Library ergonomics
The Library Ergonomics of the Automated Workstation of the Library Staffs
in Angeles City
Remedios DL. Baking
Holy Angel University
Graduate Department
Library Science
February 2008
1
Library ergonomics
Abstract
The library is considered an important educational system in which
the library staffs are the key persons in the provision of
unquantifiable information services to library patrons and
community of users. Poor working conditions affect the physical
well-being of the library staffs. In line with this, the researcher
attempted to find how the workstations of the library staffs and
workers of the seven (7) academic institutions and eleven (11)
schools institutions in Angeles City are ergonomically designed. The
researcher used the descriptive method and inferential statistics such
as T-test to check the significant differences between the library
ergonomics of the academic and school institutions and also
percentage distribution and weighted mean of the responses of the
research respondents. Findings of the study showed that library
staffs in both academic and school libraries were not fully
ergonomically aware on the different physical factors that strain their
bodies when staying in their workstation. The respondents indicated
uncertainty on the comfort they have on their workstation. They also
indicated that they experienced less stress on the eyes but they
experienced much pain on the wrist and neck. These pains that were
brought by the unergonomic furniture did not fit the different
anthropometric measures of the library staffs that require knowledge
and training to correct the unfit furniture. Indeed, it is desirable to
fully understand the benefit of taking micro-break, office exercises,
and proper arrangement of the furniture and equipment in the office
to avoid strain and injuries in the workplace.
2
Library ergonomics
3
The 20th century brought the dawn of the digital information age and
unprecedented changes in information technology. There is no indication that this rapid
change will be slowing, so it may even be increasing. As the 21st century begins,
computer literacy is undoubtedly becoming a prerequisite not only in the library facilities
and equipment but also to the services (O’Leary, 2008). The role of the library is to offer
services that suit the needs of the students, educators, and other researchers. These
services vary for each type of libraries: traditional, digital, and hybrid. Traditional
libraries are those libraries that concentrate on books and other printed materials. Its
operations are done manually with the use of conventional method of information
dissemination. Digital libraries are those libraries that utilize computers in their library
operation, having collections of purely online resources and computerized digital nonprint materials. Hybrid libraries, on the other hand, are those that maintain a combination
of library materials from print, non-print, digital, and online resources. Nowadays,
traditional libraries are starting to evolve to hybrid libraries. In order to keep pace with
the trend and advancement, information is upgraded in format such as those in digital,
online, and text format to cope with the development of computer technology and meet
the changing needs of the library community.
A corollary aspect to this idea is the fact that computers penetrate in the library
collection of furniture and equipment which affect the work of library staffs. Such
developments require library personnel to spend more time at their desk and depend on
computers in upgrading and updating electronic services and in doing their library
Library ergonomics
4
functions specifically in the circulation, the reference and the technical services which
involve cataloging, selection and acquisition of library resources as well as the processing
of library materials.
Cloete, Snyman, and Cronje (2003) observed that bibliographic work can never
be completely computerized without human input, especially with regard to authority
control. With the advancement of computer use, most of the manual activities in library
operations are now being replaced by library staffs’ input into computers.
As a daily routine becomes computer dependent, library staffs develop related
illnesses and injuries caused by repetitive use of computers. The study of Stover (2000)
proved that most library staffs agreed that computers generate variety of problems in the
workplace, where carpal tunnel syndrome being the most common. In a related situation,
Sheau-yueh, Ching, and Chiang (2001) disclosed that repetitive muscle efforts can be at
risk to the muscles, tendons and nerves and increase the chances of developing various
body injuries such as repetitive strain injuries (RSI) or cumulative trauma disorders
(CTD), neck and back pains and eyestrains.
RSI refers to the injuries and disorders brought about by undesigned
ergonomically workstations which cover disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome,
upper limb disorders, work-related upper limb disorders (WRULDs), musculoskeletal
disorders, computer vision syndrome and cumulative trauma disorders. It relates to a
range of musculoskeletal disorders that arises through overuse of particular parts of the
body – head-wrist, arm-elbow, shoulder-neck and leg-elbow (Oborne, 1995).
Library ergonomics
5
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (1990a) found the main causes of muscles and
tendons overused or CTDs include 1) awkward static or constrained postures, 2)
repetitive movements of the parts of the body, and 3) extreme force required by parts of
the body.
For the HSE (1990a), the most effective method of dealing with work-related
upper limb disorders (WRULDs) in the workplace may take the following:

Ergonomic improvements to work situations – provision of sufficient working
space to enable the operator to work in comparative comfort and safety without
excessive twisting, turning or arm elevation;

Improvement of equipment design – where practicable old or poorly designed
equipment should be replaced or modified to enable the worker to operate with a
high degree of comfort as possible and to eliminate any physical tension that may
be present;

Improvement of organizational work factors – job redesign, rotation of tasks,
breaks, time limits placed on video display unit (VDU) work periods;

