Histology and Cytophysiology
Histology is an essential tool of biology and medicine. It examines the structure of cells and tissue at
the microscopic level in relation to their function. The aim of the course is to provide the knowledge
of structural organization and function of cells, tissues, organs and systems, including the molecular
mechanisms of cellular control. After completing the course, students will be prepared for a better
understanding of some other primary and clinical courses, e.g. Physiology and Pathology.
Teachers:
1. prof. dr hab. Alina Grzanka
2. dr Agnieszka Żuryń
3. dr Magdalena Izdebska
4. mgr Maciej Gagat
5. mgr inż. Andrzej Pawlik
Contact: kizhistol@cm.umk.pl
Syllabus
I.
Department of Histology and Embryology
II.
Head of the Unit: prof. dr hab. Alina Grzanka
III.
Faculty of Medicine, first year
IV.
Course Coordinator: prof. dr hab. Alina Grzanka
V.
Form of the classes: lectures, tutorials
VI.
Assessment: examination, 8 ECTS points
VII.
Subject hours:
VIII.
sem. I
lectures 15 (20 hours.), tutorials. 15 (30 hours)
sem. II
lectures 15 (20 hours), tutorials 15 (30 hours)
Course topics
semester I
Lectures topics
1. Introduction to cytology and histology.
2. Cell membrane, transport across membranes.
3. Adhesion molecules.
4. Cell organelles (part 1).
5. Cell organelles (part 2).
6. Cytoskeleton.
7. Cell cycle.
8. Cell differentiation and senescence.
9. Apoptosis.
10. Epithelial tissue and cell-to-cell junctions between epithelial cells.
11. Connective tissue proper.
12. Supporting connective tissue.
13. Blood and lymph.
14. Muscle tissue.
15. Nervous and glia tissue.
Tutorials topics
1. Acquaintance with didactic rules of the subject and Health and Safety at Work
Regulations. Build of microscopes and interpretation of the images obtained from
microscopes belonging to the Department of Histology and Embryology (light,
fluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopes). Primary techniques used in routine
studies in cytology, histology and cytophysiology.
2. Cell membrane surface specialization: cilia, villi, microvilli, stereocilia.
3. Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions.
4. Proteosomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes.
5. Nucleolus.
6. Cytoskeleton.
7. Cell cycle.
8. In vitro cell cultures.
9. Apoptosis.
10. Epithelial tissue – observation of slides: simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar
epithelium, keratinizing and non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium,
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, transitional epithelium.
11. Connective tissue proper – observation of slides: gelatinous connective tissue, reticular
connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, white adipose tissue.
12. Supporting connective tissue – observation of slides: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage,
intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification.
13. Blood and lymph – observation of slides: erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes,
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
14. Muscle tissue – observation of slides: smooth muscle tissue, skeletal muscle tissue,
cardiac muscle tissue.
15. Nervous and glia tissue – observation of slides: pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex,
Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex, motoneurons of spinal cord.
semester II
Lectures topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Skin and the layers of the skin.
Digestive system (part 1).
Digestive system (part 2).
Glands of digestive system.
Respiratory system.
Endocrine system (part 1).
Endocrine system (part 2).
Urinary system.
Circulatory system.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Lymphatic system.
Female reproductive system.
Male reproductive system.
Central nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system.
Sense organs.
Tutorials topics
1. Skin and epidermal skin appendages – observation of slides: hairy and non-hairy skin,
longitudinal and cross section through hair, sebaceous glands, eccrine sweat and
apocrine glands, development of nail.
2. Digestive system (part 1) – observation of slides: lip, tongue, sero-mucous salivary
glands, tooth cut, tooth development, oesophagus.
3. Digestive system (part 2) – observation of slides: fundus, pylorus, duodenum, small
intestine (ileum), large intestine, appendix.
4. Glands of digestive system – observation of slides: liver, pancreas, gall bladder.
5. Respiratory system – observation of slides: respiratory area of nasal cavity, trachea,
main bronchus, lung.
6. Endocrine system (part 1) – observation of slides: thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
thymus gland.
7. Endocrine system (part 2) – observation of slides: pituitary gland, pineal gland, adrenal
gland.
8. Urinary system – observation of slides: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder.
9. Circulatory system – observation of slides: heart, elastic and muscular artery, large and
small vein, capillaries.
