки дескриптивні перифрази
майже ніколи повністю не відтворюють семантики оригіналу для
іноземного читача,
перекладач, застосовуючи дескриптивний
метод, не повинен втрачати почуття міри, щоб у погоні за
правдою деталі не розминутися із художньою правдою цілого.
5.2 Define which of the previously described types of the translation
techniques is used for each realia. Prove your point of view. Try to find
your own – maybe, better- variant of translation.
1.
АМЕРИКАНСЬКА РЕАЛІЯ
УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ПЕРЕКЛАД
Child safety campaigns
Кампанія за безпеку дітей
на дорозі
2.
Native American
американські індеанці
3.
ad hoc group
Група, що була спеціально
створена для проекту
4.
комісія з вироблення
steering committee
регламенту
5.
ті, що мають право голоса,
voting and nonvoting
та спостерегачі.
6.
7.
the Western Anti-Slavery
Рух проти Рабства
Movement
Американьского Заходу
while holding down a full-
Працювати
time job.
8.
позашлюбних народжень
out-of-wedlock
дітей
9.
those aboriginals of America
докорінні жителі Америки
мешканці територій навколо
10. the Mississippians
289
Міссісіпі
сучасний Сент-Луісом (штат
11. what is now St. Louis,
Міссурі)
Missouri
12. the Mississippians’ “Great
Sun” king
Король мешканців району
Міссісіпі - „Велике Сонце”
час президентства Джорджа
13. Washington's day
Вашингтона
час президентства
14. Lincoln's day
Лінкольна
15. Nation
Американська нація
16. when the life of this Republic
коли під час Великої
seemed frozen by a fatalistic
депресії життя нашої
terror
Республіки, здавалося,
змерзло від фаталістичного
жаху
Конгрес та Виконавча влада
17. the Congress and the
Executive
18. the Union
Наша державність
19. the Constitution
Американська Конституція
20. Articles of Association
Хартія Угод
21. thirteen States
тринадцять штатів, що
заснували державу
5.3 Continue your research work with collecting examples and
commentary by filling in the chart:
Chart R
Методи та
Приклади з власної
290
Коментар (доречність
засоби
трансляції
учбової
перекладацької
практики
використання методу)
Гіперонімічне
перейменування
Дескриптивна
перифраза
5.4 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. What proper names are
impossible to be translated using these translation techniques? Give
your reasons. What other translation techniques have you used ?
The new organization incorporated as the Copper River Watershed
Project (CRWP), and its founding board adopted bylaws and policies
that set up two classes of membership: voting and nonvoting.
Riki Ott, who holds a doctorate in marine toxicology, was the
founding executive director of the Copper River Watershed Project
and now works as a consultant to the project.
She wrote Alaska’s Copper River Delta (University of Washington
Press, 1998) and is currently writing a book about the Exxon Valdez
oil spill.
5.5 Divide your group into micro groups of two or three. Each of the
micro groups must choose a different set of sentences and translate it
into Ukrainian. First work independently. Pay special attention to the
italised words. Be sure to collect and enlist all the variants of translation
within your group. Discuss the variants and decide which is the best.
Present it to the rest of the students.
Set 1
291
1. Native Americans had a variety of family organizations,
including the nuclear family (two adults and their children),
with near relatives, clans, and other forms of kinship.
2. Americans applied the political ideal of “Life, Liberty, and the
pursuit of Happiness” to family life.
3. It was my privilege to celebrate May day by officiating at a
wedding in a farmhouse among the hills of West Brookfield.
4. The bridegroom was a leader in the Western Anti-Slavery
Movement.
Наречений був лідером Західного Руху проти Рабства .
Set 2
5. I never perform the marriage ceremony without a renewed
sense of the iniquity of our present system of laws in respect
to marriage; a system by which "man and wife are one, and
that one is the husband."
6. The 1960s and early 1970s saw the emergence and
expansion of movements dealing with black power, students’
rights, women's rights, gay and lesbian rights, Native
American rights, and environmental protection.
7. Some wives felt that they had to be supermoms, continuing to
cook, clean, and volunteer for local activities, while holding
down a full-time job.
8. A United States Census Bureau report released in June
1996 illustrated the widening gap between the highest and
lowest income earners in the United States.
Set 3
292
9.
Non-marital unions (couples living together but not married)
and out-of-wedlock births soared, particularly among the
most financially pressured Americans, although movie and
music stars were the most visible of those rejecting
traditional marriages .