Improvements in managerial aspects – workers should be warned of the risk
inherent in certain tasks, early symptom reporting should be encouraged, prompt
action should be taken and proper training should be given; and

Proper risk assessment and planning – a formal policy should be developed and
employees should be made aware of its existence.
Library ergonomics
6
CTD is an injury developed by repetitive stress and can now be lessened if not
prevented by awareness and education programs on ergonomics (Caventa, 2007). For
him, applying the principle of ergonomics to computer use can greatly benefit workers
mentally and physically. It can even enhance their output quite dramatically.
In 2005, Henry found out that workers within a manufacturing environment are
affected by Ergonomic Risk Factors. These risks are known to have been directly related
to musculoskeletal discomfort attributed to the physical aspects of performing certain
tasks that placed stress on the body.
Back pain is a cause of sick leave. This idea is according to the data from
International Bone and Joint Decade Council which launched a “3pm Banat Buto”
program in order to ease such pain (Manongdo, 2004). The said program is a 15-minute
video exercise which composed of warm-up phase followed by the exercise proper that
involves the large muscles and the spine, and then the cool – down phase.
Similar observation with that of Sheau-yueh, Ching, and Chiang (2001) was
recorded by the Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health (1999). In their
studies, as computers have been added in the workplace, work-related musculoskeletal
irritation has increased. The works of Wright (1993) and Kroemer and Kroemer (2001)
had shown that work-related discomforts were due to lack of whole-body movement,
unsuitable posture especially when maintained for long period, often caused by ill-fitting
furniture including chair, physical exertion of hand, arm and shoulder stress which was
caused by repetitive work.
Library ergonomics
7
Miles (2001) examined ergonomics and its potential power to alleviate
organizational stress and other personal and work outcomes especially somatic
complaints, job induced tension, general fatigue, and job dissatisfaction directly through
perception of person-environment fit and perceptions of control. Findings indicated
positive relationship between ergonomic design (adjustable chair, wall color, work area
design) and ergonomic training (training satisfaction, training understanding) with
person-environment fitness. Likewise, a positive relationship between ergonomic design
and ergonomic training with control was found.
Clark (2006) identified vision condition related to computer, whereby The
American Optometric Association called this condition as Computer Vision Syndrome
(CVS). This is an injury characterized by eyestrain or eye fatigue, dry eyes, burning
eyes, light sensitivity vision, muscle spasms, headache and pain in the shoulder, neck and
back. It has the following symptoms: headaches, dry or irritated eyes, blurred vision,
eyestrain, slow refocusing, neck and or shoulder backaches, double vision and color
distortion.
It was as early as 1996 when Brugger noted that libraries were no different from
the rest of the information industries that dealt with considerations, including the various
types of physical injuries. An alarming 81 percent of the respondents of the study
recorded problems such as repetitive strain injuries, back and eyestrain. The problems
encountered were found to have been related with equipment they used including those
Library ergonomics
8
footrest, adjustable keyboards, and articulated mouse trays. Exercise programs and
adjustments in schedules were taken as remedy for these work-related cases.
The long-term work with computers particularly the extensive period of data entry
requires ergonomic measures to ensure a healthful, satisfying, and productive job
(Kroemer, Kroemer & Kroemer-Elbert, 2001).
Ergonomics is the field of study that aims to make the workplace more userfriendly instead of forcing the worker to adapt to specific work conditions. Employers use
the principle and techniques of ergonomics in designing the workplace and job tasks to
optimize workers’ capabilities and to counteract their limitations. Ergonomics also refers
to a range of concepts which assist people in the design and interaction of library staffs
with the computer, systems, working methods and environment while taking into account
their safety, physical and mental capacity, and their productiveness. Additionally,
achieving an ergonomic work environment entails checking and changing the layout of
the work area, deploying ergonomic equipment and tools, and implementing education
and training programs to promote safe work practices to ensure healthful conditions
(Atkins, 2005). The work environment is the surrounding that includes lighting,
temperature, air quality and the equipment, and ambiance where work activities are being
performed.
Office ergonomics is synonymous to ergonomics (Kroemer & Kroemer, 2001). It
applies science to workplace design to maximize productivity while reducing fatigue and
discomfort. The main goal of ergonomics is to prevent injuries on the job and to reduce
Library ergonomics
the risk of future injuries (Atkins, 2005). Conversely, ergonomics considers the
characteristics and limitations of humans to improve the interaction between the human
component and machine.
Moreover, ergonomics (Miles, 2001) involves medical cost reduction, less
absenteeism and higher productivity. It also reduces strain like physical discomfort,
fatigue, and tension in the workplace through environmental tool and job design.
According to Fernandez (1995) the different application of ergonomic principles
in the workplace can result in the following:

Increased productivity

Improved health and safety of workers

Lower workers’ compensation claims

Job satisfaction

Compliance with government regulations (e.g OSHA standards)

