October 22, 09:05 (MEQ-P-9530)
Arrival of Fukushima radioactivity in North American continental waters
John N. Smith1, Robin M. Brown2, Marie Robert2, William J. Williams2 and Richard Nelson1
1
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
E-mail: john.smith@dfo-mpo.gc.ca
2
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada
An earthquake-triggered tsunami on March 11, 2011 caused extensive damage to the nuclear
power facilities in Fukushima, Japan resulting in the discharge of large quantities of radioactivity
into the western North Pacific. The radioactivity plume was transported northeastward towards
North America by the Kuroshio Current. A Canadian monitoring program was immediately
established to detect the arrival of Fukushima radioactivity in the eastern North Pacific and
Arctic Oceans. Water samples were collected for the detection of radioactivity on four missions
of the CCGS Tully in June of 2011, 2012 and 2013 and February, 2014 on a line (Line P)
extending to a location (Sta. P26), approximately 1500 km west of Victoria, BC. Measurements
of Cs isotopes in June, 2011 are consistent with background fallout sources of radioactivity.
However, Cs measurements on water samples collected in June, 2012 at Sta. P26 detected 134Cs
at levels indicating the presence of contamination from the Fukushima nuclear reactor accident.
The 2013 results revealed the presence of 134Cs in the upper 100 m along the entire length of
Line P indicating that the Fukushima signal had fully arrived in Canadian territorial waters.
Levels of Fukushima 137Cs were about 1 Bq/m3 in June, 2013 which is equivalent to previous
background levels of 137Cs from atmospheric fallout. These levels had increased to values of
about 2 Bq/m3 by February, 2014. These 137Cs concentrations are significant, but are several
orders of magnitude below those that would be considered a threat to the environment or human
health.
October 22, 09:25 (MEQ-P-9615)
Accumulation of 239+240Pu and 210Po in the marine biota around Korean Peninsula
Suk Hyun Kim, Gi Hoon Hong, Hyun Mi Lee, Young Il Kim, Hee Young Park and Bo Eun Cho
Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan, R Korea. E-mail: shkim@kiost.ac
The concentrations of
239+240
Pu and
210
Po were determined in the marine biota of several tropic levels
around Korean Peninsula to understand the bioaccumulation of these gamma emitter radionuclides.
Marine biota including phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroalgae, crustaceans, mollusks, surface water
fish, bottom water fish and cephalopods were collected in 2014. The concentrations were measured in the
parts of skin, muscle and internal organs if possible to be separated. The concentrations of
239+240
Pu in
collected biota were the highest in phytoplankton with 68.5±0.3 mBq/kg·ww and had descending order of
phytoplankton > zooplankton (8.73±0.03) > abalone (5.38±0.02) > sea mustard (0.821±0.004) > laver
(0.448±0.002) > flat fish (0.368±0.010) > anchovy (0.305±0.001) > mackerel (0.281±0.010) > squid
(0.274±0.010) > red-banded lobster (0.139±0.010). This indicates that
239+240
Pu is highly accumulated in
phytoplankton but the accumulation factor does not increase in upper tropic levels. The concentrations of
210
Po in phytoplankton and zooplankton were 137±4 and 111±4 Bq/kg·ww, respectively. The
concentrations of
210
Po in the whole body of anchovy preying on zooplankton was 392±13 Bq/kg·ww
which is higher than that in zooplankton. The concentrations of 210Po in the muscle of squid, abalone, redbanded lobster, mackerel and flat fish were 8.6±0.3, 3.4±0.1, 2.8±0.1, 0.8±0.03 and 0.5±0.02 Bq/kg·ww.
However, the concentrations of 210Po in the internal organs of these species were two or three order higher
than reported in muscle tissues. This means that
210
Po transferred through food chain is not easily
accumulated in muscle but is highly so in internal organs.
