Latin 1
Ecce Romani Grammar CARDS, page 1
CH. 5 GRAMMAR INFO
Infinitive
1. the most basic part of a verb from which we
can identify:
a. the conjugation number of a verb (Ch. 10)
b. the base or stem of a verb (page 57)
2. Ending is –re [amāre, vidēre, currere,
Ch. 5 & p. 57 & Ch. 10 dormīre] and is translated by “to” in English.
Complementary Infinitive
1. The infinitive which “completes” or finishes
the verbal idea of certain main verbs: potest,
timet, vult, parat.
2. We use the same construction in English:
The girl wants to climb the tree. --> to climb
Ch. 5 completes the idea of what the girls wants.
o Most verbs belong to one of 4 groups or
Verb Conjugations
conjugations
o You can identify the conjugation of a verb
Ch. 5 and 10
by looking at its infinitive
Infinitive
example
Infinitives by conjugation
Pattern
st
amāre = to love
1 Conjugation -āre
rīdēre = to laugh
2nd Conjugation -ēre
ludere = to play
3rd Conjugation -ere
exīre = to go out
Ch. 10 4th Conjugation -īre
-re
(verb ending)
Translation: “to (verb)”
Person: none
Number: none
[vocāre = to call, vidēre = to see, currere = to
Ch. 5 run, dormīre = to sleep]
-ō
(verb ending)
Translation: “I” ; Person: 1st; Number: Sing.
Ch. 5 & 8
Translation: “you”; Person: 2nd ; Number: Sing.
-s
(verb ending)
Ch. 5 & 8
Impersonal verbs
Gender
CH. 6 GRAMMAR INFO
1. These verbs are called “impersonal”
because they never have a real person
as the subject, and must be translated
with “it” [necesse est = it is necessary;
lucet = it is shining; licet = it is
permitted]
Ch. 6
2. These verbs often have a
complementary infinitive (see ch. 5)
Nouns can be feminine (F), masculine (M),
or neuter (N). When learning the vocabulary
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Latin 1
Ecce Romani Grammar CARDS, page 2
Ch. 6 for a noun, also learn its gender.
1.
Adjective
Ch. 1/ Ch. 6
Number
a word that describes/modifies a noun in
terms of quality or quantity [EXAMPLES:
tall, funny, new, loud, scary, many, few,
2, 11th, several]
2. adjectives use same Latin endings as
nouns (declensions), with a few
exceptions
Singular or PLURAL
o # applies to nouns, adjectives & verbs
o Singular = one (person)
o Plural = 2 or more
Ch. 3
The RULE of the 3 ways that adjectives must The ending of an adjective must be the same as
the noun it describes in 3 ways, in …
agree with the nouns they describe:
(1) Gender (feminine, masculine, neuter)
(2) Number (singular or plural)
(3) Case (subject, direct object, etc.)
*Note: this does not mean that nouns and
adjectives always have the same endings. (see
exercize 6c)
CH. 7 GRAMMAR INFO
o feminine
o PLURAL
[aquās, puellās, ancillās, piscīnās, epistulās,
o direct object/motion towards (accusative)
vīllās]
Ch. 7 o 1st Declension
-ōs
o masculine
o PLURAL
[servōs, puerōs, agrōs, lupōs]
o direct object/motion towards (accusative)
Ch. 7 o 2nd Declension
-ēs
o either feminine or masculine
o PLURAL
[vocēs, clamorēs, matrēs, patrēs]
o (1) subject; (2) direct object/motion
towards [context will help with use]
Ch. 7 o 3rd Declension
Declension
1. a system or pattern of noun (and
adjective) endings
2. there are 5 declensions in Latin
3. a noun belongs to one (and only one)
Ch. 7
declension
Endings that should be known at this point in
1st Decl. 2nd Decl 3rd Decl.
the course!!! (see chart on page 41)
Nom S
-a
-us/-er
varies
Acc S
-am
-um
-em
Nom Pl
-ae
-ī
-ēs
Ch. 7 Acc Pl
-ās
-ōs
-ēs
-ās (a noun/adjective ending)
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Latin 1
Ecce Romani Grammar CARDS, page 3
1st Declension (Card 1)
Ch. 7
2nd Declension (Card 1)
Ch. 7
3rd Declension (Card 1)
o
Ch. 7
1. mostly feminine nouns whose subject
ends in –a [examples: aqua, puella,
ancilla, piscīna, epistula, vīlla]
1. masculine nouns
a. –us type [servus, hortus, lupus,
Marcus]
b. –er type [puer, ager, caper, etc.]
