Grammatical Functions and Categories
41
b. the spelling of V-s
stops
forces
brushes
sweeps
dodges
c. the phonological realization of V-ed
d. the spelling of V-ed in regular verbs
e. the doubling of final consonants in V-ing and V-ed.
inferred
cutting
abducting
hooked
informing
2.E.4. In what respect do the following forms conform to or deviate from standard
rules:
is
passes
dying
picnicked
has
tries
dyeing
developed
does
plays
singing
occurred
goes
angling
singeing
labelled
says
tinkling
agreeing
travelled
2.E.5. Complete the table below.
Base
V-s
V-ing
V-ed
V-en
hear
bound
ridden
fell
become
lies
dying
tore
slid
catch
ate
shut
feed
2.E.6. Complete the table below, underlying any inflection which is pronounced as
a separate syllable.
42
Part 2: Verbs: Their forms and types
V-s
V-ing
V-ed
V-en
adhere
bank
copy
dance
echo
exist
fix
gas
gallop
hate
lay
lie
may
obey
offer
stretch
trap
visit
2.E.7. Identify the following verb forms and give the other forms:
lit
shrunk
lying
drop
spent
lean
ring
learn
wore
shook
bear
knit
2.E.8. Spell the following:
[daIz]
[li:pt]
[sez]
[Ɵɔ:t]
[daɪviŋ]
[red] [lʊ:z]
2.E.9. Some of the following verb forms are incorrect. Spot them and suggest
correct forms:
putting
strove
layed
singeing
crying
reaches
dyeing
adhering
costed
bursted
clang
travelling
2.E.10. Insert the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets or related adjectives.
1 This man is _____________. He has ______________ too much. (drink)
2 There is a _____________ ship. It was ____________ by the enemy. (sink)
3 The sun _____________ the snow. (melt)
4 I don't like ______________ chocolate. (melt)
5 ______________ rock burnt everything. (melt)
6 We have ______________ the road. (strike)
Grammatical Functions and Categories
43
7 He is _____________ with grief. (strike)
8 His pictures were ________________ in an important gallery. (hang)
9 He was ____________ in the morning. (hang)
10 I've _____________ my boots before going out. (shine)
11 The surface ____________ in the morning sun. (shine)
12 It _______________ me fifty pounds to fly to Paris (cost)
13 The job was ________________ by the builder at about $50,000. (cost)
14 The island ______________ into sight. (heave)
15 His shoulders _____________ silently. (heave)
2.E.11. Fill in the gaps using the verbs lie and lay in the proper form:
1 What is the meaning of the saying 'Let sleeping dogs ____________'?
2 Translate the proverb 'Do not kill a goose that ___________ the gilded eggs.'
3 Why is Daniel _______________ aside money?
4 Agatha ______________ the table for two.
5 The man ______________ in prison for 7 days.
6 They _______________ a trap for George and he fell into it.
7 I am tired, I must ____________ down.
8 A curse has always ____________ over that family.
9 The road is up: they are _____________ a cable or something.
2.E.12. Supply the proper verb forms for the past tense; then change each sentence
to the present perfect, using an appropriate time adverbial for this tense.
1 They (drink) ________________ too much beer yesterday.
2 The bell (ring) _______________ a few minutes ago.
3 We (sing) _______________ Christmas carols last night.
4 The ship (sink) ______________ some time ago.
5 Our club (choose) _______________ a new president last month.
6 The bank robber (steal) ______________ the money the day before yesterday.
7 They (freeze) _________________ the food before they shipped it.
8 He (drive) _________________ too fast last night.
9 She (ride) _________________ a beautiful white horse when she was young.
10 We (write) _________________ the letter yesterday.
11 The sun (rise) __________________ at six this morning.
2.E.13. Supply the proper verb forms for the past tense; then change each sentence
to the present perfect; you may omit time adverbials, but keep in mind that
the past represents here definite past, while the present perfect stands for
indefinite past.
