Appendix 4. List of the 117 shared convergences between each viverrid-like taxon and
the Felidae, Viverridae, Paradoxurinae, Viverrinae, Hemigalinae, Herpestidae (plus
Poiana in the case of Prionodon; see Introduction).
* Nandinia, Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres, Prionodontidae, Paradoxurinae:
63(1): Palatine, orbital process: 1 = greatly expanded in orbital region forming a horizontal
shelf.
* Nandinia, Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres, Felidae:
- 279(1): Rhinarium, philtrum: 1 = present, wide.
* Nandinia, Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres, Viverridae:
- 139(1): Sternomastoideus and cleidomastoideus fossa: 1 = pronounced.
* Nandinia, Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres, Hemigalinae:
- 304(1): External pinnae, anterior surface: 1 = same as ground color.
* Nandinia, Fossa, Eupleres, Prionodontidae, Viverrinae:
- 54(1): Lacrimal, inferior oblique muscle fossa: 1 = separate from nasolacrimal foramen,
in maxilla.
* Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres, Prionodontidae, Viverridae :
- 262(2): Pelvis, overall shape: 2 = rhomboidal.
* Nandinia, Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres:
- 86(1): Ectotympanic, ring, medial expansion: 1 = slight chambering or inflation.
* Nandinia, Fossa, Eupleres, Prionodontidae:
- 24(3): Palatine/maxilla suture: 3 = medial to P3-P2.
* Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres, Felidae:
- 208(1): Diastema, C1 - P1 (or to first postcanine tooth): 1 = present.
- 256(0): Radius, cross section: 0 = flattened.
* Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres, Viverridae:
- 116(2): Petrosal, mastoid, exposed ventrolateral process: 2 = process absent, small
deltoid.
* Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres, Hemigalinae:
- 203(1): M2/M2 relative size: 1 = slightly smaller than M1/m1.
* Cryptoprocta, (Prionodontidae, Felidae), Poiana:
- 196(1): M2: 1 = absent.
* Fossa, Eupleres, Prionodontidae, Viverridae :
- 85(1): Ectotympanic/entotympanic division: 1 = externally visible, without clear suture.
* Fossa, Eupleres, Prionodontidae, Viverrinae:
- 41(1): Alisphenoid, optic foramen interorbital connection: 1 = clearly open.
* Nandinia, Cryptoprocta, Prionodontidae:
- 49(1): Jugal: 1 = does not reach lacrimal.
* Nandinia, Cryptoprocta, Felidae:
- 192(1): M1 hypoconid: 1 = absent.
- 245(1): Humerus, radial and coronoid fossas: 1 = distinct.
* Nandinia, Cryptoprocta, Paradoxurinae:
- 311(3): Feet (pes), metatarsal pad(s), size: 3 = larger than tarsal pads.
* Nandinia, Fossa, Eupleres:
- 218(2): dP4, buccal lobes: 2 = symmetrical.
- 283(2): Rhinarium, profile: 2 = concave.
* Nandinia, Fossa, Hemigalinae:
- 271(2): Calcaneum, medial tuberosity on calcancal tuber: 2 = approximately equal to
lateral tuberosity.
* Nandinia, Fossa, Viverrinae:
- 319(1): Nuchal stripes: 1 = thin.
* Nandinia, Prionodontidae, Paradoxurinae:
- 254(1): Ulna, olecranon process: 1 = ventral process, vestigial/absent.
- 255(2): Ulna, olecranon, inclination: 2 = anterior.
- 259(1): Radius, head - articular surface: 1 = without.
* Cryptoprocta, Prionodontidae, Viverridae:
- 92(1): Ectotympanic, styliform process: 1 = reduced.
* Cryptoprocta, Prionodontidae, Paradoxurinae:
- 232(2): Tail: 2 = approximately equal to head-body length (85-105%).
* Cryptoprocta, Felidae, Hemigalinae:
- 70(0): Pterygoid, hamular process: 0 = descends considerably ventral to the palate.
* Fossa, Eupleres, Felidae:
- 287(0): Ear bursa: 1 = ear bursa absent.
* Fossa, Eupleres, Viverridae:
- 188(3): M1, talonid: 3 = length near equal length of trigonid.
- 226(1): Axis, cranial articular processes and ventral surface of dens (odontoid) process: 1
= one continuous surface.
* Fossa, Eupleres, Viverrinae:
- 230(1): Cervical vertebrae, ventral keel on vertebrae 6 and 7: 1 = present.