10. “Great question has arisen, from whence came those
aboriginals of America? Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
State of Virginia 1787.”
11. Archaeologists and anthropologists continue to ponder the
mysteries of the first Americans just as Thomas Jefferson did
in the 18th century.
12. In what is now the United States, the Mississippians built
cities surrounded by farmland between present–day St. Louis,
Missouri, (where their city of Cahokia was larger than
medieval London) and Natchez, Mississippi.
5.6 Exchange your opinions as to the translation of the following:
1. And we don't wish to turn back time, but when our
mothers were young, Mr. Majority Leader, the
Congress and the Executive were capable of working
together to produce a budget on which this nation
could live.
Ми не хочемо повернути час назад, але коли наші
матері були молодими, Пан Голова Більшості, Конгрес
та Виконавча влада могли працювати разом заради
створення бюджету, згідно з яким могла жити країна.
2. The Union is much older than the Constitution.
293
Наша державність значно старіша, ніж Конституція.
3. It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in
1774.
Вона була створена, фактично, Хартією Угод у 1774
році.
4. It was further matured, and the faith of all the then
thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged that it
should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation
in 1778.
Вона набула подальшого розвитку,
і віра всіх, тоді
ще,тринадцяти штатів і обіцянка , що цей союз буде
довічним, була виражена «Статтями Конфедерації»договором щодо створення конфедерації тринадцяти
штатів США (до прийняття Конституції США)
What pros and cons does each of the variants have? What translation
methods are applied?
5.7 Make the written translation of the article into English.
На захист внутрішнього ринку
Оксана ГОЛОВКО, "Урядовий кур'єр"
Черкащина - край розвинутого промислового виробництва і
агропромислового
комплексу.
Тому
й
чимало
проблем,
притаманних сьогодні різним галузям вітчизняної економіки та
соціальної сфери, тут як на долоні. Адже у непростий час
загострення світової ринкової конкуренції важливо не лише
зберегти позитивну динаміку макроекономічного розвитку країни,
а й докласти всіх зусиль для захисту внутрішнього ринку і
національних інтересів держави.
294
Ще одна болюча тема -вітчизняне сільгоспмашинобудування. На
думку Анатолія Кінаха, на серійне виробництво вітчизняної
сільськогосподарської техніки в Україні можна буде вийти через
4-6 років. Однак це залежатиме насамперед від того, чи зуміють
законодавча і виконавча гілки влади створити для розвитку
вітчизняного сільськогосподарського машинобудування належні
законодавчі умови. Анатолій Кінах зазначив, що для того, аби такі
державні пріоритети втілювалися в життя, потрібні відповідні
законодавчі
рішення,
бюджетна,
фінансова,
податкова
та
інвестиційна політика, підтримка галузі економічними і ринковими
методами. І, зрозуміло, лише через серійне виробництво можна
досягти в майбутньому зниження собівартості цієї техніки і
підвищення її конкурентоспроможності.
Половина підприємств
легкої промисловості на Черкащині нині збиткові і торік допустили
збитки на загальну суму понад 5 мільйонів гривень. За словами
Володимира
Лук'янця,
на
більшості
великих
підприємств
виробничі потужності використовуються менш як на 80 відсотків, а
в ткацькому виробництві - на 15 відсотків. У 2000 році галузі
вдалося дещо подолати хронічне відставання, і торік було
забезпечено приріст виробництва на рівні 6,4 відсотка. Проте за
січень цього року такого приросту практично немає.
Головними
причинами, які стримують зростання обсягів виробництва та
конкурентоспроможності
затовареність
продукції
внутрішнього
легкої
ринку
промисловості,
імпортованою
є
готовою
продукцією через низькі ставки мита на ввезення в Україну
текстильної
продукції,
нестача
власних
обігових
коштів
підприємств галузі, недостатні обсяги інвестицій в основний
295
капітал.
Як повідомив голова спостережної ради ВАТ "Азот"
Борис Райков, торік в Україну було завезено понад 100 мільйонів
тонн мінеральних добрив, які його підприємство могло б виробити
за
три
місяці.