1 The boys (throw) ______________ stones into the well.
2 The artist (draw) _______________ the picture.
3 The helicopter (fly) ______________ over the city.
44
Part 2: Verbs: Their forms and types
4 The boy (grow) ________________ vary fast.
5 He (swear) ________________ to get revenge.
6 She (bear) ________________ her troubles without complaint.
7 His wife (wear) ________________ her new dress to the ball.
8 The dog (bite) _______________ the boy.
9 He (hide) ________________ the money under the bed.
10 He (forsake) __________________ his wife for another woman.
11 I (mistake) __________________ you for an acquaintance.
12 They (take) __________________ the wrong train.
13 She (eat) _______________ her dinner too fast.
14 The girl (fall) _________________ on the ice.
15 He (lie) ___________________ in bed all day.
16 They (go) ___________________ to the park.
17 I (see) _________________ a good movie.
18 They (be) __________________ in the country for three months.
19 We (awake) ___________________ in time to see the sun rise.
20 A bee (sting) ___________________ him in the arm.
21 She (hang) __________________ the clothes on the line.
22 They (dig) __________________ a hole for the tree.
23 He (stick) __________________ the notice to the bulleting board.
24 The pendulum (swing) __________________ back and forth.
25 He (mean) _________________ what he said.
26 The snake (creep) _________________ along the ground.
27 He (feed) _________________ his dog twice a day.
28 The refugees (flee) ________________ from their pursuers.
29 He (keep) _________________ his money in the safe.
30 The captain (lead) ______________ the men.
31 She (meet) ________________ her husband-to-be at a party.
32 She (sweep) ________________ the dirt under the rug.
33 We (think) ________________ you were in trouble.
34 The boy (catch) ________________ a cold.
35 They (fight) ________________ a losing battle.
36 The secretary (bring) ______________ her lunch with her.
37 Her mother (teach) ______________ her how to sew.
38 He (spend) _______________ too much money for that car.
39 She (lend) _______________ her neighbour her vacuum cleaner
40 The strong wind (bend) _______________ the tree.
41 The butcher (grind) _______________ the meat.
42 I (find) ________________ a watch in the street.
43 The doctor (bind) _________________ the wound with a clean bandage.
44 He (mislay) ________________ the report.
45 They (pay) ________________ all their bills.
46 They (sell) __________________ their car.
47 I (hear) ___________________ the news on the radio.
48 He (hold) ___________________ many important positions.
49 The policeman (shoot) _________________ the robber.
50 I (forget) ________________ to mail the letter.
51 He (lose) _______________ money in the stock market.
Grammatical Functions and Categories
45
52 The men (withstand) _____________ the fierce attack by the enemy.
53 He (win) _______________ some money at the horse races.
54 The sun (shine) _________________ very brightly.
55 The boy (hit) _________________ the dog.
56 The radio (broadcast) _________________ the President's entire speech.
57 He (shut) ______________ the door.
58 The pipes (burst) ________________ because of the cold.
59 His carelessness (cost) _______________ him his life.
60 She (spread) _______________ the butter on the bread.
61 He (overcome) _____________ all difficulties.
62 The children (run) _______________ away.
63 He (beat) ______________ the dog with a stick.
2.E.14. Use the -ed form (past tense) or the -en form (past participle) of the
irregular verbs in the parentheses.
1 I fell asleep just as soon as I (lie) _______________ down on the bed.
2 No one knows where the robbers have (hide) _____________ the money.
3 The girl (fall) __________ off the horse yesterday and (hurt) ________ herself badly.
4 I have (see) _____________ several good movies this year.
5 The clothes were (hang) _____________ on the line to dry.
6 It was (think) ________________ that he had met with an accident.
7 The money was (lend) ______________ to him by a friend.
8 All the bills were (pay) ______________ yesterday.
9 The apartment house was (build) _______________ ten years ago.
10 Our team (win) ______________ the game yesterday.
11 The same car (cost) ______________ $100 less a year ago.
12 She doesn't remember where she (lay) _____________ the packages yesterday.
13 Construction on the building was (begin) _____________ three years ago.
14 He didn't get up until long after the sun had (rise) _____________.
15 The picture was (draw) ______________ by a famous artist.
16 He (swim) _______________ so far out from shore that a life-guard signaled him to
come back.
17 A hole has already been (dig) _______________ for the well.
18 He was (strike) _______________ in the face by a baseball.
19 What is (mean) ______________ by this word?
20 She has (bring) ______________ two of her children with her.
21 We seem to have (lose) _______________ our way.
22 The money was (put) _________________ in the bank right away.
23 He has (lie) ________________ in bed all day.
24 He was (choose) _______________ to lead the men.
25 He has (drive) _______________ many racing cars.
26 Her coat was (tear) _________________ on a nail.
27 The boy was (bite) ________________ by a mosquito.
28 Several notes were (stick) _______________ up on the wall.
29 This tray was (buy) _________________ at Woolworth's.
30 The holdup victim was (shoot) ________________ in the arm.
46
Part 2: Verbs: Their forms and types
31 He has already (sleep) ______________ for ten hours.
32 The suspected thief is being (seek) _______________ by the police.
33 She has always (dream) _________________ of being a ballerina.
34 The watch has already been (wind) ______________ today.
35 She (weave) _________________ the rug on her own loom.
36 The child (cling) ________________ fearfully to her mother.
37 She (weep) ________________ uncontrollably when she heard of her friend's death.
38 The announcement was (read) _____________ to all the members.
39 The robber (bind) _____________ his victim to a tree.
40 The dictator is such a tyrant that many people have (flee) ___________ from the
country.