- 298(1): Feet, interdigital pads: 1 = partially fused together, shallow grooves.
- 314(0): Head, rhinarial patch: 0 = present, lighter than ground color.
* Fossa, Eupleres, Hemigalinae:
- 236(1): Scapula, coracoid process: 1 = present, small.
* Eupleres, Prionodontidae, Poiana:
- 76(1): Bassioccipital, m. longus capitis rugosity: 1 = absent.
- 209(1): diastema, P2 - P3 (or second and third postcanine teeth): 1 = large.
* Eupleres, (Prionodontidae, Felidae):
- 145(0): Parietal/supraoccipital, lambdoial crest: 0 = not well produced dorsally or
laterally beyond braincase.
* Eupleres, Prionodontidae, Herpestidae:
- 45(1): Frontal, postorbital region (width): 1 = approximately equal to interorbital region.
* (Prionodontidae, Felidae), Viverrinae:
- 61(2): Maxilla, anterior edge of orbit: 2 = anterior to P3-P4.
* (Prionodontidae, Felidae), Herpestidae:
- 310(1): Feet (pes), tarsal hallical pad, 1 = about equal to digital pads.
* (Prionodontidae, Felidae), Poiana:
- 44(3): Frontal, temporal crest: 3 = double, lyre shaped.
- 145(0): Parietal/supraoccipital, lambdoial crest: 0 = not well produced dorsally or
laterally beyond braincase.
-167(1): P3/3, size (when viewed from the buccal aspect): 1 = considerably larger than
P2/2.
* Prionodontidae, Paradoxurinae, Poiana:
- 113(1): Petrosal, subarcuate (floccular) fossa: 1 = shallow.
* Nandinia, Cryptoprocta:
- 105(1): Entotympanic, anterior extension: 1 = small anterior extension.
- 241(2): Humerus, pectoral crest: 2 = robust, with crest developed towards midpoint of
distal end.
- 251(2): Ulna, olecranon process, medial and lateral ridges: 2 = vestigial/absent.
- 263(1): Femur, trochanteric fossa: 1 = expanded medially from lesser trochanter.
- 265(1): Femur, lesser trochanter, position: 1 = medial most position, directly below
head.
- 272(1): Calcaneum, peroneal tubercle: 1 = medial to astragular tubercle.
- 276(1): Calcaneum, posterior projection off of cuboid surface: 1 = present.
* Nandinia, Fossa:
- 65(2): Palatine, location of the sphenopalatine foramen: 2 = dorsal to M1.
* Nandinia, Eupleres:
- 178(1): P4, talonid: 1 = present.
* Nandinia, Prionodontidae:
- 14(1): Nasals and frontals, midline depression: 1 = present in nasals only.
- 26(2): Palatine, relative size (excluding mesopterygoid): 2 = midline length greater than
midline length of maxilla.
- 160(1): P1, number of roots: 1 = 2 roots, completely or partially fused.
- 233(1): Scapula, teres major process (axillary border): 1 = present, small, on plane of
scapula.
- 242(2): Humerus, deltoid crest: 2 = absent.
- 257(2): Radius, tubercle: 2 = present, large.
* Nandinia, Felidae:
- 93(1): Ectotympanic, eustachian tube: 1 = narrow (pterygoid nerve sulcus and eustachian
tube closely adjacent).
- 211(1): Mandible, angular process: 1 = present, weak.
* Nandinia, Viverridae:
- 219(1): dP3, accessory lingual cusp: 1 = present.
- 252(1): Ulna, olecranon process, medial fossa with ventral/medial flange: 1 = present,
small.
- 289(1): Perineal glands: 1 = present in both sexes or female only.
- 299(2): Feet (manus), carpal (palmar) surface, central depression: 2 = present, without
hair.
- 309(3): Feet (pes), tarsal hallical pad: 3 = adjacent to other tarsal pads.
* Nandinia, Paradoxurinae:
- 198(2): M2, roots: 2 = 1.
- 244(1): Humerus, distal condyle: 1 = trochlea distal extension approximately equal to
capitellum.
- 274(3): Calcaneum, cuboid surface: 3 = dorsal slope.
- 300(4): Feet (manus), metacarpal pad(s): 4 = metacarpal pads very large and completely
fused.
- 303(3): Feet (manus), metacarpal pad(s), size: 3 = larger than carpal pads.
* Nandinia, Hemigalinae:
- 92(2): Ectotympanic, styliform process: 2 = absent.
