NAME:
ANSWER KEY
CLASS TIME:
MAJOR:
Exam 2 Human Growth & Development (PSY-230) Spring 2005
 Throughout the exam question choices are offered; be sure to select one and only one to
answer
 Although this exam is divided by chapter, some questions will overlap with multiple chapters.
Chp 4: Physical Development in Infancy
1. According to which major principle of growth would we expect infant Melissa to perform a
relatively complex task such as pinching (using thumb and index finger) after learning how to
control more primitive grasping movements?
a. principle of hierarchical integration
b. principle of independence of systems
c. cephalocaudal principle
d. proximodistal principle
2. This is a picture of a neuron (brain cell /nerve cell). Which number corresponds with a cluster
of fibers that receive messages from other neurons?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
3. Which one of the following statements pertaining to infant physical development is FALSE?
a. Over the first two years of life, networks of neurons become increasingly complex and
interconnected.
b. Myelin is a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve
impulses. Multiple Sclerosis is the breakdown and scarring of the myelin sheath.
c. Most infants can walk well by 15 months of age.
d. Crawling is a predictable indicator of normal physical development.
4. Which one of the following students is CORRECT?
Jenna believes placing babies to sleep on their stomachs will help reduce Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome (SIDS).
Nate believes that if parents are concerned with their baby’s maturation, comparing their child’s
characteristics (e.g., height, weight, motor skills) to other children on a normative development
chart can help determine if there are any abnormalities.
Shaun believes that maturation (genetics) plays a more influential role in babies sleep patterns
compared to cultural practices (environment). He thinks babies in any society will sleep for 8
consecutive hours at about 8-months of age.
Amanda believes the Moro reflex is activated when support for the head and neck is suddenly
removed.
a. Jenna
b. Nate
c. Shaun
d. Amanda
Both b and d are correct.
5. Which one of the following students is INCORRECT?
Carla believes that nonorganic failure to thrive—an emotional disorder—can be reversed
through intensive parent education (e.g., emotional support training).
Maseo believes that it is impossible to coax a 9-month old to crawl across a “visual cliff.”
Lauren believes that correlations between obesity in fancy and obesity in adulthood are very
strong.
Andy believes that premature infants who are systematically massaged will gain weight more
quickly than infants who are not massaged.
a. Carla
b. Maseo
c. Lauren
d. Andy
6. 8-year-old Maya appears to be chubby, but her stomach, face, and limbs are swollen with
water. Her body struggles daily to make use of the nutrients she has access to, which is very
little because the food supply is so scarce. Maya is suffering from with type of malnutrition?
a. marasmus
b. kwashiorkor
c. nonorganic failure to thrive
d. babinski
7. Cory has lower than average ear infections, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. He is above
average in terms of cognitive abilities. Which one of the following choices provides the most
logical explanation?
a. Cory’s parents played a lot of Mozart and Beethoven music during his infancy.
b. Cory’s parents prevented him from playing with really noisy toys.
c. Cory was NOT placed in group child care.
d. Cory was breastfed.
8. Diana’s parents provided her with a lot of noisy toys and regularly engaged their daughter
with physical movement games. Diana is above average in terms of motor development.
Ben’s parents carried him around in a cradle board primarily during the day and played a lot with
him in the evening. Ben walked a little later than average. Which one of the following choices is
CORRECT?
a. Culture can influence the timeframe in which motor skills emerge.
b. Biological inheritance (genetics) solely influences when motor skills emerge, which is why
Diana is more advanced than Ben—girls develop faster than boys.
c. Diana was breastfed and Ben was not.
d. Diana was massaged as an infant and Ben was not
9. Dr. Bonnie S. Mathews is a child development consultant. Three sets of parents are
wondering whether their child is ready for toilet training. Which one of the following children
appears most ready to be toilet trained?
Aaron James is 25-months-old and his parents just bought him Spiderman underwear. Aaron
can hardly contain his excitement.
Anthony Blake is 30-months-old and loves to flush the toilet. He exclaims, “Bye bye poopie!”
Cody Hamilton is 27-months-old and wakes up from naps with a dry diaper and cries when he
pee pees in his diaper.
a. Aaron James
b. Anthony Blake
c. Cody Hamilton
Chp 5: Cog Dev in Infancy
10. If Jill sees an airplane and calls it a bird, she is
?
At a later point in time, if Jill sees an airplane and calls it a shiny bird with straight wings, she is
a. creating schemas
b. using circular reasoning
c. accommodating
d. assimilating
;
;
;
;
using circular reasoning
creating schemas
assimilating
accommodating
?
