Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2008
This as a guide and does not replace your notes!
Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 13
7.1 Membrane structure and function
Selective permeability, Fig. 7.2 phospholipid bilayer, Fig. 7.3 fluid mosaic model, Fig.
7.7 animal cell’s plasma membrane, integral proteins, transmembrane proteins,
peripheral proteins
Fig. 7.9 some functions of membrane proteins- transport, cell-cell recognitionglycolipids and glycoproteins
Synthesis and sidedness- Fig. 7.10
7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability
The permeability of the lipid bilayer- hydrophobic nonpolar molecules such as
hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, oxygen and lipids can cross membranes
7.3 Passive transport
Diffusion, concentration gradient, osmosis, tonicity, isotonic, hypotonic, Fig. 7.13
Animal cells- lysis, crenate (shrink) Plant cells- Turgid, flaccid
Facilitated diffusion
7.4 Active transport
Movement against the concentration gradient requires energy Fig. 7.16 sodium
potassium pump
Membrane potentials by ion pumps
Electrochemical gradient
7.5 Bultransport- exocytosis and endocytosis, ligands, phagocytosis, pinocytosis
8.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of
thermodynamics
Organization of Chemistry of life into metabolic pathways- metabolism all chemical
reactions within a cell, catabolic and anabolic pathways
8.2 Forms of energy- kinetic, potential, chemical
Fig. 8.5 the relationship of free energy to stability
Fig. 8.7 c) Equilibrium and work in closed and open systems- potential energy
found in glucose can be transformed to packaged energy (ATP) to be
used in other cellular reactions
8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reaction to endergonic reactions
Fig. 8.8 and 8.9 The structure of ATP and the source of energy found within the
phosphate bonds
Fig. 8.10 Energy coupling using ATP hydrolysis
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Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2008
This as a guide and does not replace your notes!
9 Cellular respiration
Fig. 9.2 Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems
9.1 Catabolic pathway yields energy by oxidizing organic fuels
Catabolic pathways and production of ATP- fermentation, anaerobic respiration,
animal cells produce byproduct lactic acid, prokaryotic cells produce byproduct
ethanol
cellular respiration- oxygen consumed as a reactant along with glucose know
byproducts.
Redox reaction- oxidation , reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent
Fig. 9.4 Electron carriers- NAD+ is reduced (gains electrons to form NADH
“currency in the form of a check”)
Fig. 9.5 An introduction to the Electron Transport Chain (NADH will be oxidized
“cashed”- has a lot of potential energy to create ATP “cash”)
Fig. 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration- glycolysis, citric acid cycle,
oxidative phosphorylation.
9.2 Glycolysis oxidation of glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules
Fig. 9.8 Energy investment, energy payoff, net
Fig. 9.9 closer look at glycolysis
9.3 The citric acid cycle (TCA or Kreb cycle) completes the energy-yielding oxidation of
organic molecules
Fig. 9.10 Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (junction between glycolysis and the
citric acid cycle) THIS HAPPENS TWICE! For every 1 glucose there are 2
pyruvates formed!
Fig. 9.11 overview of citric acid cycle (NADH, FADH2, ATP and CO2 produced)
Fig. 9.12 closer look at the Citric acid cycle
9.4 Oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
Most of the ATP is produced in this Step of cell respiration!
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport chain without oxygen,
the electron transport system gets backed up and shuts down.
Chemiosmosis: the energy coupling mechanism- ATP synthase fig. 9.14
Fig. 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the Electron transport chain to ATP synthesis- the
electrons from NADH and FADH2 moved down the Electron transport chain and drive
Hydrogen ions across the membrane creating a chemical gradient (more Hydrogen
ions on one side of the membrane) this hydrogen gradient drives the ATP synthase
(protein channel within membrane) to produce ATP!
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Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2008
This as a guide and does not replace your notes!
Where does the hydrogen come from?
Fig. 9.16 ATP yield per molecule of glucose (where is most of the ATP produced?)
9.5 Fermentation- anaerobic respiration
Fig. 9.17 Alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
9.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
Fig. 9.19 The catabolism of various molecules from food- proteins, carbohydrates,
and fats
Chapter 10
Photosynthesis, autotroph, photoautotroph, heterotroph,
10.1 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy of food
Photo- uses light to drive the Synthesis of sugar (produce sugar)
Know the site of photosynthesis in plants- Chloroplast, chlorophyll, mesophyll,
stomata, stroma, thylakoids, thylakoid space
6 Carbon dioxide + 12 water + light energy
Glucose + 2Oxygen + 6water
Understand Figure 10.3- mesophyll, stomatas and what they let in and out, Mesophyll
cell, chloroplast, chloroplast outer and inner membrane, intermembrane space,
stroma, granum, thylakoid, and thylakoid space
Know the two stages of photosynthesis- light reaction (the photo part) and Calvin
cycle (dark reaction)- the synthesis part
Know that water splitting provides the electrons an protons (H+) and gives off
oxygen
What is NADP+ and NADPN?
Understand the overview of photosynthesis Fig. 10.5
10.2 The light reactioins
Wavelength, visible light, photons,
Understand what a spectrophotometer is used for
Why leaves are green? Fig. 10.7
Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids
Undesrtand excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule Fig 10.11
Understand Photosystems: areaction- center complex associated with light harvesting
complexes
Know these terms, photsytem, reaction-center complex, light harvesting complex,
primary electron acceptor, Photsystem II and Photosystem I.
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Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2008
This as a guide and does not replace your notes!
Understand how the Linear flow during the light reaction Fig. 10.13
Compare chemiosmosis in Chloroplast and Mitochondria Fig. 10.16
Understand the light reaction and chemiosmosis : the organization of the thylakoid
membrane fig. 10.17
10.3 The Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar- carbon fixing
Know the three phases of the calvin cyle Fig 10.18
Know that the carbohydrate produced directly from the calvin cycle is actually not
glucose, but a three carbon sugar by the name of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate
(G3P)
10.4 Alternative Mechanisms
Understand the difference between C3 plants, C4 plants, photorespiration, CAM
Chapter 12 and 13
Chromosome, chromotids, sister chromotids, homologous chromosomes,(fig. 12.4)
centrosome, Mitosis, Meiosis
Understand the cell cycle, fig. 12.5, interphase, synthesis of DNA in Interphase, cell division
(Mitosis or Meiosis)
Page 232 mitotic Division of animal cell
Aster, centrioles,
Binary fission,
Understand fig. 13.5 the human life cycle
Understand fig. 13.4 describing chromosomes
Somatic cells, Diploid, haploid, sex chromosomes, autosomes, zygote, fertilization,
differentiation, gametes,
Understand the steps involved in meiosis (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)- know which meiosis I
or Meiosis II involves the separation of sister chromatids or separation of homolgous pairs
Understand fig 13.7 overview of meiosis
Understand fig. 13.8 and 13.9 comparison of mitosis and meiosis in diploid cells
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