Increased work quality

Lower worker turnover

Lower lost time at work

Improved moral of workers

Decrease in absenteeism rate
Reyes (2003) defined ergonomics as a source of bringing the equipment in line
with body rather than the body with working environment that reduces musculoskeletal
injuries. He even emphasized that the arrangement of the workplace and interaction with
9
Library ergonomics 10
that space is just as important as the equipment used. To lessen eyestrain, carpal tunnel
syndrome, and wrist, shoulder or back problems, desk and computer equipment should be
arranged properly for greater efficiency. As suggested, the different ways to minimize
health problems are as follows:

Keep used items close at hand as frequently as possible;

Sit close to work to avoid long reaches to the keyboard or mouse;

Adjust the computer monitor so that it’s just below eye level;

Approximate the height of the keyboard at waist level so that the forearms
and wrists are at the right level typing;

Sit straight with the lower back supported and the feet flat on the floor;

Provide frequent breaks to stretch; and

Pay attention if there is a sign of pain on the muscles, neck, back or eyes
which needs rest or a change of desk set-up.
Laquindanum’s study (1997) was about the provision of work environment
conducive to productivity. For him, working environment increases workers’ output,
thus, preventing any undesirable behavior.
Bauzon’s study (1998) dealt with job stress among school teachers at Holy Angel
University. The study showed that autonomy reduces workers’ stress. It also showed that
man has the capacity to adjust the equipment in order to make the workplace conducive
and healthy.
Library ergonomics 11
For Caguiat (2001), the most common manifestation of stress frequently
experienced by librarians were backaches and headaches. These were caused by burnout
due to poor working conditions. For this reason, stress reduction techniques and
remedies were given to librarians through skills training programs, breaks during work,
and orientation programs. On the other hand, improved working conditions, and
improved communications were provided by the administration.
In a library-related situation, Buenrostro (2004) correlated ergonomics to man and
machine which were symbiotically connected with each other. He noted that, a
workplace that is ergonomically planned together with consideration of other physical
aspects of the workplace, makes the place conducive for work, thus achieving increased
productivity.
To come up with increased productivity, library staffs should possess the needed
technical skills in the performance of their duties. In the workstation, the staffs are
expected to perform technical services such as cataloging, indexing and abstracting,
selection and acquisitions and the processing of materials and the preparation of
appropriate library records so that library resources be made accessible by the community
of users as well as in the reference, and circulation section of the library. A workstation
that is ergonomically designed and healthfully equipped includes: lighting, furniture like
chair and desk, temperature, and air quality.
The chair and desk are the most important pieces of office furniture and
equipment. The chair should be one that encourages movement and must fit correctly the
Library ergonomics 12
user for lumbar support, and seat back. It should also protect the curvature of the spine to
maintain good posture. Karanek (2005) and Clark (2006) suggested the most important
features of a chair should have a lumbar support with adjustable height, with tilt ability,
and tilt lock.
Atencio (1996) stated a different view regarding desk. Different activities such as
reading, writing, and typing require different desk arrangement to accommodate the
monitor, keyboard, mouse, and whatever tools needed. For Rooney (1994) the desk
needs to be large enough to have document holders attached to the side of the monitor or
to be free standing on the desk top to prevent the head from having to move up or down
which can cause headache. Likewise, items must be arranged according to the preference
of the workers and that the height of the desk is determined primarily by the staffs
according to their comfort.
Tamayo’s study (2006) showed that posture is an important factor that contributes
illness or injuries preferably at the lower back of the body, thus proper sitting position in
the workplace is necessary to avoid injuries and pain. Moreover, lumbar support from
the chair is needed to support the lower back and a relax posture when working with the
computer is needed to make the body comfortable.
According to Bridger (1995), the decisions about the appropriateness and relative
advantages of different designs can be made only after considering the characteristics of
the users and the requirement of their jobs.
Library ergonomics 13
The keyboard and mouse are components of computers which are used to input
data and retrieve information. A keyboard platform should allow the user to easily change
height and depth as different tasks necessitate. The computer mouse (LaGesse, 2003)
causes more hand and arm pain than keyboard. Improper use of the mouse like extending
the arm away in the performance of the necessary activities can cause arm and shoulder
pain. Goodwin (2004) and Hanson (2004) found that shoulder discomfort is caused by
stretching the arms to reach the mouse.
A related study of Sanders and McCormick (1993) found that the increased usage
of mouse became a major cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. To lessen or avoid the said
disorder, they suggested that the mouse should be kept within the Neutral Reach Zone.
This is the area that can be conveniently reached with a sweep of the arm while the upper
arm hangs in a natural position at the side.
The monitor also should be placed directly in line with the keyboard to minimize
twisting of the neck or body. Maintaining body symmetry is a critical component of
healthful work habits.
Rooney (1994) attested that the screen monitor should be adjustable on both
vertical swivel and vertical tilt. The screen should be 30.5 centimeters in length and
should be located at or below eye level to avoid muscle strain. Anti-glare glitters should
be fitted with an anti-glare hood to prevent eyestrain, with the screen provision of
adjustment in both brightness and contrast. Dark characters on a bright background are
less stressful on the eyes than a negative display on bright characters on dark background.
Library ergonomics 14
Furthermore, ergonomic design, according to Savage, Rossner, and Finke (1993)
must suit the needs of people who use the equipment. The needs normally relate to
controlling their placement, dimensioning of equipment, arraying component placement,
and to the types of materials.
According to Savage, Rossner, and Finke (1993) the human factors in general
must be addressed for consideration in the design process. They are as follows:

Equipment is only as good as its operator.