11. 5-month-old Abbie was resting in her baby carrier one day where she suddenly brought her
foot to her mouth. She started sucking on her toes. This activity was quite pleasurable for her,
so she repeated this action over and over. Abbie is exhibiting a(n):
a. object permanence
b. circular reaction
c. reflex
d. symbolic thought
12. [2 points] After reading the following statements decide which statements are TRUE.
I. Americans primarily teach their children to speak more expressively then referentially.
II. 5-month-old Randy used to cry whenever he needed to communicate with his mother but
recently has begun to make small noises that can almost be mistaken for words. Randy is
babbling.
III. Baby Janelle reacts more positively when her father adjusts his voice to a higher pitch, which
is called infant-directed speech.
IV. 2 ½-year-old Jonathon reliably identifies silver cars by pointing to them and saying, "Silver
car!" When his mother pointed to a silver MINI Cooper (very small car) and said "Silver car!"
Jonathon told her "No. Not silver car. That little car." Jonathon language error is an example of an
overextension.
a. I and II
b. I and IV
c. II and III
d. II, III, IV
e. III only
13. The nicknames we have as adults often originate in childhood. For example:
 Claudette is known as "Det"
 Yolanda is known as "Yo"
Children also have interesting ways of saying their own names. For example:
 Kelly called herself "Kewee"
 Jessica called herself "CaCa"
These examples illustrate an early childhood developmental limitations pertaining to which
language rule system?
a. morphology b. phonology
c. grammar d. syntax
e. semantics
14. Having spent a busy day at child care 2-year-old Kelly walked into the house and headed
straight for the family room. He plunked himself down in front of the television and simply
demanded, "Sessasee Steet."
"So, you want to watch Sesame Street, do you?" his father asked as he turned on the
television.
This scenario is an example of which one of the following types of language communication?
a. telegraphic speech
b. overextension
c. fast mapping
d. prelinguistic communication
15.[2-points] Current research is showing more promise in enabling us to make predictions
about childhood and adulthood intelligence based on infants' cognitive abilities. Which of the
following measures of infant attention are showing promise of predicting IQ moderately well?
I. Speed of habituation { gets bored by same old thing }: the speed w/ which an infant
loses interest in a repeatedly presented stimulus)
II. Preference for novelty { thrill seeker }: infant's tendency to prefer a novel stimulus to a
familiar
one
III. Fast Reaction Time { speedy processor }: time taken to look in the direction of a
visual stimulus as soon as it appears
IV. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) { test that measures problem solving skills }: time it takes
an infant to
stack four blocks just like an example the researcher presents
a. I, II, III, & IV
b. II and IV
c. III only
d. I, II, & III
e. I only
16. In Botswana !Kung babies are found to be significantly advanced in their performance on
various cognitive tasks as compared w/ European-American babies. (Konner, 1977). Although
infants in both cultures acquire cognitive skills in the same order, !Kung babies are typically
several months ahead in these skills.
!Kung infants experience high frequency of social and cognitive stimulation in family life.
A typical day for a !Kung baby includes a phenomenal degree of parent-infant play. Toys are
provided, and mobiles and other objects are hung from cribs. !Kung mothers wear elaborate
ornamental necklaces which babies play w/ as they sit in their mothers' laps. !Kung babies also
spend an extensive period of time each day in a vertical posture, which may foster alertness
and sensorimotor exercise.
Which one of the following statements is CORRECT about the passage above?
a. Babies who are raised in primarily hunter-gatherer societies are forced by circumstances to
develop at an accelerated pace.
b. Cultural experience can influence cognitive development in infancy. The pace at which babies
acquire cognitive skills varies across cultures.
c. The advances in infant and toddler development will continue throughout the lifespan in
which !Kung individuals will always outpace European-American individuals.
Note: Botswana is located in Southern Africa and is the largest exporter of gemstone diamonds. !Kung means "the
real people."
17. Which one of the following research findings on memory in infancy is FALSE?
a. Infants as young as 5 months are able to calculate the outcome of simple addition and
subtraction problems with Mickey Mouse statuettes. Longer gazes were predicted for
unexpected outcomes in this study compared to expected outcomes.
b. Learning tends to occur automatically. Automatization is the degree to which an activity
requires attention. Without a lot of attention to counting, infants become aware of how often they
have encountered people to help them differentiate familiar people from unfamiliar people.
c. Research has shown that most college students can recall general details of their first year of
life and many can remember the details surrounding their birth.
d. One study showed how infants' memory capabilities increase as they get older. Infants were
taught they could move a mobile in their crib and attached to their foot by kicking. 2-month-olds
forgot in a few days how to do this and had to be reminded, whereas 6-month-olds remembered
for up to 3 weeks.