October 22, 09:45 (MEQ-P-9288)
Numerical modeling of marine pollution in Kamaishi Bay (Japan) following the 2011
Earthquake and Tsunami
Md. Nazrul Islam1,3 and Daisuke Kitazawa2
1,2
3
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. E-mail: islam009@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Department of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
A three dimensional Marine Environmental Committee (MEC) model was used to describe wind and tidal forcing
effects on circulation and hydrography in Kamaishi Bay at Miyagi Prefecture in the Great East Japan. The major
purpose of thismodeling was to study the diffusion and potential ecological effects of marine pollution resulting
from the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami. The model was used to simulate changes in water quality and effects on
marine ecosystem structure from January 2009 to December 2012. The MEC model was used to predict the
distributions of various key water quality indicators and tide flow in the different layers of Kamaishi Bay. High
correlations were obtained between simulation- and measurement-derived tidal characteristics. One of the physical
structures that was damaged by the tsunami was the breakwater at the mouth of Kamaishi Bay (> 60 m). We also
simulated the effects of breaking water effects on the tide, currents and integrating aquaculture and fisheries. The
wind driven flows, modeled using mean seasonal winds (NE, SE, and SW), results in variable hydrographic
conditions and circulation patterns in the shallow waters of r Kamaishi Bay. The distribution of marine pollutants
associated with increased discharges of domestic and industrial wastes and contaminant following the 2011 event is
affected by this variability and helps explain observed concentration levels in the bay ecosystem. Before the tsunami
(2010) at the station 4 (depth 5m) in Kamaishi Bay average concentration of environemtal indicators i.e. DO (mg/L),
salinity (psu), NH4-N [μmol/L], PO4-P [μmol/L], NO3-N [μmol/L], NO2-N [μmol/L] and SiO2-Si [μmol/L] was
14.20, 32.34, 0.72, 20.15, 1.56, 0.16, and 4.01 accordingly. After the tsunami (2012) at the same station
environemtal indicators average concentration was 13.98, 33.01, 0.78, 0.23, 1.63, 0.17, and 4.48 accordingly. The
observation and simulation results of nutrients concentration in the month of August 2010 and 2012 are shown a
good agreement. Model results and field measurements indicate the marine contamination does not exceed the
environmental standards of Japan. Observed and simulated DO, T-N and T-P concentrations are not significantly
different from those reported before the disaster.
October 22, 10:05 (MEQ-P-9694)
Legacy POPs: Are they finally fading from marine foodchains?
John E. Elliott1,2, Aroha Miller1,2, Kyle H. Elliott3, Melanie F. Guigueno3 and Sandi Lee1
1
Environment Canada, Delta, BC, Canada. E-mail: john.elliott@ec.gc.ca
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
3
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
4
Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
2
Legacy POPs (persistent organic pollutants) such as the industrial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
compounds and the organochlorine insecticides such as DDT have been heavily restricted or banned in
North America for many decades. They constitute the key elements of the dirty dozen of chemicals
classified as the incipient POPs under the Stockholm Convention. Marine ecosystems are the ultimate
sink for POPs, and thus there is a continuing need to monitor such contamination. Eggs of marine birds
have proven to be an efficient and effective means of measuring and tracking xenobiotic compounds
which are transferred from the female bird to the egg via yolk lipids or proteins. Here we report and
discuss data from long term monitoring of these legacy POPs in seabird eggs from the northeast Pacific.
For this program, the marine system was divided, and representative species selected. The nearshore
subsurface is monitored using two cormorant, Phalacrocorax, species, auritus and pelagicus, both feed on
a variety of benthic and pelagic fish. The inshore and estuarine zone is monitored using the great blue
heron, Adea Herodias. Nearshore data will be compared to data from the offshore subsurface monitored
using the rhinoceros auklet, Cerorhinca monocerata, a feeder mainly on small pelagic fishes, and the
offshore surface species, the Leach’s storm-petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa, which feeds mainly on
surface plankton and larval fishes. At three breeding colonies each along the Pacific coast of Canada and
at four year intervals 15 eggs are collected and archived. Analysis of the most recent temporal trend data,
which includes retrospective data from archived samples, shows, as reported for some more polluted
environments, that PCBs and DDE, following several decades of flat trends, have declined significantly.
The possible role of dietary variation, potentially related to marine regime shifts, will be examined by use
of stable isotopes in variation in contaminant levels in these monitored seabirds.
