Intelligence
Chapter 8
Overview
• Definition
• Theories of Intelligence
• Tests of Intelligence
• Individual Differences
• Exceptional Individuals
What Is Intelligence?
Intelligence:
Theories of Intelligence:
KEY ISSUE:
Wechsler’s Theory
• Traditional intelligence tests reveal little about someone’s overall capacity to deal with
the world
• intelligence is the broad ability to deal with the world
Factor Theories
• Use factor analysis
• Factor analysis: a statistical procedure designed to discover the independent
elements (factors) in a set of data
• factor analysis attempts to find clusters of items that measure common abilities
Factor Theories: Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
• used factor analysis to show that intelligence consists of two parts
• A general factor (g) affecting all tasks
• Specific factors associated with particular tasks
•
Jensen’s Two-Level Theory
intelligence consists of associative and cognitive abilities
•
Associative abilities
•
Cognitive abilities
•
inherited
•
Vygotsky’s View: Social
saw intellectual development as occurring in a social context
•
includes communication with the self and others
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
• proposed that there are multiple types of intelligence
• traditional intelligence tests do not measure them
• intelligence =
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
• Successful intelligence
• Triarchic theory:
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Analytic Dimension
Practical dimension
Creative Dimension
Emotional Intelligence : A Different Kind of Intelligence?
• Goleman:
• Emotional intelligence =
Historical Overview
Historical Overview
• Francis Galton’s Attempt (1883)
• Alfred Binet’s Success (1905):
Intelligence Tests:
How are they developed?
3 Steps in developing an Intelligence test
• Step 1
•
Step 2
•
Step 3
Test Scores
What do they mean?
The Normal Curve
• On most tests, scores are normally distributed
• A normal curve =
A Normal Distribution
Reliability and Validity of Tests
Reliability
• Reliability =
Assessing Reliability
• Test-retest reliability
• Alternative-form reliability
• Split-half reliability
Considering imperfect reliability
• Standard error of measurement:
Validity
Validity =
Types of Validity
• Content validity
• Construct Validity
• Predictive Validity
• Face Validity
Criticism of Intelligence Tests
• No agreed upon definition of intelligence
• Test items reflect quality of schooling
• Administration biases influence scores
Criticisms of Intelligence Tests (continued)
• Some people are ‘test-wise’
• Test taker’s scores depend on motivation to succeed
• Society creates the correlation between academic success and intelligence.
Make sure to review the “Four Important Intelligence Tests” presented in your text.
Nature, Nurture, and IQ: Individual Differences
GENETIC FACTORS
Genetic Transmission
•
Phenotype
•
Genotype
•
Heritability
Genetic Transmission:
Genetics and IQ
• Twin Studies:
• Adoption Studies:
Environmental Factors
•
Impoverished Environments
•
Enriched Environments
Nature, Nurture, and IQ: Group Differences
Group Differences: The Bell Curve
Responses to The Bell Curve
Within group differences vs. Between group differences