Chp 6: Soc and Py Dev in Infancy
18. Which person portrays an example of the most common pattern of social convoys across
the lifespan?
Jamie Lynne as an infant had lots of social support (e.g., close family members) and continued
to have a wide circle of friends throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
Angelina Rose as an infant had little social support (e.g., close family members) and continued
to have a small circle of friends throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
Renee Elizabeth as an infant had little social support (e.g., close family members) and
increasingly befriended more people throughout childhood and adolescence with the greatest
amount of social contacts occurring in early young adulthood and then decreasing again as she
got older.
Victoria Ann as an infant had little social support (e.g., close family members) and increasingly
befriended more people throughout childhood with the greatest amount of social contacts
occurring in adolescence and then decreasing in young adulthood and remaining stable
throughout adulthood.
a. Jamie Lynn
b. Angelina Rose
c. Renee Elizabeth
d. Victoria Ann
19. Lady Claire Rawley-Lenhart and Sir Daniel Lenhart are very loving parents toward their
children. However, Claire, a new babysitter, has noticed that they try to sneak out when 1-yearold Brad isn't looking. Having taken Human Growth and Development, Claire considers
discussing some research findings with the royal couple. Which choice below illustrates advice
based on sound research?
a. Brad isn't going to be too psychologically harmed by his parents sneakiness because Claire
is female and babies show less anxiety around female strangers.
b. Brad isn't going to be too psychologically harmed because stranger anxiety doesn't occur
until 18-months of age.
c. Brad doesn't have a lot of experience around strangers, so he shouldn't be too bothered by
his parents sneaking out and leaving him with a stranger.
d. His parents should tell Brad, "Goodbye. We love you and we'll see you soon." Then they
should leave. He will most likely cry, but after repeating this pattern, he will learn to trust his
parents will return, which will reduce separation anxiety.
20. The creative experimental technique in which an infant's nose is covertly dabbed with some
rouge (blush) and then the infant is shown his/her reflection in the mirror is meant to determine
whether the infant has developed
. This capability enables them to understand
that they are independent of other people.
a. self-awareness
b. self-esteem
c. social referencing
d. object permanence
21. Dr. Vannessa Alba decides on using the Strange Situation for part of her research on
attachment. While monitoring many subjects she observes a little boy who seems to display
characteristics from multiple attachment patterns. Unable to categorize him definitively, in which
category should she place him?
a. Insecure-Avoidant
b. Insecure-Ambivalent/Resistant
c. Disorganized/Disoriented
d. Insecure-Unaware
22. 14-month-old Chelsey probably receives inconsistent care at home. During the Strange
Situation experiment she displayed a combination of positive and negative reactions in being
reunited with her mother after a brief separation. She raised her arms above her head wanting
to be held, but then pushed against her mother to be placed down on the ground again. Which
attachment pattern is this scenario an example of?
a. secure
b. avoidant
c. ambivalent/resistant
d. disorganized-disoriented
23. Charles was such a delight as a little baby. His feeding and eliminating behaviors were
predictable. He didn't get upset easily and expressed primarily positive emotions. He was even
nicknamed, "Chipper," which has been shortened to "Chip." Which type of temperament
describes Baby Chip?
a. easy
b. secure
c. slow-to-warm-up d. happy
24. If you were to ask Justin's ex-girlfriend, Ashley—Ashley would say that Justin shuts out his
emotions, defends against hurt by avoiding intimacy, dismisses the importance of relationships,
and acts compulsively self-reliant. She expects that he'll remain a bachelor, but probably go
through several relationships. She predicts that he'll do okay being alone as an older adult
because his attachment style is adaptive in old age. Which type of attachment to his parents did
Justin most likely have as a child?
a. secure
b. avoidant
c. ambivalent/resistant
d. disorganized-disoriented
25. [2 points] Which one of the following students is CORRECT
Shane Thomas believes that mother's develop better attachments with their children compared
to fathers. Fathers are less responsible when it comes to supervision and nurturing their
children just doesn't come as naturally as it does for mothers.
Megan Mariko believes that applying the Strange Situation findings from Western cultures like
the United States can be misleading in an Eastern Culture like Japan. Japanese children often
get mislabeled as being Insecure-Resistant/Ambivalent because they express high levels of
anxiety upon being separated from their parents.
Crystal Lynn believes that gender differences exist between infant boys and girls. For example,
girls are fussier and more irritable than boys, but also more active. Boys are more compliant
than girls and also sleep more soundly.