People operate equipment in response to the design of the equipment. People
must respond to many features of the equipment during operations. If people are
not capable of paying attention to the operation, the equipment may fall or cause
severe damage.

Equipment design must take into account certain body characteristics that could
result in uncomfortable or unsafe circumstances if not addressed.

It is easier to modify equipment to match the human than to modify the human to
match the equipment.
Considering the importance of body symmetry, Morris and Dyer (1998) suggested
that the source document should be held on the same level as the monitor screen because
the placement of the document has a relative effect on the movement of the head and
neck. Alternate placement of such documents from one side of the monitor to the other is
recommended to avoid neck and shoulder stress.
Library ergonomics 15
Another major issue facing library staffs today is computer vision syndrome
(CVS), which can cause headaches, eyestrain, neck and back pain, and light sensitivity.
Lighting with excessive brightness may cause glare that can be corrected by proper
positioning and tilting of monitor and adjustment of blinds.
Atencio (1996) found that eyestrain is caused by high levels of fatigue, errors at
work, and lost days of productions which are characterized by:

screen glare from lights, windows, glossy paper, book cover or shiny desk;

brightness, color, contrast, filter and geometric distortion of monitor;

the intensive use of computer; and

preexisting eye conditions.
Guarascio-Howard (2005) reviewed three disciplines, ergonomics, human factors,
and lighting design to explore the influence on computer workstations. Results showed
that participants who used the computer in less than twenty hours per week were more
sensitive to the human factors and ergonomic issues.
Proper temperature is contributory to perform mental operation comfortably
without being too hot or too cold. According to Galer (1987), offices with poor
ventilation and temperature that are either too hot or too cold can result in loss of
efficiency, discomfort, and increase rates of accident and sickness. Overheating can cause
lethargy and lack of concentration, while overcooling can induce restlessness. Both
conditions may lead to increased errors and poor performance. Hence, the maintenance of
a comfortable thermal environment is essential (Morris & Dyer, 1998).
Library ergonomics 16
Air quality is another component of ergonomic workstation which provides
sufficient ventilation, humidity, and temperature. Lindin (1991) found that air-borne
organic compound plus interaction with other physical factors such as ventilation,
humidity, and temperature significantly affect librarians because they do not have control
over the opening of windows and air temperature.
Sharma and Singh (2006) noted that the vitality of the staff may result in
maximum output based on the following conditions:

Pieces of furniture are arranged to expedite duties without loss of motion
on time;

Allocation of enough space per person;