2.E.15. Complete these sentences with the simple past tense, i.e. -ed form, or past
participle i.e. -en form of the appropriate verbs from the list:
burn, dwell, learn, smell, spell, spill, spoil;
bend, build, lend, send, spend;
have, make.
1 You _____________ milk all over the carpet yesterday, you _____________ the soup
by adding too much pepper, and you ______________ the toast by leaving it too long.
When I told you I ______________ something burning you told me to mind my own
business.
2 Today you've ____________ the soup again by oversalting it, you've ____________ a
saucepan by leaving it empty on a hot ring, and you've _____________ sugar all over
the table-cloth.
3 The Blennerhassets have ________________ new house ______________ for them,
and they _____________ a lot of money on it.
4 While their house was being ______________ I ______________ them my flat and
they _____________ the children to their grandparents' house.
5 The Blennerhassets also ___________ some furniture specially _________ for them,
and until it had been __________ and__________ to them, they ______________ to
sit on old packing-cases.
6 Jake and Nora ________________ a cottage, called it Love and Peace, but when Jake
painted the name over the door he ___________ the last word Peas.
7 I'm afraid the umbrella you ____________ me has been _____________ out of shape.
I don't know what it was that ________________ it. Anyway, I've _______________
you another one, and you should get it tomorrow.
8 Judgement is the spelling I _______________ at school, but the word is usually
_________________ judgment by lawyers.
9 Oswald was a terrible bore, because he ______________ on his misfortunes so much.
I wonder if these days he has ________________ to speak less about himself.
10 In those days we ___________ hours listening to Oswald, and it ___________ us
want to scream.
Grammatical Functions and Categories
47
2.E.16. Complete these sentences with the simple past tense, i.e. -ed form, or past
participle i.e. -en form of the appropriate verbs from the list:
creep, deal, dream, feel, keep, kneel, lean, leap, leave, mean, sleep, sweep, weep,
bring, buy, catch, seek, teach, think, lose, sell, tell, hear, say
1 Slasher Higgins, who two years ago escaped dramatically from the London court
where his case was being _______________, when he ______________ from a first
floor window on to a passing lorry, was ______________ yesterday in Tunbridge
Wells and _____________ back to London.
2 Ah, there's my umbrella. I must have _______________ it in the corner there
yesterday. I'm glad, because I _____________ I had ____________ it.
3 He _____________ that he had _____________ badly the previous night, and that he
still _____________ tired.
4 I ______________ on the floor when I was begging you to forgive me just now, and
now look at the dust on my knees! That floor hasn't been ____________ for ages.
5 When he was nine, he ___________ a rabbit at a pet shop and __________ it in a
hutch. He was very fond of it, and ____________ when it died.
6 The shopkeeper _______________ on the phone this morning that they had one in
stock, but when I got there at twelve I was ____________ it had just been
________________. I couldn't believe it. I just ___________ against the wall and
closed my eyes.
7 I _____________ last night that I _______________ furtively along a dark alley
behind a man, ___________ him a savage blow on the head and _________ at
amazing speed with his wallet.
8 'Say what you mean, and mean what you say,' was what my father ____________ me
to do. He himself always ______________ what he _______________ and
______________ what he ______________.
9 The teacher who _____________ us English years ago always used to ask us whether
we had _____________ anything at the shops that day and if so whether we had
_____________ with us what we had ________________.
10 Another night I ______________ that I was playing cards and that I was
_____________ four aces. Then a man _____________ over me and __________ he
had ______________ me cheating. I ______________ a gun in my back. I suddenly
_____________ up and grabbed the gun. I ________________ a shot. Then I woke
up.
2.E17. Complete these sentences with the simple past tense, i.e. -ed form, or past
participle i.e. -en form of the appropriate verbs from the list:
bet, bid, burst, cost, cast, cut, hit, hurt, knit, let, put, quit, rid, set, shut, shed, slit,
split, spread, thrust, upset, wed, wet
1 He ___________ the envelope open with a knife and ___________ on his spectacles
to read the lawyer's bill. When he saw how much his legal action had ____________
him, he ____________ his brows.
48
Part 2: Verbs: Their forms and types
2 Several people got ____________ in a fight at the caf‚ last night and were taken to
hospital, and today the caf‚ has been ___________ by order of the police.
3 A sailor had his face ________________ by a fragment of broken glass that
_____________ him as he was walking past the door. After dressing the wound the
hospital ________ him go.
4 About half the Socialists are for the bill, and about half are against it; the party is
____________ on the issue of whether it should become a law. A few have
_____________ the party altogether and are talking of forming a new one.
5 She ran indoors, complaining that the rain had _____________ her hair and spoiled
her hair-do. I reminded her that I had _____________ her that her coiffure wouldn't
last for more than six hours.