October 22, 10:45 (MEQ-P-9492)
POPs biotransport by Pacific salmon to the Russian coast of the Northwestern Pacific
Olga Lukyanova1,2, Vasiliy Tsygankov2, Margarita Boyarova2 and Nadezhda Khrisoforova2
1
Pacific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, Russia
E-mail: olga.lukyanova@tinro-center.ru
2
Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic xenobiotics that circulate in the biosphere over
decades. Along with the atmospheric transport, POPs are dispersed in the ocean by currents and
in marine organisms that migrate over long distances. In fishes, the biotransport of POPs is
primarily in salmon and the amount has increased and is estimated to be between 1.0–1.5 million
tons in the north Pacific. Salmon feeding and migration occurs in the upper layer of the
epipelagial zone at depths from 0 to 50 m. It is precisely in this layer that atmospheric
precipitations - pollutants deposited on suspended particles - and toxic products of decomposed
plastic may concentrate and be accumulated by salmon and their prey. The number of salmon
migrating to the Russian coast varies from year to year, but the structure of migratory fish
remains the same: pink salmon constitute 60–65%, chum salmon 20–25%, and sockeye salmon
10–12%. Chum salmon and pink salmon are the main migratory fish in the eastern coast of
Kamchatka, eastern Sakhalin Island, the continental coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, and in the
Amur River basin. Analytical data show that one specimen of pink salmon contained 90 μg of
pesticides (DDT+HCH) and one specimen of chum salmon contained 640 μg of pesticides. The
total amount of POPs transported by salmon to the Russian coast, , is estimated to be more than
30 kg. Salmon are considered to be an important vector in the transport of pollutants in the North
Pacific.
October 22, 11:05 (MEQ-P-9544)
Comparison of oil exposure methods to filter feeding bivalve
Andrew Jin Yi Loh1,2, Un Hyuk Yim1,2, Sung Yong Ha1, Joon Geon An1 and Won Joon Shim1,2
1
Oil and POPs research group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, R Korea
E-mail: andrew@kiost.ac
2
Marine Environmental Chemistry and Biology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon,
R Korea
Oyster, a representative filter feeder is commonly used for environmental monitoring. After the
Hebei Spirit Oil Spill (HSOS), long term monitoring of petrogenic PAHs using oyster showed
persistently high concentration for more than one year which could not be explained by the
traditional oil exposure scenario. This study aimed to compare various exposure methods
including water accommodated fraction (WAF), mechanically dispersed oil (MDO), and oilSPM aggregates (OSA), and to measure petroleum hydrocarbons accumulated in oyster
according to exposure method. Oil concentrations used were 24 g/l for WAF and MDO, 0.12 g/l
for OSA respectively. Oysters were exposed to WAF, MDO and OSA for 48 hours and this test
was performed in triplicate. Concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH, UCM, 16 PAHs,
alkyl PAHs) in oysters exposed were in the order of MDO>OSA>WAF. Accumulated
concentrations of TPH and PAHs in oysters exposed to OSA were as high as half of those
exposed to MDO although only 1/200 of oil was used for OSA. This result implied that OSA is
the more vulnerable form of exposure to filter feeding oyster. Composition profiles of petroleum
hydrocarbons in oyster exposed to MDO and OSA were similar with exposed oil. This similarity
was also found at field collected oysters right after the spill. Meanwhile, oysters exposed to
WAF only showed low molecular weight hydrocarbons with relatively high solubility. Oil
fingerprinting ratio plots revealed that oysters exposed to MDO and OSA has similar
composition profiles that of oil. These results suggest that right after the HSOS, intertidal oysters
were exposed to dispersed MDO or OSA. OSA could be preferentially formed in the turbid
environment, and our study revealed that OSA may act as a continuous route of exposure to filter
feeders.
Posters
MEQ-P-9437
Assessment of marine environment quality in Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan)
Tatyana A. Belan1, Alexander V. Moshchenko2, Boris M. Borisov1, Tatyana S. Lishavskaya1 and
Alexander V. Sevastianov1
1
Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Vladivostok, Russia.
Tbelan@ferhri.ru
2
Institute of Marine Biology FEBRAS, Vladivostok, Russia
E-mail:
Three areas with different pollution load were detected in the Peter the Great Bay in 2001. Golden Horn
and Dyomid Inlets were considered to be as extremely highly polluted. Eastern part of Amursky Bay was
characterized by high and moderate levels of sediment pollution. These are semi-closed areas with slow
circulation and transport of silty sediments and high concentration of organic carbon (up to 127.4 mg/g),
petroleum hydrocarbons (up to 2.83 mg/g) and trace metals. Benthic communities are characterized by
low values of species diversity, richness, and biomass. Species more tolerant to pollution are dominated
in numerically abundance by the polychaetes Tharyx pacifica, Capitella capitata, Schistomeringos
japonica, Cirratulus cirratus.
