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APES midterm review 2015
MIDTERM 2014-2015
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Topics that will be covered on exam
-
Summer assignment (environmental history, invasive species, famous people)
Chemistry / Physics / Thermodynamics
Geology
Soil
Atmosphere / climate / weather / El Nino
Human Population / Population Ecology
Community Ecology / Ecosystems Diversity
Aquatic Life Zones / Biomes
Biogeochemical cycles
Math
Historical
 Tribal Era:

Conservationist Era

Preservationist movement

Green Revolution

The Environmental Era

Sagebrush Rebellion
People
 John Muir

Teddy Roosevelt

Franklin Roosevelt

Ronald Reagan

Jimmy Carter

Rachel Carson

Gifford Pinchot

Thomas Malthus
Ideas

The tragedy of the commons

The law of tolerance
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APES midterm review 2015

Limiting factor principle

Exclusionary Principle

Ecological (carbon) Footprint

Feedback loops

Ecosystem Services
Environmental Issues

Climate Change

Ozone Depletion

Ocean Acidification

Coral Bleaching

Invasive species

Reasons for species extinctions: HIPPO
Trophic levels

NPP and GPP

Energy flow (and law of conservation of energy Rule of 10%)

Producers

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

Scavengers

Decomposers
1st Law of thermodynamics
2nd Law of thermodynamics
Geology
 Convergent Faults

Divergent Faults
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APES midterm review 2015


Transform Faults
Earthquakes
o Epicenter
o Richter Scale

Tsunamis

Volcanoes
o The Ring of Fire
Soil

Layers of soil horizons

How to use a soil triangle

Component of soil

Texture/consistence

Permeability vs Porosity
Cycles:


Nitrogen

Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrification

Assimilation

Ammonification

Denitrification
Carbon/oxygen
o Photosynthesis
o Respiration
o Fossil fuel formation
o Combustion
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APES midterm review 2015

Phosphorous

Water
Characteristics of a system
Weather/climate
o Atmospheric levels
o Prevailing winds
o Coriolis effect
o Altitude
o Latitude
o Winds / Convection cells

Hadley

Ferrel

Polar
o Warm fronts/ Cold Fronts
o Relative Humidity
Ecosystems
Range of tolerance:
Indicator species
Keystone Species
Theory of Island Biogeography
Evolution
- adaptive radiation
-
convergent vs divergent
-
geographic isolation
Coevolution
Speciation
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APES midterm review 2015
Natural Selection
Adaptations
Species Interactions
 Commensalisms

Predation

Mutualism

Competition

Parasitism

Habitat

Niche

Density dependent / Density independent limiting factors

Interspecific vs intraspecific competition

Analyze food web or food chain
Succession
 Primary

Secondary
o Population
o Population changes
 Irruptive

Stable

Cycle

Irregular
o Distribution
 Uniform

Clumped

Random

r-strategists vs K-strategists
o Community
o Ecosystem
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APES midterm review 2015
o Organism
o Edge Effect/ Ecotones
Biomes: not only descriptions, but what climatograms would look like, and locations on world map

Deciduous forests

Taiga

Tropical rain forests

Deserts

Savannas

Temperate rainforest

Tundra

Chaparral
Aquatic Ecosystems

Limiting factors of aquatic ecosystems:

Phytoplankton

Zooplankton

Benthos

Decomposers

Nekton

Open ocean

Coral Reef

Estuary

Intertidal zone

Abyssal plain
Marine
Fresh Water (break down of each)
 Lotic: Rivers
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APES midterm review 2015

Lentic
o Seasonal characteristics
o Swamps
o Marshes
o Lakes
Populations

Age structure diagrams

Demographic transition

Calculating natural rate of increase or population growth

Rule of 70
Complete the following on the below images of the Earth:
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

APES midterm review 2015
Draw the various convection currents that exist in the atmosphere.

Identify latitudes that are associated with dry and wet climates.

The direction of prevailing winds and how Coriolis effect would occur.

identify location of El Nino

Identify areas where Volcanic Island Chains have formed (what process of the earth is
associated with these islands?
Identify the layers of the cross section below.
o Give a characteristic of each layer (composition or physical property)
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APES midterm review 2015

Draw the convection currents that occur within the earth.

Explain what these convection currents result in.
Math
Dimensional analysis Practice
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APES midterm review 2015
Conversions Factors
1 hr = 60 min
1 min = 60 sec
1 ton = 2000 lbs
7 days = 1 week
24 hrs = 1 day
1 kg = 2.2 lbs
1 gal = 3.79 L
264.2 gal = 1 cubic meter
1 mi = 5,280 ft
1 kg = 1000 g
1 lb = 16 oz
20 drops = 1 mL
365 days = 1 yr
52 weeks = 1 yr
2.54 cm = 1 in
1 L = 1000 mL
1 cc is 1 cm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
0.621 mi = 1.00 km 1 yd = 36 inches
1.) How many miles will a person run during a 10 kilometer race?
2.) The moon is 250,000 miles away. How many feet is it from earth?
3.) A family pool holds 10,000 gallons of water. How many cubic meters is this?
4) Lake Michigan holds 1.3 x 1015 gallons of water. How many liters is this?
5) Chicago uses 1.2 x 109 gallons of water /day. How many gallons per second must be pumped from the
lake every second to supply the city?
Recognizing the prefix of different units
Complete the chart below
Symbol
Prefix
Multiplication Factor
G
Giga
109
M
Mega
k
Kilo
m
milli
μ
micro
n
nano
10-3
10-9
Use the chart from the previous page to answer the questions below
1) Convert 10 GW (gigawatt) to MW (Megawatts).
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APES midterm review 2015
2) Convert 4 kilograms to micrograms.
Natural Increase Rate Practice
1) A population has a crude birth rate of 42 and a crude death rate of 25, what is the natural rate of
increase for that population?
2) If the crude death rate of a country is 13 and the population is growing at a rate of 3%, what is the crude
birth rate for that nation?
Rule of 70 Practice
1) In 1900, the US was growing at a rate of 2%. In what year did that population double.
2) A population doubled in 10 years. What is the growth rate of this population?