6 'That big boy ___________ me on the head with his bicycle pump!' the little boy
cried, and ____________ into tears. 'There, there!' Has he ____________ you?' asked
his mother.
7 It is reported that the former minister, who ______________ England after a scandal
that ____________ a lot of people in the government two years ago, _____________
his ex-secretary in Reno last week. The happy couple then _____________ off on a
secret honeymoon.
8 I've _______________ poison and mouse traps all over the kitchen floor but I still
haven't ___________ the place of mice.
9 He was ____________ as Falstaff mainly because of his corpulent figure, but since he
hardly ate at all during the rehearsal period, he had ___________ a lot of weight by
the time the play was produced, and was one of the thinnest Falstaffs ever seen.
10 Leo very much wanted to buy a certain Victorian painting at an auction. He raised
his hand and ___________ £300 for it, and he was so anxious to clinch the deal that he
____________ his other hand into his pocket, took out his wallet and waved it in the
air, as if to say, 'Here's the money!'
2.E.18. Complete these sentences with the simple past tense, i.e. -ed form, or past
participle i.e. -en form of the appropriate verbs from the list:
bleed, breed, feed. hold, lead, meet, mislead, read, speed, cling, dig, fling, hang,
sling, slink, spin, stick, sting, strike, string, swing, win, wring, bind, find, grind,
wind, light, slide, sit, spit, get, shine, shoot, fight, stand, understand, stride.
1 I had a cousin who ____________ dogs down in Sussex. He used to sell puppies, and
his dogs often ______________ prizes at dog-shows. He always _____________ them
on the best meat obtainable.
2 One December morning I ________________ a letter from him on my door-mat,
asking me to go and see him as soon as possible. As soon as I had _________ the
letter, I ______________ into my car and ______________ down to Sussex.
3 My cousin _____________ up when I entered. He ____________ a little puppy in one
hand, while another ____________ to his shoulder, in imminent danger of falling. I
accidentally kicked a third puppy, which whimpered, put its tail down and
____________ out of the room.
Grammatical Functions and Categories
49
4 He invited me to choose which puppy I wanted for Christmas. I ________ down and
_____________ a cigarette. 'Your letter led me to believe that you were in some kind
of trouble,' I said.
5 I'm sorry if you were _____________ by my letter,' he replied. 'It suddenly
______________ me that you might like a puppy for Christmas.'
6 Igor __________ his hat on the door and ______________ his case on the bed. He
heavily ____________ across the room to read a notice the management had
____________ on the wall.
7 An insect _____________ him on the neck. He killed it and ____________ its body
out of the window. Then he _____________ the notice, and ___________ that he
____________ it perfectly although to him it was in a foreign language.
8 A man who had furtively ______________ into the room behind him tapped him on
the back, and Igor _____________ round in surprise. It was a man he had
_____________ once before, at a diplomatic reception.
9 Seeing that the man ________________ a gun in his hand, Igor ___________ an arm
at him, and the two man fought for a few moments. Then the man ___________ at
close range. 'Help! I've been ________________!' Igor called, and collapsed.
10 The manager ______________ his hands in despair when he saw Igor on the floor.
'Look, he has ____________ all over the carpet,' he said. 'They cost a fortune to clean,
these carpets.'
11 Why have you ___________ those onions round your neck; are you going to sell
them? By the way, did you have the coffee ______________ in the shop, or did you
buy coffee beans?
12 The moon ____________ brightly on the night when I __________ a deep hole on
the island and buried the gold.
13 The pirates ____________ me a sharp blow on the head, _____________ a long rope
around me, and _____________ me to a tree.
14 They ____________ up the gold, and as a final insulting gesture __________ at me
before they __________ away in triumph, singing at the tops of their voices.
15 I found the rope was not as tight as I thought, and I _________ out of it. I
____________ to my feet and __________ still, wondering what to do next.
2.E.19. Complete these sentences with the simple past tense, i.e. -ed form, or past
participle i.e. -en form of the appropriate verbs from the list:
hew, mow, saw, sew, shear, show, sow, strew, swell.
1 The prison warder gave Slasher Higgins a needle and thread, and he ______________
mail-bags all afternoon. Next day in the carpenter's workshop he _____________
wood into three-foot lenghts.
2 The governor asked how many mail-bags had been ____________ that week. The
warder was about to answer when he saw that the bars of Higgins's cell had been
______________ through and that Higgins had escaped.
3 The worker raised his arm and ___________ the farm manager how much of the field
they had ______________ with grass seed that day.
50
Part 2: Verbs: Their forms and types
4 'And how many sheep have you ______________ so far?' the manager asked. 'We
__________________ most of them yesterday,' was the answer, 'but a few sheep
haven't been ________________ yet.'
5 The branch was in people's way, and so he ____________ it down with an axe. The
grass of the lawn was too long, and so he ______________ it.