Low pollution of bottom sediments registered in the inner parts of Amursky and Ussuryisky Bays. The
polychaetes Lumbrineris longifolia, Sigambra bassi, Maldane sarsi were the most numerically abundant.
The total biomass was formed by the large Scapharca broughtoni, Dosinia angulosa, Callithaca adamsi,
Macoma tokyoensis in the inner bays. In this paper, we relate quantitative and structural parameters of
benthic communities to the different pollution pressure. The strongest correlations between pollution
loads and community structure were observed in extremely high and high polluted areas - Golden Horn
and Dyomid Inlets, and in the eastern part of Amursky Bay.
MEQ-P-9440
Marine environmental impacts of the Japanese nuclear power plant “Fukushima-1”
accident in the Far Eastern seas
Eugene V. Karasev, Emiliya L. Chaikovskaya and Tatiana S. Lishavskaya
Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Vladivostok, Russia
E-mail: ekarasev@ferhri.ru
The potential impacts of radionuclide pollution following the accident at the nuclear power plant
“Fukushima -1” in 2011 to Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, and northwestern Pacific Ocean are of
great environmental concern. Survey data collected during 2011-2012 are used to evaluate this
concern by comparisons with similar observations obtained in 2010. Data collection was
conducted by Russian and Japanese scientists at sampling locations in the Sea of Japan, Sea of
Okhotsk, along the Kuril Islands, and the northern boundary of Kuroshio Current near
“Fukushima-1”. In 2011 marine contamination of the Sea of Japan was negligible and was
related to the atmospheric deposition of radioactive elements. It posed no hazard to the Russian
coast. No radionuclide contamination from the power plant accident was detected in the northern
part of the Sea of Okhotsk near Sakhalin Island. Observed concentrations of radionuclides in
marine waters near the Kuril Islands also were negligible. Survey results indicate that
contamination was greatest in the latitudinal zone between 35°30'N and38°30'N.
MEQ-P-9458
Toxic elements in seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria saccharina, Cystoseira barbata,
Costaria costata from the Peter the Great Bay (Japan Sea)
Lidia T. Kovekovdova, Denis P. Kiku and Irina S. Kasyanenko
Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, Russia. E-mail: Kovekovdova@mail.ru
Environmental conditions in the Peter the Great Bay contribute to the development many species
water plants. Many of these plants are used in foods and medicines. Samples of seaweed
Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria saccharina, Cystoseira barbata, Costaria costata, were
collected in the summer in 2013 year in the Peter Great Bay and analyzed for As, Cd, Cu, Hg,
Pb, Zn. Content of arsenic in Laminaria saccharina (31.6 mg/g) and Cystoseira barbata (40.6
mg/g) was higher than the maximum permissible levels. Concentration of toxic elements Cd
(0.08–0,12); Pb (0.08–0.30); Hg (0.01–0.02) in the seaweed does not exceed the maximum
permissible levels. Elevated levels of As indicate a further needs to (1) determine what forms of
arsenic compounds are found in the algae due to their varying toxicity; and (2) revise the
maximum permissible levels of arsenic in seaweed.
MEQ-P-9464
The pollution of coastal waters of the Possyet Bay (Peter the Great Bay,
Japan/East Sea)
Ludmila Nigmatulina1 and Andrey Chernyaev1,2
1
Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, Russia
Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), School of Natural Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
E-mail: blizzard_01@mail.ru
2
Possyet Bay is the main center of commercial invertebrate reproduction in the
south of Primorsky Kray (Russian Federation). Coastal waters of the Possyet Bay
assimilate pollution coming from the coasts and river basins. Local anthropogenic
pollution batteries are harbours and bays, where port infrastructure is situated.
Significant contribution to the pollution of the Possyet Bay comes from the Tumen
River. About 70% of the catchment area belongs to China; 29% to the Democratic
People of the Republic of Korea (DPRK); and less than 1% to Russia. The volume
of wastewater entering the bay is 1.18 million m3 per year. Categories of
“untreated” and “not enough-treated” represent about 94% of the total incoming
water. Possyet Bay receives about 700 tons of pollutants annually from coastal
anthropogenic discharges. Suspended and dissolved organic matter contribute
disproportionately to the overall mass associated with pollution impact. The
specific index calculated for the Possyet Bay (0.081 g/m3). Distribution of
petroleum hydrocarbons in coastal waters of the Possyet Bay ranged from 0.025 to
0.065 mg/dm3 and is considered to be of minor impact.