Proper condition of ventilation and heating; and

Lighting of workplace that supplies sufficient illumination without glare.
Another study by Lacsamana (2002) was about the assessment of ergonomic
practices in cataloging department of selected universities in Metro Manila. The
investigation was undertaken to ascertain catalogers’ ergonomic awareness so that they
could have more successful and productive work outcome. Findings showed that
ergonomic awareness and practices were nil.
The different literature cited on the subject invariably point out the importance of
ergonomics in the workstation of staffs and workers. These literatures focus primarily on
the ergonomic principles and programs preventing repetitive strain injuries, ergonomic
equipment, library ergonomics, health and safety guidelines, and workstation design.
Library ergonomics 17
Due to the importance of the library in the educational system, library staffs serve
as the key persons in the provision of unquantifiable information services needed by the
library’s community of users. Poor working condition may adversely affect the physical
well-being of library staffs.
Findings of numerous studies conducted on ergonomics in the workstation
workers abroad revealed that consciousness about ergonomics had generated physical
fitness programs devoted to health and well-being in the office environment. The
development of Library Ergonomics Committee aims to fit the machine to man.
Considerable suggestions and ways to adjust the workplace are provided by giving
proper training on how to make the workplace conducive for work in order to prevent or
minimize physical strain brought about by uncomfortable workstation.
The different literatures and studies reviewed were either focused on
the physiological condition of staffs and the environmental condition in their workstation
not in the library. In the Philippines, there were also studies conducted in Central Luzon
specifically in Angeles City but these studies were however about workstations of other
fields but not a single one discussed on how library staffs are ergonomically fitted in their
workstation. It is in this context that this study was conducted.
Theoretical Framework
Ergonomics seeks to maximize safety, efficiency, and comfort by shaping the
working environment to the operator’s capabilities. The library staff, being the operator,
Library ergonomics 18
is linked to machine (called computer). A relationship is established between the operator
and the machine in order for them to work together.
Perceptual System
(Eyes, etc.)
Environment
Lighting
Temp.
PERSON
Effector System
(Limbs)
Air quality
Desk
Chair
Environment
Displays
MACHINE
Controls
The Man-Machine Loop adapted from D.J. Oborne p.14
Fig. 1 Paradigm of the Study
As shown in Figure 1, there is a person and there is also a machine intervened by
the environment in the workplace. As the person operates the machine (computer), he/she
controls it with the use of keyboard, mouse and monitor using the affector (muscles) and
perceptual systems (eyes). The operator’s ability to see the message on a computer
Library ergonomics 19
screen can be adversely affected by the lighting in the workstation producing glare on the
screen. Uncomfortable temperature, air quality, and furniture are other factors that can
interfere and disrupt library staffs’ concentration. The quality of information transmitted
from the operator to the system and back again is mediated by the environment.
Ergonomics has been previously illustrated and discussed to investigate the
operator and the environment as equal partners within the total working system. Oborne
(1995) further attested the man-machine system is the total interaction between the
operator and the environment.
Library ergonomics 20
DISCUSSION
Libraries are labor-intensive organizations that include professional,
paraprofessional and non-professional in the library workforce. The researcher noted
84% and 86.2% female staffs dominated in academic and school libraries, respectively.
Predominantly in small libraries specifically school libraries, the works of professional
librarians were not closely demarcated from those works of staffs because of limited
personnel. As a result, various work tasks were being performed by one man-librarian
ranging from managerial to clerical work. The multifarious jobs did not confine the
librarians to spend more hours in their computer unless they make reports and update
library records. They used to delegate work with support staff and train them in
technical, reference, selection and acquisition work, and even managerial tasks. Only
those librarians in prestigious schools of Angeles City had necessary staffs with the
designated job tasks.
There was a great number of library staff who worked at a younger age with 1938 years old, very few had remained in the library for so long both in academic and
school libraries. This was brought by the requirements set by institutions for employee
like tenure. It took quite sometime to become permanent thus, leaving only few loyal
staff in the workforce. Only nine out of 56 staff in academic libraries and only one staff
in school institutions had earned MA in Library Science but most of them were pursuing
their graduate degree for the continuous advancement in the profession.
Library ergonomics 21
With the evolution of technology in libraries, library staffs enrolled themselves
for further studies in order to provide timely and efficient library service relevant to
library patrons.
Along with this, libraries continued to improve their collections from print to digital
format along with the acquisition of hardware peripherals.
Nowadays, computers operate in the libraries together with the improvement and
growth of library facilities and furniture. As found by the researcher, the lighting
condition varies based on the setup and structure of the library. Bright environment
brings glare on the monitor though enough illumination is needed to perform their library
works such as encoding library records and reports and when surfing the Net. Office staff
near windows had more reflections and shadows on the computer monitor as the ray of