6 He went indoors and said to his wife, 'I've _____________ down that branch and I've
________________ the lawn. Have you ______________ that button on my jacket?
7 I was _____________ the garden by Mrs Hotchkiss. 'We _____________ dahlias in
that patch but they didn't come up,' she said.
8 I saw the children's toys were ____________ all over the garden. I made them collect
everything last night,' she said, 'but of course this morning they ____________ their
things everywhere again.
9 Phoebe looked in the mirror and then telephoned her friend. 'You remember I told you
that my face _____________ when I had an injection from the dentist? I've just come
back from the dentist's and my face has ___________ again; I look as if I had a plum
in my right cheek.'
10 Branches have been ______________ from the trees and _____________ into logs
for the winter. The sheep have been ____________, the long grass has been
_____________ and the new corn-seed will be ____________ by next week.
2.E.20. Complete these sentences with the simple past tense, i.e. -ed form, or past
participle i.e. -en form of the appropriate verbs from the list:
break, choose, freeze, speak, steal, (a)wake(n), weave, bear, forbear, swear, tear,
wear, bite, chide, hide, forget, tread, lie; blow, grow, know, throw, forsake, shake,
take, forbid, forgive, give, draw, fall, eat, see, slay; drive, ride, rise, strive, thrive,
write, fly, do; beat.
1 They ___________ our team last season and they have ____________ us again this
season. After the match their supporters ____________ what we would have
_______________ if we had _____________ them; they cheered their team.
2 An American athlete ________________ the world record last year, but this record
has now been ______________ by an Australian. The Australians ______________
him to represent his country at the last Olympics, and he has been ______________ to
represent his country at the next Olympics also.
3 Last April I ______________ to tell them I was coming, and ____________ over to
New York by jumbo jet. When I got there, however, I found a note _______________
on a piece of paper pinned to the door to say that they had just _______________ to
San Francisco.
4 The village pond ________________ last night, it is still ______________ this
morning, and it will probably remain _______________ all day.
5 In the first twenty years of his career he ______________ hard to improve himself,
but _____________ very little in his profession. Few men have ______________ so
hard and ______________ so little.
6 They _____________ English while they were in England. They had never
_____________ so much English in their lives.
Grammatical Functions and Categories
51
7 I often _____________ horses when I was younger, but until I went to Arabia I had
never _______________ a camel.
8 Early one morning someone came into his bedroom and ____________ his watch
before he had ___________ properly. When he _____________ he found that his
watch had been _______________.
9 When we found the bodies of about fifty civilians in the forest, we questioned the
local inhabitants. It seemed that the enemy soldiers ____________ these people from
their homes and _____________ them in the forest. Later, of course, the enemy
announced that they had never _______________ people away from their homes, and
denied that they had ever _______________ civilians.
10 In the story, Penelope ____________ a tapestry during the day, and at night she
un_____________ what she had _____________.
11 'Have you ___________________ those strawberries anywhere?' 'I'm afraid I've
___________ them. When I came in I _______________ them on the table, and I
____________ them with sugar and cream.'
12 He ________________ all these heavy responsibilities till last year, but then he felt
that he had ______________ them long enough, and resigned.
13 He saw that nobody had ______________ the curtains, and went over to the
window. Before he ______________ them he noticed that more snow had
_____________ outside, and as he watched, a pile of snow ___________ from the
roof to the ground with a thud.
14 I thought he was probably still upset by the accident, and so I ________ to question
him about it. Later, he said he was glad I had ___________ to ask him questions at
that time.
15 You _____________ me a bad egg to eat yesterday, and I ____________ you. Today
I have ______________ you a slap on the face but you haven't _____________ me
yet.
16 I could have ______________ that the boy ____________ at me under his breath
when I ___________ him off the strip for having _____________ the table-cloth.
17 He ____________ several photographs of public buildings, although according to
the law this was _____________. When a policeman saw his camera and
____________ him to use it, he replied that it was too late, because the photographs
had already been ____________.
18 On her wedding-day the bride ____________ the dress which her mother had
_____________ on her own wedding-day.
19 When he lost all his money, he was _______________ by his so-called friends, and
when this happened his confidence _____________ him also. The shock of the
disaster really ____________ him; I have never seen a man so _____________ as he
was.
20 Our bloodhound Augustus ___________ the postman yesterday morning. Augustus
has _____________ five people this week. I _____________ Augustus when he
____________ the postman. 'Naughty dog!' I said. I have __________ him every
time he has _____________ someone.
21 'You ___________ it was mine, and yet you _____________ it in the dustbin!' 'But I
didn't. If I had ___________ it was yours, I wouldn't have ______________ it away.'