MEQ-P-9555
Investigation of content of artificial radionuclides in the commercial crustacea in the North West
part of the Japan Sea
Galina S. Borisenko and Yuriy G. Blinov
Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, Russia. E-mail: vera_borisenko@mail.ru
The flesh of crustaceans is delicacy and source of full value of protein. We determined the content of toxic
radionuclides Cs-137 and Sr-90 in eatable tissue of crustacea and conducted a sanitary-hygienic assessment of
fishery resources relative to contaminant standards of safety.
Our study examined crustacea from the Great Peter Bay and Primorye subarea of Japan Sea and included species
such as pink shrimp (Pandalus borealis), humpback shrimp(P. hypsinotus), bear-cub shrimp (Sclerocrangon
salebrosa) opilio crab (Chionoecetes opilio), red king crab (Paralithodes camtchaticus). Determination of
radionuclides was performed by the radiochemical method with a subsequent measurement of activity of isolated
radioisotopes Cs-137 and Sr-90 on the spectrometer. The mistake of radiochemical method did not exceed 8%. The
results show that the content of Cs-137 in both species of Pandalus was similar (between 1.0–1.2 Bk/kg ), higher for
the bear-cub shrimp (1.7-1.9 Bk/kg) and higher yet for both species of crabs (2.0–2.6 Bk/kg w.w.). The differences
in observed concentrations are determined by food habits. The content of Sr-90 in flesh of crustacea did not exceed
0.6 Bk/kg. It is known, that radioisotope Sr-90 is accumulated mainly in bones and mineralized tissues. Toxic
radionuclides levels of concentrations in crustacea are regulated by the sanitary demands and food quality of
foodstuffs (SanR&N 2.3.2.1078-01) and should not exceed 200 Bk/kg Cs-137 and 100 Bk/kg Sr-90. Our data
indicate the radiation safety of crustacea in our study area.
MEQ-P-9566
Monitoring of mercury in the Russian Far Eastern Seas
Mikhail V. Simokon and Irina S. Kasyanenko
Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, Russia. E-mail: simokon@tinro.ru
Mercury (Hg) in the environment is a major concern due to its persistency, mobility and high toxicity for
living beings. Hg demonstrates complex biogeochemistry that varies with its chemical form (speciation)
and redox state. It exists in various inorganic and organic forms in the environment, of which
monomethylmercury is of a particular interest. Monomethylmercury is a neurotoxin that readily
biomagnifies up the aquatic food chain. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of mercury concentrations
in fish are generally influenced by fish size, trophic position, and life history. Furthermore, Hg levels in
fish also vary by geographic area. For these reasons the concentration and behaviour of Hg in aquatic
systems have been of great interest and importance. Compared to the situation for many freshwater fishes
and ecosystems, there are relatively fewer monitoring data for Hg in marine fishes. Monitoring of Hg
in commercial marine fishes, invertebrates and seaweeds was conducted in the main fishing areas of
Russian Far Eastern Seas (from 20XX to 20XX) to inform decisions regarding their safety for human
consumption. In spite of habitat differences, total Hg concentrations in fish species (pollock, salmon,
herring, and flatfishes) were low and and ranged from 0.018 to 0.049 mg/kg, far below the ecological
quality standard (EQS) of 0.5 mg/kg. Mercury concentrations in crustacean species (crabs and shrimps)
ranged from 0.019 to 0.050 mg/kg and didn’t exceed the EQS of 0.2 mg/kg.
MEQ-P-9570
Integrative assessment of sediment contamination by toxic organic contaminants in an
enclosed bay in South Korea
Gi Myung Han, Sang Hee Hong, Won Joon Shim, Sung Yong Ha, Nam Sook Kim, Joon Geon
An and Un Hyuk Yim
Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, R Korea
E-mail: gmhan@kiost.ac
Jinhae Bay is the largest semi-enclosed bay in South Korea and is surrounded by a high population
density and various industries. Activities from this human population and development have created
complicated environmental problems in the bay including hazardous chemical contamination. In order to
assess the contamination status and identify the priority substances in Jinhae Bay, intensive sediment
sampling was conducted and organic contaminants were analyzed. Organic contaminants were found to
be widely distributed across the bay. Among the target compounds, BTs showed the highest
concentration, followed by PAHs, NP, PBDEs, PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, and HCHs. The spatial distributions
of the chemicals are not uniform due to geographic variability in physical environmental conditions and
differences if proximity to sources of pollution.. The highest concentration of BTs and PAHs were
measured near a ship-building area. In contrast, the concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, PBDEs, and
nonylphenol were highest at the inner parts of highly urbanized/industrialized areas with a tendency of
declining from inner to outer bay. The results indicate a great loading of anthropogenic pollutants via
rivers and streams flowing through industrial areas and populated cities. A wastewater treatment plant
was also identified as an important source of organic contaminant in this bay. A comparison of the
contaminant data from Jinhae Bay with sediment quality guidelines (SQG) derived by Canada and New
Zealand/Australia, indicate that many of the sampling sites (95%) exceeded the low-SQGs of PAHs,
lindane, DDTs, dieldrin and TBT. TBT was the compound most frequently found to exceed its low- and
high-SQGs, indicating that it should be the main target of concern in Jinhae Bay.