light passes through the windows and window glasses that surround the office. Direct
light from fluorescent tubes also produce glare as light bounces back on the monitor. It is
for this reason that other offices have computer filters on their monitor to help reduce the
excess light. As stated by Atencio (1996) excessive lighting was brought by improper
ergonomics and poor-quality or inappropriately adjusted video display terminals (VDTs)
but in order to cut glare, windows need to have blinds or drapes or rather move the
workstation or configure the workstation in a way to reduce or eliminate the glare.
Describing how comfortable the respondents with the available furniture and
equipment, findings showed that the chairs were poorly designed with no adjustable
control to suit the user. Many libraries used monoblock chairs with no armrest and no
Library ergonomics 22
cushion for the buttocks. The height of the office desk and angle of the keyboard of the
respondents were usually high on the height of their elbow causing strain on their
shoulder, hand and arm. The mouse should be placed in a position where arms and wrists
can comfortably reduce strain. The keyboard and mouse should be around the waist level
which promoted a 90-degree angle at the elbow that would encourage straight wrist
position so that the forearms would be in a relax position at the side. The monitors were
either too high or too low that depend on the available desk used by the library staff. And
as mentioned, the respondents did not have footrest. Consequently, they rest their feet on
the base of the ergonomic chair which cannot be done in plastic chairs. Footrest is
wanting for those with seat that is too high for the user. There were some respondents
who did not have particular working table because they transferred their work to any
vacant table. As a result, further training is needed to help improve the awareness of the
library staffs on how to fit their body comfortably with their desk, chair, keyboard, and
monitor.
Library staff in academic libraries found comfortable with the temperature in their
workstation because of the air conditioned workplace. A regulated temperature suited to
the library staffs was noted. Few school libraries were found by the researcher to have
confined to the use of electric fans and exhaust fans whereby library staffs were not
comfortable with the temperature and with the poor ventilation because of the
arrangement of their office. As Sharma and Singh (2006) had noted, “Proper conditions
of ventilation and heating are important for the comfort and health of personnel.”
Library ergonomics 23
Eyestrain yielded not as the major discomfort of the library staffs. Respondents
used corrective lenses for proper vision. The lower rating of eyestrain can be attributed to
the fact that most of the respondents were young. According to Pheasant (1991) elderly
people are more prone to eyestrain than younger people. With enough illumination in the
workstation, eyestrain cannot be associated with poor lighting, poor quality of source
documents, and the presence of flickering lights.
A slight symptom of pain was experienced on the neck because of the position on
the monitor. Proper distance and viewing placement of the monitor as well as with the
use of copy holder can alleviate neck discomfort.
Many of the computer desks in libraries are not adjustable but most of them were
parallel on the height of the library staffs. With the slight discomfort on the height of the
desk, minimal pain was experienced on the wrist, neck, and shoulder. This pain was also
felt when library staffs spent long hours in front of the computer, fatigue developed in the
muscles because of repetitive and static posture. Musculoskeletal work injuries afflict
people who perform not only heavy work but also those who perform light tasks
(Karwowski & Marras, 1993).
The type of chair used by library staffs contributed to how well their back was
comfortably resting on the chair. Those respondents with high chair whose feet did not
flatly reach the floor as they sat on the edge of the chair, claimed that their back did not
rest comfortably on their chair with which pain at their lower back was felt. Inadequate
Library ergonomics 24
cushion on the chair added on the strain on the buttocks and back with the use of hard
plastic chair.
The angle and height of the keyboard caused slight pain among library staffs
because their elbows were not properly bent at 90-degreee angle. The positions of the
respondents’ elbow were not in conformity with what is required. As Green & Briggs
(1989) commented that the height of the keyboard should be at elbow level.
The design of the working chair contributes to the comfort of the respondents’
legs. Slight pain was experienced on the legs and feet especially when they spent long
hours sitting on their chair. Pain was also felt on this area because they forgot to recline
their feet to avoid discomfort.
The ergonomic program is composed of break, workstation adjustment, and worksafety concern. The study found out that both library staffs did not regularly take break
because the shifting time corresponds on the number of available staff to alternate with
the other staff when taking break. Conversely, there were about 14 of the respondents
who revealed of their preoccupied time to take even mini-break. Most of them did not
also take some minutes of office exercises to energize their body from stress. The
respondents made low rating on having exercises because they were not used to care
about themselves on the benefit they could gain from taking computer exercises. Along
with this, their performance ratings were also affected because most of them were not
practicing any form of office exercises. In the study of Caguiat (2001) she found out that
"breaks during work" is one of the most common and effective stress reduction
Library ergonomics 25
techniques aside from taking exercises to reduce muscle tension. The rating made by the
respondents in line with their ability to improve their workstation indicated their
resourcefulness in designing their workstation.
Summary
The library staffs were known as frontline providers of information service to the