c. –ir type [vir]
2. neuter nouns [saxum, baculum]
-all three genders:
1. feminine nouns [mater, arbor, vox, pax]
2. masculine nouns [pater, clamor, fragor]
3. neuter nouns [iter, onus, corpus, caput]
if there is an adjective describing a 3rd
declension noun, that may help identifying
the gender of a 3rd decl. noun:
[magna vox --> magna is F, so vox is a
feminine noun] – see page 43.
a distinct ending of a noun or
adjective that is used to express its
grammatical role in a sentence
Nominative Case
-the nominative ending is primarily used for
(1) the subject(s) of a sentence, and (2) the
Ch. 7 complement of a linking verb
Accusative Case
-the accusative case ending is used primarily
for (1) the direct object of the sentence, and
(2) the object of motion towards, aka Place to
Which
-there are other uses of this case to be learned
Ch. 7 later
Special Translations for each Latin case
CASE
Special Translations
Nominative
---------Genitive
of, ’s, s’
Dative
(to/for)
Accusative
--------Ablative
with, from, by, in (WFBI)
To be studied formally later Vocative
--------- / [O...!, Hey...!]
Case
The Complete patterns of noun declensions
for the 1st 3 declensions
[SINGULAR ONLY]
SINGULAR
1st
Declension
Nominative -a
2nd
Declension
3rd
Declension
-us/-ius/
varies
-er/-ir
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
-ae
-ae
-am
-ī
-ō
-um
-is
-ī
-em
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Latin 1
Ecce Romani Grammar CARDS, page 4
To be studied formally later
The Complete patterns of noun declensions
for the 1st 3 declensions
[PLURAL ONLY]
To be studied formally later
Sample 1st Declension Noun Singular
SINGULAR
LATIN
ENGLISH
Nominative rāna
Genitive
rānae
the frog
Dative
rānae
Accusative
Ablative
rānam
rānā
(to/for) the
frog
the frog
(1) of the frog,
(2) the frog’s
Ablative
Vocative
-ā
-a
-ō
-e/-ī/
-er/-ir
-e
= nominative
singular
PLURAL
1st
Declension
2nd
Declension
3rd
Declension
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
-ae
-ārum
-īs
-ās
-īs
-ae
-ī
-ōrum
- īs
-ōs
- īs
-ī
-ēs
-um
-ibus
-ēs
-ibus
-ēs
Sample 1st Declension Noun Plural
LATIN
English
PLURAL
Nominative rānae
the frogs
Genitive
rānārum (1) of the frogs, (2)
the frogs’
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
rānīs
rānās
rānīs
with/from/by/
in the frog
(to/for) the frogs
the frogs
with/from/by/
in the frogs
Vocative
rānae
(Hey) frogs (!)
rāna
(Hey) frog (!)
To be studied formally later
Sample 2nd Declension Noun Singular
Sample 2nd Declension Noun Plural
LATIN
English
SINGULAR
LATIN
ENGLISH
PLURAL
Nominative lupus
the wolf
Nominative lupī
the wolves
(1) of the wolf,
Genitive
lupī
Genitive
lupōrum (1) of the wolves, (2)
Vocative
(2) the wolf’s
Dative
lupō
Accusative
Ablative
lupum
lupō
Vocative
(to/for) the
wolf
the wolf
with/from/by/
in the wolf
(Hey) wolf (!)
the wolves’
Dative
lupīs
Accusative
Ablative
lupōs
lupīs
(to/for) the
wolves
the wolves
with/from/by/
in the wolves
lupe
Vocative
lupī
(Hey) wolves (!)
To be studied formally later
Sample 3rd Declension Noun Singular
Sample 3rd Declension Noun Plural
LATIN
English
SINGULAR
LATIN
ENGLISH
PLURAL
Nominative rex
the king
Nominative regēs
the kings
(1) of the king, (2) the
Genitive
regis
(1) of the kings, (2)
Genitive
regum
king’s
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
regī
regem
rege
(to/for) the king
the king
Vocative
rex
To be studied formally later
with/from/by/
in the king
(O) king (!)
the kings’
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
regibus
regēs
regibus
(to/for) the kings
the kings
Vocative
regēs
(Hey) kings (!)
with/from/by/
in the kings
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Latin 1
Ecce Romani Grammar CARDS, page 5
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