22 Percy ____________ the money somewhere, and then ____________ where he had
_________ it. 'Where is it, Percy?' I asked. 'I've _________,' he replied.
52
Part 2: Verbs: Their forms and types
23 I bought this hat when I was on holiday, because the wind _____________ my hair
about so much, and I don't like having my hair _____________ about. - The children
are taller, aren't they? They _____________ a lot on holiday; when we came back
everyone remarked on how much they'd _____________.
24 When I accidentally _____________ on Augustus's tail, he immediately went and
_____________ under the table. He's still there; he's often __________ under there
before. he doesn't like having his tail ____________ on.
25 'On the whole,' said the dietician, 'people in country districts led healthy lives in the
past. They ___________ on natural diet, and they would have ____________ on a
natural diet ever since, if the modern food industry hadn't started debasing our food.'
2.E.21. Complete these sentences with the simple past tense, i.e. -ed form, or past
participle i.e. -en form of the appropriate verbs from the list:
begin, drink, ring, shrink, sing, sink, spring, stink, come, run, go
1 When we ___________ out of wine last night, Rupert ________ out of the house at
top speed. Someone asked where Rupert was. 'Oh, we've __________ out of wine,' I
said, 'so I expect he's ____________ out to get some more.'
2 I can't bear the smell from that factory. It ___________ abominably last summer, but
it has never _______________ so badly as it does now.
3 'The ship has ______________ a leak but she hasn't _____________ yet,' radioed the
captain yesterday.
4 The church bells are hundreds of years old; I wonder how many times they have been
________________.
5 I have ____________ to the conclusion that I have ___________ too much. When I
____________ that old drinking-song just now, some of you ____________ away in
embarrassment.
6 The ship _____________ a leak yesterday morning and she __________ to the bottom
late last night. When Lloyds in London received the news, they _______________ the
Lutine Bell. 'Oh!' thought the underwriters when they heard it. 'That means a ship has
____________.'
7 I _____________ out this afternoon and bought a jumper, and as soon as I
____________ back I washed it. Look at it now; it's too small. It has _____________.
8 We ______________ a toast to France, and _____________ the Marseillaise, a song
that was first ______________ during the Revolution.
9 I cleared my throat and ______________ to tell the assistant about the jumper that
_______________ when I washed it, but she interrupted me by saying, 'It can't have
_____________!'
10 The teacher had just _____________ to speak when he stopped. 'Where's the student
who was sitting in the corner when the lesson ____________?' he asked. 'He's
_______________ home,' said a student. 'He ____________ too much at a party last
night and wasn't feeling well.'
Grammatical Functions and Categories
53
2.E.22. Replace the words in italics, using the verbs indicated at the head of the
exercises with an adverbial or prepositional particle, and making any
necessary changes in word order.
TURN
1 The manager refused his request for a day off.
2 I waited half an hour for my friend, but he didn't come.
3 It's about time we went to bed.
4 Would you lower the gas when the kettle boils?
5 His landlady evicted him for not paying his rent.
6 This popular sports car is now being produced at the rate of a thousand a week.
7 Our visit proved to be a waste of time because fog reduced visibility.
GET
1 We wondered how he was progressing in his new job.
2 I don't think I shall complete all this work this afternoon.
3 She is so upset at her husband's death that I don't think she will ever recover from the
shock.
4 As it's got to be done, we may as well have done with it.
5 He says that his lack of success is beginning to depress him.
6 You must really apply yourself to some serious work.
7 I see no way of avoiding the problem.
8 Their business partnership flourished despite the fact that they didn't agree well
personally.
9 It must be nearly ten o'clock!
TAKE
1 He resembles his father in many ways.
2 The son assumed control of the business on the retirement of his father.
3 The man looked so respectable and honest that I was completely deceived.
4 He undertook so much work that he couldn't really do it efficiently.
5 That teacher has a way with children: they seem to like her immediately.
6 The shopkeeper agreed to deduct five per cent from the bill.
PUT
1 I had to postpone my visit because of the weather.
2 He refused to tolerate laziness on the part of his pupils.
3 They were very annoyed when they learned that the train had been cancelled without
notice.
4 Don't let the fact that I didn't enjoy the play deter you from seeing it.
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Part 2: Verbs: Their forms and types
5 When the teacher asked who had broken the window, all the boys assumed an air of
innocence.
6 If I visit you at the week-end, will you be able to give me lodging for one night?
STAND
1 What does this abbreviation mean?
2 The strikers are maintaining their demand for higher wages and shorter working
hours.
3 He hoped that when the time came I would keep my promise.
COME
1 While looking through the books he found an old and valuable map.
2 Although he was unconscious when we found him, he soon recovered consciousness.
3 We never discovered how the accident occurred.
4 Although it seemed a good idea in theory, in practice it didn't succeed.
5 His new book will be published next week.
6 The whole truth became known at the trial.
7 The film didn't equal our expectations.
8 No one thought that any good could result from discussing the question further.
9 The problem of finance is always raised on such occasions.
GIVE
1 He resigned from a secure job in order to devote himself to full time writing.
2 Because of difficulties in getting a visa, we had to relinquish the idea of visiting
Greece.