Він
наголосив
на
тому,
що
вітчизняне
законодавство має належним чином захистити внутрішній ринок
України. Уряд, за словами А. Кінаха, стурбований ситуацією, що
складається нині на ринку мінеральних добрив. За останні місяці,
зазначив він, різко зросло ввезення мінеральних добрив з
Російської Федерації. За розрахунками фахівців, це близько 18
відсотків від усього обсягу реалізації мінеральних добрив на
внутрішньому ринку України. Тому Кабінет Міністрів спільно з
відповідними міністерствами і відомствами готує питання на
розгляд
майбутнього
міждержавної
комісії
засідання
з
українсько-російської
економічного
співробітництва
і
сподівається, що вдасться знайти оптимальне рішення. Однак,
зазначив Прем'єр-міністр, якщо цього не станеться, Україна
вживатиме жорсткіших заходів щодо захисту свого внутрішнього
ринку, як це робить Росія щодо цукру, крохмалю та продукції
трубних заводів.
черкащан,
що
Прем'єр-міністр України також запевнив
уряд
підтримує
звернення
Черкаської
облдержадміністрації щодо необхідності будівництва в Черкасах
нового колектора для відведення стічних вод у зв'язку з
недавньою аварією. Для цього будуть вишукуватись кошти з
капітальних вкладень. Уряд, визначаючи динаміку встановлення
тарифів для інших категорій споживачів, ухвалюватиме рішення
на основі відповідних економічних розрахунків і обов'язково
контролюватиме
платоспроможність
296
споживачів.
А.
Кінах
наголосив також, що Кабінет Міністрів співпрацює в цих питаннях
з
Національною
комісією
регулювання
електроенергетики.
Прем'єр нагадав, що в світі рівень тарифів для населення в 3-5
разів вищий, ніж для промислових підприємств, однак такий
порядок
сьогодні
в
Україні
неприйнятний
через
низьку
платоспроможність населення.
PART 6
COMPREHENSION CHECK
6.1 Test yourself
Variant 1
1. Translate into English.
1.
промислово розвинена і постіндустріальна ( що
базується на сферах послуг і інформаційних
технологій) економіка вільної конкуренції
2.
рентабельний, прибутковий бізнес
3.
розподіл; роздача
4.
соціальна служба; соціальне обслуговування; надання
соціальних послуг; соціальне забезпечення
5.
споживання; витрата, витрати, витрата , сфера
споживання
6.
теорія цін чи мікроекономіка
7.
тимчасове, сумнівне процвітання; проспериті і спад,
депресія, економічна криза
8.
товари і послуги
9.
фірми, що надають побутові послуги
10.
фонди
2. Translate into Ukrainian.
297
1. inadequate aggregate demand
2. nongovernmental service providers
3. nonprofits
4. exchange
5. to be determined by competition
6. business enterprises
7. to cover their operating costs
8. seeking a cure for unemployment
9. luxuries
10. revenues that exceed the costs
3. Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the
meaning of each sentence.
1. Business is the organized approach to providing customers
with ______________________ they want.
2. Examples of _______________________ include such
organizations as social service agencies, foundations,
advocacy groups, and many hospitals.
3. Business plays a vital role in the life and culture of countries
with industrial and postindustrial
(____________________________) free-market economies
such as in the United States.
4. In free-market systems, prices and wages are primarily
determined by __________________________ governments.
5. Businesses provide just about anything consumers want or
need, including _____________________ such as food and
housing, luxuries such as whirlpool baths and wide-screen
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televisions, and even personal services such as caring for
children and finding companionship.
6. After the devastation of World War II, a substantial rebuilding
boom, combined with _____________________ from the
U.S., generated rapid growth in Western Europe and Japan.
7. OPEC's policies dramatically reduced the possibilities of
_____________________both in the industrialized countries
and in those developing nations without oil of their own.
4. Make a literary translation into English.
a) Poor nations desperately need aid from the rich nations in the form
of capital and of technological and organizational expertise. They also
need easy access to the markets of the industrialized nations for their
manufactures and raw materials. However, the political capacity of
rich nations to respond to these needs depends greatly on their own
success in coping with inflation, unemployment, and lagging growth
rates. In democratic communities, it is exceedingly difficult to generate
public support for assistance to foreign countries when average wage
earners are themselves under serious financial pressure. It is no
easier politically to permit cheap foreign merchandise and materials to
freely enter American and European markets when they are viewed
as the cause of unemployment among domestic workers.
b) There are so many more rich people in Moscow—they are
uniformly referred to as New Russians, or the New Rich—that Volvos
no longer seem worth stealing. In 1997 more of the most expensive
models of Mercedes-Benz were sold in Moscow than in any other city
in the world. The riches accumulated by a few thousand people—
through an odd combination of cronyism, hard work, and blatant
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theft—have astonished nearly everyone who has seen them,
spawning envy, fascination, and, naturally, some bitterness.