10. Lymphatic system – observation of slides: lymph node, lingual tonsil, spleen.
11. Female reproductive system – observation of slides: ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina.
12. Male reproductive system – observation of slides: testis, epididymis, deferent duct,
prostate gland.
13. Central nervous system – observation of slides: cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex,
spinal cord.
14. Peripheral nervous system – observation of slides: intervertebral ganglion, peripheral
nerve, Vater-Pacini corpuscles.
15. Sense organs – observation of slides: retina, organ of Corti, taste bud.
IX. Booklist:
1.
2.
Mescher AL. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill, 2009; Twelve
Edition.
Young B, Lowe JS, Stevens A, Heath JW. WHEATER'S Functional Histology. A Text and
Colour Atlas. ELSEVIER, 2011; Fifth edition
Rules and regulations
Information about the course
The coursework of Histology and Cytophysiology includes 40 hours of lectures and 60 hours of
tutorials conducted during two semesters. It is ended with the Final Exam in second semester. The
Final Exam consist of multiple choice questions from lectures and theoretical part of tutorials.
Practical recognizing of slides will be conducted before the Final Exam (the presence is obligatory).
The Final Exam will be timed in the schedule of session. The lectures (both semesters) and tutorials
(second semester) are prepared in a week cycle, whereas the tutorials in the first semester will start
with lecture number 6.
Textbooks:
Mescher AL. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill, 2009; Twelve Edition.
Young B, Lowe JS, Stevens A, Heath JW. WHEATER'S Functional Histology. A Text and Colour Atlas.
ELSEVIER, 2011; Fifth edition.
Requirements
1.
Students are obliged to conform to the Health and Safety at Work Regulations as well as
following rules.
2.
Students are obliged to prepare the part of material for each tutorial from the last topic.
3.
Lectures and tutorials are obligatory. In the case of the illness a sick leave has to be delivered.
Other absences due to important reason must be documented.
4.
More than two unjustified and undocumented absences make it impossible to pass the
semester and take the Final Exam.
5.
Each Student is obliged to come to the tutorials on time. Delayed Students can enter the class
only if the time of delaying does not exceed 15 minutes from the moment a tutorial has been
started.
6.
In the case of absence or delay (more than 15 minutes) the Student is obliged to pass the
material which was covered during the tutorials within 2 weeks after the class.
7.
In the case of fail the entrance test the Student is obligated retake the test within 2 weeks after
the results.
8.
If Student does not pass the failed material during fixed time, he or she is obligated to retake the
test within the last 2 weeks of each semester. In this time, the student has only one attempt for
retake.
9.
Students are obliged to bring pencils, color pencils and worksheets.
10. Students are obligated to clean up after themselves.
11. Eating, drinking, and using mobile phones during the lectures and tutorials are prohibited.
12. Any accidents, injuries and other emergencies must be immediately reported to the practice
leader.
Point system
1.
Each tutorial (except the first tutorials in the first semester and first in second semester) will be
entered with 10-questioned test. For each correct answer the Student will receive one point.
Only students who will gain at least 6 points pass the test.
2.
The tutorials in the first semester will be passed if all entrance tests are passed. The tutorials in
the second semester will be passed if all entrance tests and practical are passed.
3.
Practical recognizing of slides consists in recognizing of fifteen histological preparations and
electronograms (one blood cell, three tissue or epithelium types, nine organs and two
electronograms). For each correct answer the Student will receive one point. Only students who
will gain at least 8 points pass the practical. The practical recognizing of slides will be assessed
on pass/fail basis.
4.
Practical recognizing of slides is required for the signature in the list of required practical skills.
5.
Students can take the Final Exam on the condition that they are present on lectures and that the
tutorials and practical recognizing of slides are passed.
6.
The Final Test will be assessed according to given marks:
(Fail) – less than 60%
(3) – 60-64%
(3,5) – 65-69 %
(4) – 70-79%
(4,5) – 80-89%
(5) – 90-100%
Final Exam
1.
The Final Exam consists of multiple choice questions (only one answer correct).
2.
Students who failed the Final Exam are obliged to retake the test in the schedule of retake
session.
3.
The scores of the Final Exam are not changeable.
4.
The scores of the failed Final Exam and the retake will be confirmed in the USOS system as two
separated scores but not as the mean of these two.
5.
An excuse for absence should be submitted to the examiner the next day, or in justified
circumstances, within three days after the Final Exam.