3 Although he agreed with me on most points, there was one on which he was unlikely
to yield.
4 The men crossing the Sahara found to their horror that their supplies would come to
an end before they reached safety.
5 The English like coal fires even though these don't always provide much heat.
6 Every time cigarettes go up in price, many people try to stop smoking.
2.E.23. Rewrite the following sentences using one of the basic verbs suggested in
the list below. You may need to rearrange the remaining words and to
change the tense or the form of the verb adding particles as appropriate.
count, put, stick, eat, give, take, hail, plough, stumble, indulge, rave, gloss, elaborate,
jump, hold, vouch
1 I can see that my dog really likes you.
2 Would you like to explain in more detail what you proposed at our last meeting?
Grammatical Functions and Categories
55
3 Michael did not hesitate to take advantage of the chance to go to Australia.
4 Will I be at a disadvantage because of my age?
5 Where were you born and brought up?
6 Many people are opposed to women with small children going out to work.
7 The repairs we have had to do on the car have really used up a lot of our savings.
8 Tedious as it was, I had to examine a large number of documents before I found what
I was looking for.
9 She happened to find the missing pearl necklace while she was looking for something
else.
10 Any money I have to spare is added to the money I am saving for my holiday.
11 Everybody deserted John after he was arrested and put on trial for embezzlement, but
his wife told him: "I will not abandon you, John, whatever happens."
12 She decided to treat herself to the luxury of a bottle of expensive champagne to
celebrate her promotion.
13 During the interview, the Prime Minister tried to avoid going into detail about the
part of the story that he found embarrassing.
14 Everyone is full of enthusiasm for Lloyd Webber's latest musical.
15 I am happy to confirm that he is a man of integrity.
16 Little boys know how to behave in such a way that their parents will give them what
they want.
2.E.24. Replace highlighted words by a simple (one-word) verb in the appropriate
tense.
1 After winning the 800 metres, the world champion went on to win the 1,500-metre
event against strong opposition.
2 Do you ever go in for any of the newspaper competitions?
3 Despite the noise, he went on working as if nothing were happening.
4 As it's most important that nothing should go wrong, let's go over the details of the
plan again.
5 The index of industrial production went up by 4 per cent last month.
6 Many new buildings have gone up in the city centre during the last year.
7 The fuse had been inserted wrongly, and the bomb failed to go off.
8 He simply went off without saying a word of apology.
9 Please look me up if ever you come to London.
10 We went to look over the house, but it wasn't suitable.
11 A leader must be someone whom the people can look up to.
12 He looks down on people with less knowledge than himself.
13 The teacher looked on the student's absence as a serious matter.
14 Although it had been a bad year, the chairman thought that business was now looking
up.
15 He looked for a reward when he returned the valuable ring to the owner.
16 Please look through the agreement before you sign it.
2.E.25. Phrasal verbs with up and down. Rephrase each sentence omitting the
highlighted part and using either up or down and one of the following
56
Part 2: Verbs: Their forms and types
verbs:
bear, break, clear, close, come, crop, die, give, get, grow, let, join, make, pay, stay,
turn, wash
1 I started to do some shopping, but the weather became so bad that I stopped trying and
came home.
2 When the children become adults and leave home, we shall have a couple of spare
rooms.
3 Look who's suddenly arrived! Uncle Octavius.
4 They say the shop will be shutting for good soon.
5 The children asked if they could remain out of bed to see Uncle Octavius on
television.
6 I think I'll go out, the strong winds have abated.
7 A problem has emerged unexpectedly, and so I shall have to fly to Stockholm
tomorrow.
8 When she heard the bad news, she lost emotional control of herself.
9 I'll come out with you; the weather has become fine.
10 Our electric cleaner has ceased to function.
11 He is showing spirit and determination under the strain.
12 The school disperses on Friday week.
13 One or two prices have fallen since last month.
14 The talks between the management and the unions have come to nothing again.
15 The rain didn't diminish appreciably till the evening.
16 At eighteen he voluntarily became a soldier and went abroad.
17 She started to use cosmetics at the age of fifteen.
18 Her husband always cleans the dishes after supper.
19 They have sent me a final notice; I suppose I shall have to settle what is owing.
2.E.26. Phrasal verbs with in and out. Rephrase each sentence omitting the
highlighted part and using either in or out and one of the following verbs:
break, call, come, die, fall, go, hold, live, look, run, set, turn
1 I may come and see you at home one day next week, if that's all right.
2 The magazine is published every other month.
3 Our supplies of stationery have come to an end.
4 He works at the embassy and resides there.
5 We began our journey with high hopes.
6 I thought they were friends, but it seems they have had a disagreement.
7 When we returned home from our holiday, we found that someone had entered
forcibly.