Variant 2
1. Translate into English.
1. загальний обсяг попиту
2. закон попиту та пропозиції
3. засоби першої необхідності
4. збільшити рентабельність до
максимальної межі
5. збільшувати безробіття
6. конкурентний ринок ( ринок конкуруючих
продавців і покупців )
7. макроекономіка
8. масиви цін, ставок заробітної плати,
розмірів прибутку, орендної плати
9. намагатися досягти раціональними
способами
10. національний доход і безробіття
2. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. aggregate consumer demand
2. larger budget deficits
3. to make a profit
4. production
5. extract profit
6. to play a vital role
7. advocacy groups
8. economics
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9. economic objective
10. to provide just about anything
consumers want or need
3. Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the
meaning of each sentence.
1. By 2000 , however, inflation was significantly reduced and
reforms
toward
a
system
based
on
________________________were accelerated.
2. The value of Ukraine's _______________________(GDP) in
1998 was $43.6 billion.
3. Some 40 percent of workers are employed in industry, 40
percent in the _____________________, and 20 percent in
agriculture.
4. Unemployment is rising steadily, especially in the form of
_____________________ , which includes people who have
been kept on payrolls but have not been paid salaries.
5. Although official data reported an _______________________
of only 1.6 percent in 1996, the minister of labor
acknowledged an actual rate of more than 11 percent.
6. Products
of
relatively
poor
quality
and
________________________ obstruct entry into the global
market, while the increasing cost of the energy needed to
power industry makes many items too expensive to produce.
7. Most of Ukraine's electricity (48 percent in 1998) is supplied by
_______________ power stations.
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4. Make a literary translation into English.
a) Seeking to overcome a legacy of inefficiency and
mismanagement, the post-Communist nations found themselves
competing with Third World countries for investment capital and
technological assistance.
Opinions differ as to how long sustained economic growth can
continue. Optimists pin their hopes on the ability to improve crop
yields and enhance industrial productivity through technological
innovation. Pessimists point to diminishing resources, unchecked
population growth, excessive militay spending, and the reluctance of
rich countries to share their wealth and expertise with less fortunate
nations. Government instability, endemic corruption, and wide swings
in economic policy make the Third World's economic prospects seem
even less auspicious in the 2000s.
b) The New Rich in Russia suddenly find themselves surrounded by a
burgeoning service industry eager to cater to their every whim. The
Gold’s Gym in Moscow, for example, is one of the busiest, most
expensive, and most successful in the world. Many expatriate
businessmen belong to it, but most of the members are Russians
eager to pay $2000 or more a year to use its state-of-the art
equipment while their drivers wait in their Mercedes outside. After the
workout, people can relax at the juice bar with a $7 glass of apple
juice.
Variant 3
1.
Translate into English.
1
сукупний споживчий попит ( загальний обсяг попиту на
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товари і послуги споживчого призначення )
2
більший дефіцит бюджету
3
вилучити прибуток
4
виробництво
5
витягати прибуток
6
грати життєво важливу роль
7
група захисту
8
економіка; народне господарство , економічна теорія,
економічна наука
9
економічна задача
10 забезпечити споживача практично усім, чого він бажає й у
чому відчуває потребу
2.Translate into Ukrainian.
1. industrial and postindustrial (service- and information-based)
free-market economies
2. for-profit businesses
3. distribution
4. social service agencies
5. consumption
6. price theory or microeconomics
7. prosperity and depression
8. goods and services
9. personal services
10. foundations
3. Fill in the gaps with a vocabulary phrase that best fits the
meaning of each sentence.
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1. Collective cooperatives and state-owned farms, holdovers
from
the
Soviet
period,
continue
_________________________;
private
to
outnumber
ownership
is
allowed, but lack of capital, social attitudes, and the high
cost of fuel have discouraged it.
2. Ukraine
is
the
world's
third
largest
______________________and seventh largest producer of
iron ore.
3. Heavy
industries
such
as
metalworking,
mechanical
engineering, and machinery and chemicals manufacturing
____________________________sector.
4. Light
industries
producing
________________such
as
household appliances are underdeveloped by Western
standards.
5. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine's industrial
sector has been cut off from ___________________, and
supplies from former republics are no longer easily
accessible.
6. To supply ________________, Ukraine must import 80
percent of its natural gas and 90 percent of its oil.
7. Lacking the funds to purchase what it needs, however,
Ukraine has had to ________________of these sources.
4. Make a literary translation into English.
a) Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as
much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility.
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For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract
from their operations.