library community of users. They devote their time in the library in delivering their
unquantifiable functions and duties. For this reason, it is worth knowing to study the
physical condition of the library staffs in their workplace to provide quality service to
library patrons. The people behind the accomplishment of every library are its library
staffs and workers. It is in this line, the researcher attempted to find out how
ergonomically designed were the workstations of the staffs of the seven (7) academic
institutions and eleven (11) schools from pre-elementary to secondary institutions in
Angeles City. Findings showed that:
1. Younger library staffs were relatively more on academic and school libraries.
2. Female library staffs dominated the male library staffs on both academic and
school institutions.
3. Majority of the academic and school institutions called their library staffs
librarians. Only one institution had library director and with secretary. The rest
called their library manager as head librarian.
4. Almost half of the respondents of both academic and school libraries held degrees
other than library science. The rest were Bachelor of Library and Information
Library ergonomics 26
Science and Bachelor of Library Science. About one-third (1/3) of them on both
academic and school institutions pursue their master degrees while few had
finished Master in Library Science and Educational Management.
5. Academic library staffs felt more comfortable in terms of lighting, correct level of
the monitor, the temperature and air quality in their workstation than those library
staffs in school libraries.
6.
Workstations of school library needed modifications on their computer
accessories, keyboards, monitor stand, chairs and work environments.
7. Both library staffs in academic and school libraries felt the same degree of pain on
their shoulder, back, legs, and feet.
8. Pain on the wrist were more experienced by library staffs in school libraries but
more of the library staffs in academic libraries experienced pain at their neck
when working at their computer.
9. No break period or exercises had been done by most of the staffs on both
academic and school institution.
10. Majority of the respondents were unaware about library ergonomics programs.
11. There were significant differences between the library ergonomics of the
academic and school institutions in their workstations in terms of lighting and
elevation of the computer monitor within eye level. On the other hand, the
temperature and air quality between the two types of libraries showed no
significant differences.
Library ergonomics 27
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing findings, the researcher concludes:
The two types of institutions have varying degrees of comfortability of their
library staffs’ workstations.
The academic and school institutions also differ to a small extent of
comfortability of the library staffs’ workstations specifically with the position and type of
equipment (i.e. monitor, mouse, keyboard, the kind of furniture, i.e. tables, chairs,
desks); place of workstation including the presence, placement of windows, window
glasses used; and the presence of air supply and heat supply (temperature). The existence
of training programs and presence of break time and physical exercises are necessary to
minimize if not eliminate physical strain and discomfort in the workstation.
Significant differences between the library ergonomics of the academic and
school libraries in Angeles City differ in terms of lighting and the placement of the
computer monitor within the eye level of the library staffs. This gives way to reject the
null hypothesis. However, there are no significant differences revealed in the condition of
the temperature and air quality in the computing workstation of the library staffs.
Recommendation
In light of these findings and conclusions, it is needed to formulate necessary and
viable steps to:
1.
Provide ergonomic evaluation to identify individual personnel with ergonomically
related problems and those at high risk for ergonomic injuries which needs assistance in
Library ergonomics 28
modifying their workstation, keyboards, monitor support, chairs, and work environment
to achieve more comfort and productivity.
2.
Establish an ergonomic program such as seminars and trainings. These bring
awareness and consciousness on the safety measures for the working conditions to all
library personnel to remedy and prevent workplace injuries.
3.
Adopt a recognize library ergonomic program that includes dissemination of
ergonomic information to raise staff awareness on workstation safety, proper postures,
healthy work habits and exercises, and other ergonomic-related activities.
4.
Encourage supervisors to advise staffs on following the existing ergonomic
guidelines with an eye for more adjustments and improvements.
5.
Install software for stretching exercises at individual computers.
6.
Further studies are encouraged to probe deeper into the physical design of the
library affecting the well-being of the library staffs in relation to the quality of service
given to the library patrons.
Library ergonomics 29
References
Atencio, R. (1996). Eyestrain : The number one complaint of computer
users. Information Today. NJ: Information Today. Vol. 16, No. 6. Retrieved last
June 21, 2007 from http://www.infotoday.com
Atkins, S. A. (2005). The pain in storage: work safety in a high-density shelving facility.
Libraries and the Academy. Baltimore . Vol. 5, Iss.4 ; p.483. Retrieved last July 05,
2007 from
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=924587131&sid=4&Fmt=4&clientId=51710
&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Bauzon, F. (1998). Job stress among secondary school teachers at Holy Angel University.
Master’s Thesis: Holy Angel University, Angeles City.
Bridger, R. S. (1995). Introduction to ergonomics. New York : McGraw-Hill.
Brugger, J. M., comp. (Feb 1996). Technical services workstations. Association of
Research Libraries. Washington , DC : Office of Management Services.
Buenrostro, J. (2004). More than books: Perspectives on the management of information
resources and services in libraries. Edited by Ernie T. Bhagwani. Quezon City:
Great Books Trading.
Caguiat, C. A. (2001). Effects of stress and burnout on librarians in selected academic
libraries in Metro Manila. Master’s Thesis: University of the Philippines, Diliman.
Calderon, J. F. (1993). Methods of research and thesis writing. Manila : National Book
Store.
Caventa, M. C. (2007). Carpal tunnel syndrome: The scourge of MTs. Retrieved last July
30, 2007 from
http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/jan/07/yehey/mt/20070107MT2.html
Clark, C. (2006). End user computing ergonomics: facts or fads? Journal of
organizational and end user computing. Hershey, Vol. 18, Iss. 3 ; p. 66. Retrieved
last July 05, 2007 from http://proquest.umi.com
Library ergonomics 30
Cloete, L., Snyman, R., & Cronje, J. C. (2003). Training cataloguing students using a mix
of media and technologies. Aslib Proceedings. South Africa : Bradford
. Vol. 55, Iss. 4; pg. 223, 11 pgs. Retrieved last July 24, 2007 from
http://proquest.umi.com
Fernandez, J. E. (1995). Ergonomics in the workplace. Facilities. Volume 13 Number 4
pp. 20-27.
Galer, I. (1987). Cited in Morris, A., & Dyer, H. (1998) Human aspects of library
automation. 2nd ed. England : Gower Publishing.
Goodwin, B. (2004). Cited in Clark, C. (2006, July-September). End user computing
ergonomics: facts or fads? Journal of Organizational and End User Computing.
Hershey, Vol. 18, Iss. 3 ; p. 66. Retrieved last July 05, 2007 from
http://proquest.umi.com
Green, R. & Briggs, C. (1989). Cited in Bridger, R. S. (1995). Introduction to
ergonomics. New York : McGraw-Hill.
Guarascio-Howard, L. (2005). Interdisciplinary approach to computer workstation
evaluation. Dissertation: Arizona State University, US.
Hanson, M. (2004). Cited in Clark, C. (2006). End user computing ergonomics: facts or
fads? Journal of Organizational and End User Computing. Hershey, Vol. 18, Iss. 3
; p. 66. Retrieved last July 05, 2007 from http://proquest.umi.com
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (1990a). Cited in Morris, A., & Dyer, H. (1998)
Human aspects of library automation. 2nd ed. England : Gower Publishing.
Henry, J. T. (2005). A study of psychosocial work factors and ergonomic risk factors and
how they affect worker stress and musculoskeletal discomfort in assembly workers
within a manufacturing environment. Dissertation: Clemson University, US.
http://keats.admin.virginia.edu/ergo/library_eval_form.html
http://www.free-training.com/osha/back/Back/DEF9.HTM
http://www.safecomputingtips.com/repetitive-strain-injury.html
Karanek , L. (2005). Cited in Clark, C. (2006). End user computing ergonomics: facts or
fads? Journal of Organizational and End User Computing. Hershey, Vol. 18, Iss. 3 ;
p. 66. Retrieved last July 05, 2007 from http://proquest.umi.com
Library ergonomics 31
Karwowski, W. & Marras, S., ed. (1993). Occupational ergonomics: Engineering and
administration controls. US : CRC Press.
Kroemer, K. H. E. & Kroemer, A. D. (2001). Office ergonomics. New York : Taylor &
Francis.
Kroemer, K. H. E., Kroemer, H. B. & Kroemer-Elbert, K. E. (2001). Ergonomics: How
to design for ease and efficiency. NJ : Prentice Hall.
Kroemer, K. H. E., Kroemer, H. B. & Kroemer-Elbert, K. E. (2001). Ergonomics: How
to design for ease and efficiency (2nd ed.) Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall.
LaGesse, D. (2003). Cited in Clark, C. (2006). End user computing ergonomics: facts or
fads? Journal of Organizational and End User Computing. Hershey, Vol. 18, Iss. 3
; p. 66. Retrieved last July 05, 2007 from http://proquest.umi.com
Lacsamana, M. T. (2002). Library ergonomics: A case study of the cataloging
workstations of selected universities in the Philippines. Undergraduate thesis
(B.L.I.S.)--University of the Philippines, Diliman.
Laquindanum, A. S. (1997). Job stress among teachers at Holy Angel University.
Master’s Thesis: Holy Angel University, Angeles City.
Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health (1999). Cited in Kroemer, K. H.
E. & A. (2001). Office ergonomics. New York : Taylor & Francis.
Lindin, L. (1991). Cited in Morris, A., & Dyer, H. (1998) Human aspects of library
automation. 2nd ed. England : Gower Publishing.
Manongdo, J. F. (2004). Group launches fresh program to ease back pain among
workers. Manila Bulletin. Vol. 376 No. 17 p. Metro 4.
Manuel & Medel (1995). Cited in Catane, J. (2002). Conducting a research : A
practical application. Quezon City : JMC press.
Mertler, C. A., & Charles, C. M. (2005).
Boston: Pearson.
Introduction to educational research. 5th ed.
Miles, A. K. (2001). The ergonomics and organizational stress relationship. Dissertation:
The Florida State University, US.
Morris, A., & Dyer, H. (1998) Human aspects of library automation. 2nd ed. England :
Gower Publishing.
Library ergonomics 32
O’Leary, T. J. & O’ Leary, L. I. (2008). Computing essentials. New York: McGrawHill.
Oborne, D. J. (1995) Ergonomics at work. 3rd ed. Chichester : John Wiley.
Pheasant, S. (1991). Cited in Kroemer, K.H.E. & Grandjean, E. (1997). Fitting the task to
the human. London: Taylor and Francis.
Reyes, T. (2003, Aug. 26). Sitting healthy while working with computers. Philippine
star. [n.p.]
Rooney, J. (1994). Ergonomics in academic libraries. Library management. Volume 15
Number 1 1994 pp. 26-35.
Sanders, M. & McCormick, G. (1993). Human factors in engineering and design. New
York : McGraw-Hill.
Savage, E. N., Rossner, A. G., & Finke, G. D. (1993). Bio-related technology. New York:
Glencoe McGraw-Hill.
Sharma, C. K. & Singh, K. (2006). Library Management vol. 2. 2nd ed. New Delhi :
Atlantic.
Sheau-yueh, J. C., Ching, C., & Chiang, B. (2001). Planning and implementing a library
ergonomic program: case study at Queens College Library, the City University of
New York. The Electronic Library. Oxford : Vol. 19, Iss.5 ; p. 327. Retrieved last
July 05, 2007 from http://proquest.umi.com
Stover, M. (2000). Technological concerns for library managers. Library Management.
Volume 21 Number 9 2000 pp. 472-483.
Tamayo, P. (2006). Health teaching and learning module on prevention of back in the
workplace. Master’s Thesis : Holy Angel University, Angeles City.
Wright , W. C. (1993). Cited in Kroemer, K. H. E. & A. (2001). Office ergonomics. New
York : Taylor & Francis.