MEQ-P-9611
Effects of solvents on the photooxidation of phenanthrene and identification of its
photoproducts
Ravi Shankar1,2, Un Hyuk Yim1,2, Song Yong Ha1, Joon Geon An1 and Won Joon Shim1,2
1
Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-shi, R Korea
E-mail: ravicshankar89@gmail.com
2
University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, R Korea
Petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major sources of pollution in
the marine environment. PAHs present in the marine environment are subject to weathering
processes such as evaporation, dissolution, sedimentation, photooxidation and biodegradation.
Among them photooxidation is an important factor in the transformation of PAHs to their
oxygenated forms increasing their polarity. The transformation pathway and the environmental
impact of the majority of petrogenic PAH photoproducts are still unknown. In view of this, a
systematic study on the photooxidation of PAHs under simulated environmental conditions was
carried out in vitro. Phenanthrene, one of the major petrogenic PAHs was used as a model
compound and its photooxidation process was examined using different organic solvents such as
isooctane, acetonitrile, acetonitrile/water (50/50) and methanol. Photooxidation was conducted in
a lab-made photooxidation chamber at an irradiance of 80 W/m2 with a cutoff at 300 nm closely
approximating sunlight. A tiered analytical approach using FT-IR, GC-MS, and LC-MS/MS
were used to investigate the kinetics of photooxidation and to identify its photoproducts.
Concentration of phenanthrene decreased exponentially with exposure time in all the tested
solvents. FT-IR analysis showed the formation of characteristic bands corresponding to
carboxylic acids and ketones. Results produced from the GC-MS analyses of derivatized samples
showed the formation of polar photoproducts such as aliphatic acids, aromatic acids, ketones and
alcohols. Isooctane appeared to be the most suitable solvent for photooxidation considering its
miscibility andnoninterference with target compounds.
MEQ-P-9756
Summer variations in interleukin-1α-like substance levels in phagocytes of holothurian eupentacta
fraudatrix in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan
Liudmila Dolmatova and Olga Ulanova
V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Vladivostok, Russia. E-mail: dolmatova@poi.dvo.ru
System of cytokins, including interleukin-1α (IL-1α),, is known to regulate immune response in
vertebrates. IL-1α-like substance (IL-1α-LS) were found in echinoderms too. However, little or no data is
available on their functional role and seasonal levels in holothurians. The aim of the study was to measure
the summer levels of the IL-1α-LS in phagocytes of the holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix and to evaluate
its dependence on seawater temperature. The species were collected in summer, 2009, in Alexeev Bay,
Peter the Great bay, Sea of Japan at the depth of 1-1.5 m. Phagocytes (fraction 1, 98% purity) were
isolated from coelomic fluid by ficoll-verographine density gradient centrifugation as described earlier
(Dolmatova et al., 2004). Concentration of IL-1α-LS was determined in nuclear-free supernatants of the
cells using the commercial kit (“Cytokin”, Russia) for human IL-1α content measuring. Since early June
to early August, concentration of IL-1α-LS gradually increased and reached a maximum 2-fold increase
compared to early June, and then decreased 3-fold in early September, compared to early August.
Seawater temperature increased from 11°C in early June to 18°C in early August. Maximal temperature
of 21.5°C was registered on mid-August, and temperature of 18°C was shown already by the late August.
By mid September, temperature declined to 15°C. The data obtained indicate that variations in IL-1α-LS
level directly corresponded to changes in seawater temperature. Taking into consideration the sensitivity
of holothurians to temperature stress, it seems possible that IL-1α-LS plays the role in stress-protective
activity of phagocytes.