- 199(2): M2, shape: 2 = round.
- 213(1): Mandible, mandibular condyle: 1 = slightly above alveolar line.
* Cryptoprocta, Prionodontidae
- 221(2): P4, anterior accessory cusp: 2 = about equal to posterior.
- 270(1): Calcaneum, calcaneal tuber or process: 1 = present, asymmetrical.
* Cryptoprocta, Felidae:
- 156(0): C1, flanges: 0 = posterior flange present.
- 172(3): P4, parastyle: 3 = present, larger than protocone.
- 182(0): M1, shape: 0 = rhomboidal.
- 187(3): M1, trigonid: 3 = absent.
- 189(2): M1, metaconid: 2 = absent.
- 200(1): M2: 1 = absent.
* Cryptoprocta, Paradoxurinae:
- 22(1): Palate, tooth rows, lingual edge: 1 = divergent.
- 33(0): Premaxilla/maxilla suture (midline): 0 = posterior to canines.
- 150(0): I3, size: 0 = considerably larger than I1 or I2.
- 233(2): Scapula, teres major process (axillary border) (Taylor, 1974): 2 = present, large
perpendicular plane to scapular plane.
- 243(1): Humerus, olecranon fossa: 1 = ossified. This allows for greater arc movement of
the antebrachium.
- 246(1): Humerus, greater tuberosity, proximal end: 1 = supraspinatus fossa small,
restricted to narrow ridge, anterior process small (considerably smaller than articular
surface).
- 305(2): Feet (pes), plantar surface, central depression: 2 = elongate.
* Cryptoprocta, Viverrinae:
- 3(1): Maxilla, infraorbital foramen, shape: 1 = round.
* Cryptoprocta, Hemigalinae:
- 275(2): Calcaneum, trochlear process: 2 = large.
* Cryptoprocta, Herpestidae:
- 164(2): P3, number or roots: 2 = 3.
* Fossa, Prionodontidae:
- 229(2): Axis, ventral 'keel’: 2 = present, large.
* Fossa, Viverridae:
- 191(0): M1 entoconid: 0 = present.
- 205(2): Upper molars, cingulum: 2 = present, complete around the base of the protocone.
* Fossa, Viverrinae:
- 248(1): Humerus, distal supracondyloid crest: 1 = small.
* Fossa, Paradoxurinae:
- 241(0): Humerus, pectoral crest: 0 = slender with little development of crest.
* Fossa, Hemigalinae:
- 68(1): Palatine, orbital exposure: 1 = convex or inflated orbital wall.
- 317(2): Head, supraoccular eye patches: 2 = present, distinct.
* Eupleres, (Felidae, Prionodontidae):
- 145(0): Parietal/supraoccipital, lambdoial crest: 0 = not well produced dorsally or
laterally beyond braincase.
* Eupleres, Prionodontidae:
- 16(0): Frontals, inflation anterior to the postorbital processes: 0 = absent.
- 42(4): Frontal, supraorbital process: 4 = absent.
- 69(0): Pterygoid, epipterygoid processes: 0 = absent or weakly defined.
- 309(2): Feet (pes), tarsal hallical pad: 2 = separated from other tarsal pads by bare skin.
* Eupleres, Hemigalinae:
- 172(2): P4, parastyle: 2 = present, large (near equal to protocone).
* Prionodontidae, Viverridae:
- 43(2): Frontal-parietal suture (at midline): 2 = anterior to anterior edge of glenoid fossa.
- 117(1): Petrosal, mastoid, occipital exposure: 1 = absent.
- 123(1): Paroccipital process, width: 1= paraoccipital process very wide and covering all
the posterior surface of the mastoid, so that the mastoid can not be seen in a caudal view
of the skull.
- 177(0): P4, posterolingual cingulum: 0 = present.
* Prionodontidae, Viverrinae:
- 4(1): Maxilla, infraorbital foramen: 1 = dorsal to the P3-P2 area.
* Prionodontidae, Poiana:
- 144(2): Parietal, sagittal crest (adult males): 2 = small double.
- 285(1): External pinnae, posterior, subbursa lobe: 1 = present (a posterior external lobe
that projects ventral to the ear bursa).
- 330(1): Tail, tip: 1 = same as ground color.
* Prionodontidae, Hemigalinae:
- 267(0): Tibia, cross section: 0 = round.
* Prionodontidae, Herpestidae:
- 251(0): Ulna, olecranon process, medial and lateral ridges: 0 = lateral ridge larger.