The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations
of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the
book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
(1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His
explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or
aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business
investors,
inadequate
and
governments.
aggregate
Because,
demand
according
increases
to
Keynes,
unemployment,
the
indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more
spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
b) The transition from a rigidly controlled planned economy to the
freedom of the semi-open market made it all happen, of course. It has
been described as the biggest giveaway in history: Nickel mines,
defense factories, public works projects that were owned by the state
suddenly became private in huge numbers. And in a desperate
attempt to get businessmen to invest in the future of Russia—many of
those industries were all but given away—sold at a fraction of their
value to insiders.
6.2 Write an essay to the topic :
The Economy of Ukraine
Current Economic Problems
Globalism and national economies
Taxation and standards of living
The economic growth of our region
The world economy: trends and tendencies
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ЗМІСТ
ПЕРЕДМОВА .......................................................................................................... 4
UNIT 1
PART 1
HIGHER EDUCATION .................................... 7
DISCUSSION.................................................................................... 7
PROJECT 1 THE AIMS OF EDUCATION .......................................................... 7
PROJECT 2 THE FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF GETTING HIGHER
EDUCATION ............................................................................................................ 13
PART 2
VOCABULARY EXTENSION .................................................. 18
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY .................................................................................. 18
VOCABULARY ACTIVATOR................................................................................. 22
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY ................................................................................ 25
PART 3
LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT....................................................... 31
TEXT A .................................................................................................................. 31
TEXT B .................................................................................................................. 38
TEXT C .................................................................................................................. 46
PART 4
DEVELOPING READING SKILLS ........................................ 56
TEXT 1 ‘THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION’ 56
TEXT 2 ‘THE EDUCATION OF HENRY ADAMS’ ........................................... 63
TEXT 3 ‘HARRY POTTER AND THE SORCERER'S STONE’ ......................... 73
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PART 5
TRANSLATION PRACTICE ..................................................... 88
PART 6
COMPREHENSION CHECK .................................................. 102
UNIT 2
CAREER PROSPECTS..................................................................... 110
PART 1
PROJECT 1
PROJECT 2
PART 2
DISCUSSION ................................................................................ 110
THE RIGHT JOB FOR YOU...................................................... 110
PLANNING THE ON-JOB TRAINING. ROLE PLAY .............. 113
VOCABULARY EXTENSION ................................................. 118
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY ................................................................................. 118
VOCABULARY ACTIVATOR ............................................................................... 125
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY .............................................................................. 127
PART 3
LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT ..................................................... 132
TEXT A................................................................................................................. 132
TEXT B ................................................................................................................. 137
TEXT C................................................................................................................. 142
PART 4
DEVELOPING READING SKILLS ....................................... 150
TEXT 1 ‘ THE AGING BOOM ’ ........................................................................ 150
TEXT 2 ‘MARTIN EDEN’ ................................................................................. 157
TEXT 3 ‘THE LAWNMOWER MAN’............................................................... 166
PART 5
TRANSLATION PRACTICE ................................................... 177
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PART 6
UNIT 3
PART 1
PROJECT 1
PROJECT 2
PART 2
COMPREHENSION CHECK .................................................. 194
CURRENT ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ........ 203
DISCUSSION................................................................................ 203
THE LANGUAGE OF STATISTICS .......................................... 203
THE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS ..................................................... 208
VOCABULARY EXTENSION ................................................ 212
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY ................................................................................ 212
VOCABULARY ACTIVATOR............................................................................... 218
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY .............................................................................. 220
PART 3
LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT..................................................... 222
TEXT A ................................................................................................................ 222
TEXT B ................................................................................................................ 232
TEXT C ................................................................................................................ 240
PART 4
DEVELOPING READING SKILLS ...................................... 249
TEXT 1 “THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD NOT SUBSIDIZE INTERNET
ACCESS” ............................................................................................................... 249
TEXT 2 ‘RUSSIA’S NEW RICH’ ..................................................................... 259
TEXT 3 ‘THE FINANCIER’ ............................................................................. 269
PART 5
TRANSLATION PRACTICE .................................................. 286
PART 6
COMPREHENSION CHECK .................................................. 297
308
Лариса Миколаївна Лазаренко
Олена Євгеніївна Богатирьова
ПРАКТИЧНИЙ КУРС АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ
(Англійською та українською мовами)
Навчальний посібник з практики усного та письмового мовлення для студентів
4 курса спеціальності “Переклад”. Частина 1
309