Kayla Vanessa believes that infants placed in child care do NOT form solid attachments with
their parents and their language skills are delayed. She also believes that the care-provider to
infant ratio can effortlessly be 1:8 because infants are not as mobile as toddlers are, so they are
easier to supervise.
a. Shane Thomas
b. Megan Mariko
c. Crystal Lynn
d. Kayla Vanessa
Chp 7: Physical and Cog Dev in the Preschool Years AND Chp 8: Soc and Py Dev in Preschool
Years
26. True or False? Differences in height and weight are influenced by economic factors. For
example, children who live in poverty tend to be shorter than those children raised in more
affluent homes.
a. True
b. False
27. Although toddlers are a relatively healthy group (thanks in large part to immunizations) they
are likely to take risks that lead to injuries. Before age 10, children have twice the likelihood of
dying from an injury than an illness. The following is a list of precautions parents can take to
increase the safety of their children: child-proofing the home, not exposing children to lead,
driving carefully and using car seats appropriately*, and recognizing and taking care of potential
hazards (e.g., abandoned refrigerators). What crucial precaution discussed in class and in your
book that can easily be addressed is missing?
a. increase government spending
b. reduce amount of television children watch
c. force children to eat healthy food
d. supervise children
*Note: Most Fire Stations will have a trained fire fighter who can check that you installed your car seat correctly.
28. 3-year-old Ashley Mae is quite an active little toddler and there is a lot she can do like
hopping on one foot and skipping, but motor skill limitations are present. Three choices below
are gross motor skills she can do and one choice illustrates a skill she can't yet perform. Which
skill can Ashley NOT perform yet?
a. jump a distance of 15 to 24 inches
b. ascend a stairway
c. turn and stop suddenly/quickly
d. run
29. The process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the
brain than in the other is called
;
refers to the ability to carry out
organized, formal, logical mental processes.
a. lateralization
c. theory of mind
;
;
operations
socialization
b. operations
d. socialization
;
;
lateralization
theory of mind
30. 2 ½-year-old Riley was walking toward the kitchen table to reach for his milk when he
bonked his head on the edge of the table. He paused for a moment and then glared at the table
as if it purposefully hurt him. Which type of cognitive development attribute is Riley
demonstrating?
a. artificialism b. circular reasoning
c. centration
d. animism
31. 4-year-old Andrew can fold paper, cut with scissors, and put plastic shapes into a shape
sorter. He is demonstrating which aspect of motor development?
a. gross motor skills
b. fine motor skills
c. handedness
d. irreversibility
32. Roughly between the ages of 2 and 4 children gain the ability to mentally represent an
object that's not present. The ability to engage in such thought vastly expands children's mental
world. For example, children really enjoy pretend play. 3-year-old Denra likes to pretend that a
soft piece of foam with a triangle shape is a guitar. This substage of Piaget's cognitive
development stage, Preoperational Thought is called?
a. Intuitive Thought Stage
b. Conservation Stage
c. Sensorimotor Stage
d. Symbolic Function Stage
33. The following is an excerpt from Shel Silverstein's book, Where the Sidewalk Ends. The
Poem is called, Smart (p. 35).
My dad gave me one dollar bill
'Cause I'm his smartest son
And I swapped it for two shiny quarters
'Cause two is more than one!
And then I took the quarters
And traded them to Lou
For three dimes—I guess he don't know
That three is more than two!
Which attribute of preoperational thought is this poem illustrating?
a. egocentrism
b. artificialism
c. centration
d. irreversibility
34. If you ask 27-month-old Eli what sound a chicken makes—he could easily answer, "cluck
cluck." But, if you ask him what makes a cluck cluck sound, he has difficulty. If you ask 3-yearold Jenessa who her brother is—she could easily answer, "Kyle." But, ask her who is Kyle's
sister and she has difficulty. These examples illustrate which attribute of preoperational
thought?
a. egocentrism
b. artificialism
c. centration
d. irreversibility
35. One afternoon Cara took her little brother, Christopher Ryan (age 6) with her to the video
store. Chris kept staring at a bald-headed man and suddenly blurted out, "Where did his hair
go?" Cara turned beat red and dragged Chris out of the store hollering, "I didn't get my
Spiderman movie!" Which aspect of language development is this scenario illustrating?
a. pragmatics
b. grammar
c. semantics
d. syntax
36. Cat likes to check with her family and friends before making a decision. Cat would describe
herself as a sister, Kindergartner, and Brownie (girls' club; next step is Girl Scout). Megan likes
to act independently. Megan would describe herself as pretty, runs fast, likes peanut butter,
favorite color is rainbow.
Which one of the following statements is most CORRECT?
a. Cat has an individualistic self-concept
b. Cat has a collectivist self-concept
;
;
Megan has a collectivist self-concept
Megan has an individualistic self-concept
37. Graduate students Gina Snavlin and Janelle Ladage observe the following social interaction
(See below) between two preschool age boys. They are interested in determining which peer
status category they each belong to because positive peer relationships and social skills in
children are good predictors of overall happiness and mental health as adults. Children who are
disliked, impulsive, and deficient in social competence are more likely to become
psychologically troubled adults. Which category should the graduate students place Cedric?
Joseph: (Placing plastic farm animals in a block structure) I'm building a farm here. Let's say
this is a farm.
Cedric: (Building with blocks) No, this is a museum where paintings are. See, Joseph?
Joseph: No! It's a farm!
Cedric: No, 'cause there's not enough room for a whole farm. Let's say it's a museum where
farm animals can go. They can go to the museum, okay? See?
Joseph: Okay. (Joins Cedric's play theme) But those animals might make a mess at the
museum! (p.297)
a. neglected
b. secure
c. popular
d. rejected
Source: Trawick-Smith, J. (2000). Early Childhood Development: A Multicultural Perspective. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle Rive, NJ.
38.
CHOICE: Select either Part A or Part B to answer.
Part A: ARTICLE: REMEMBERING EARLY CHILDHOOD
Part B: ARTICLE: CULTURE AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
PART A: True or False? Although we learn a tremendous amount of information and
skills prior to age three, we have great difficulty remembering information from our very early
years. In fact, research shows that young children (under age 6) have greater difficulty
remember from whom (or where) they learned information compared to 6-to 8 year-olds. And 3
years after leaving preschool children are poorer at recognizing their preschool classmates than
their teachers.
a. True
b. False
OR
PART B: Which one of the following statements is False?
a. Young children are just as likely to imitate accidental actions that adults make as goaldirected action that adults make.
b. Joint attention represents concrete evidence that infants understand other people. They know
how to get other people to "tune in" to them.
c. Children with autism have great difficulty understanding that other people have goal-directed
behavior and are poor at imitative learning (copying others' actions).
39. CHOICE: Select either Part A or Part B to answer.
Part A: Allison and Erin are both playing with dollies. Allison pretends to brush her dolly's hair
while Erin sings a lullaby to her baby. Although they are both playing in a very similar manner
and fairly close to each other, they don't interact. Which type of play is this an example of?
a. associative
b. parallel
c. cooperative
d. onlooker
Part B: Courtney and Michael are playing Lincoln Logs ® with their 4-year-old daughter, Amy
Louise. Lincoln logs are a building set made of wooden logs, roof slats, etc. Amy Louise enjoys
arranging the logs to build a cabin with windows up high and doors down low. She then enjoys
carefully placing furniture inside the cabin. Which category of Math Emergence Through Play is
the above scenario an example of?
a. classification
b. spatial-relation
c. enumeration
d. magnitude
40. [2 points] In this class examples of how physical, cognitive (including language), and socialemotional development can be promoted have been discussed. Head, shoulders, knees, and
toes; The ants go marching; jump rope skipping and rhyming; Pat-a-cake; Peek-a-boo; This
Little Piggy; Mother May I; Red light Green light; Duck Duck goose, etc. are all examples of
games children intrinsically enjoy playing.
 Bubble in the letter "a" on your scantron
 and in the space below describe how you can promote physical and/or cognitive and/or
social-emotional development in an infant or preschool age child. You may select an
idea above or better yet think of an original idea.
10:10 Class Only: Don't Forget to meet in McKee 137 on Monday March 7th!
For Fun
Crayola Crayons products are sold in more than 80 countries from the island of Iceland to the tiny Central
American nation of Belize. They are packaged in 12 languages including Japanese, Finnish and Dutch.
According to a Yale University study, the scent of Crayola crayons is among the 20 most recognizable to
American adults. If all the regular size Crayola crayons made in one year were laid end to end on the
Equator they would circle the earth six times. Created by: Binney & Smith, Inc.
Source: http://www.toy-tia.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Library/Betcha_Didnt_Know1/Betcha_Didnt_Know.htm
I wish I could travel by the road that crosses the baby's mind, and out beyond all bounds; where
messengers run errands for no cause between the kingdoms of kings of no history; where reason makes
kites of her laws and flies them, and truth sets facts free from its fetters.
--Rabindranath Tagore, Bengali Poet, Essayist, 20th Century
The error of youth is to believe that intelligence is a substitute for experience, while the error of age is to
believe that experience is a substitute for intelligence.--Lyman Bryson, American Author, 20th Century
I used to draw like Raphael but it has taken me a lifetime to draw like young children—Pablo Picasso,
artist