8 Now an epidemic of cholera has started.
9 When the full story emerged, he was forced to resign.
10 After I'd been speaking for twenty minutes, the operator interrupted and asked if I
realised how much the call was going to cost.
11 They wondered how long they would be able to endure before the rescuers arrived.
Grammatical Functions and Categories
57
12 To everyone's surprise, all the lights were extinguished at midnight.
13 Be careful! That jug is too near the edge of the table.
14 Mr Bultitude said that as it was so late he would go to bed.
15 It transpired that her boyfriend had known her brother at his university.
16 These customs are gradually becoming extinct.
2.E.27. Phrasal verbs with on and off. Rephrase each sentence omitting the
highlighted part and using either on or off and one of the following verbs:
be, break, carry, come, fall, get, go, hold, look, make, ring, show, take, wear
1 Mr Gibson is becoming quite old these days.
2 It seems a brilliant idea, and I hope it succeeds.
3 Mildred is just acting so as to gain admiration and attention.
4 As soon as the airplane left the ground, I lost my anxiety.
5 The firemen fought the blaze while hundreds of people watched.
6 She became angry with him, and replaced the receiver.
7 Don't stop what you're doing just because I've come in, please continue.
8 The operator asked the caller to wait for a moment.
9 You should have put the milk in the fridge, I expect by now it has become
undrinkable.
10 The bomb exploded just as we were starting our soup.
11 The speaker began well, but the interest of the audience declined after a while.
12 How are your English studies progressing?
13 What is being publicly shown in London these days?
14 When the police appeared, the men who had been fighting left.
15 When the headmaster came into the classroom, the teacher stopped what she was
doing for a moment.
16 The pain disappeared after a few minutes.
17 Winter seemed to pass slowly as she waited for his return.
18 The quality of performance has become worse since last year.
19 The wedding took place as planned in spite of Jim and Mary's last-minute quarrel.
2.E.28. Fill in the correct particles (prepositions/adverbs).
1 Is Mary in? - No, she's _______ and won't be _____ till 9 o'clock.
2 She wants to do all the work herself but I don't think she is ____ ____ it.
3 He leaves his car at a parking meter for over two hours and always gets ____ ____ it.
4 If you don't give the children something to do, they'll be _____ _____ some mischief.
5 He wanted to talk to me but I kept ______ working and refused to listen.
6 I told the children to keep ____ ____ the room that was being painted.
7 I have started getting up at five a.m. to study but I don't know if I can keep this _____.
8 The man walked so fast that the child couldn't keep _____ _______ him.
9 There were so many panes of glass broken that the windows couldn't keep ____ the
rain.
10 He has already run ____ ___the money his father left him two years ago.
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Part 2: Verbs: Their forms and types
11 I can't start the car; the battery has run _______.
12 I forgot to turn off the tap and the wash-basin ran ________.
13 Don't run ______ _______ the idea that Scotsmen are mean. They just don't like
wasting money.
14 She is always running _______ her friends behind their backs.
15 If a bull chased me I'd run _______.
16 You're looking rather run ________; I think you need a holiday.
17 A hen ran in front of my car and I'm afraid I ran _______ it.
18 He broke ________ completely on hearing of his daughter's death.
19 On his way to work he called ________ the florist's and ordered a dozen red roses.
20 Burglars broke _______ the house.
21 I turned ________ the job because it was badly paid.
22 We called ______ a specialist when he grew worse.
23 When the police questioned him he broke _______ and confessed.
24 War broke ________ in 1939.
25 The secretary was then called ______ to read the minutes.
26 He carried ______ the business alone for years before this illness.
27 Can you be ready at six? He is calling ______ us to take us out.
28 Mary has broken ______ her engagement to Charles.
29 She called _______ for a few minutes to return a book.
30 The lift broke _______ and we had to use the stairs.
31 The garden party was called _____ because of the rain.
32 A good horse can be ruined if it is not carefully broken ______.
33 Polo is too expensive; I'll have to give it ______.
34 The roads were crowded with people making _____ the coast.
35 I can't make ______ the postmark on the letter.
36 Put _____ the light; it's getting quite light again.
37 After four days of freedom, the escaped prisoner gave himself _____ to the police.
38 A young girl shouldn't need to make _____ her face very much.
39 I don't believe that story. I am sure you made it _____.
40 Put ______ the blue dress.
41 He should try to make _____ _____ his loss of sleep by going to bed early.
42 You should cut ______ this tree. It is too near the house.
43 Our water supply was cut _______ because the pipe burst.
44 At the end of the term attendance at these classes usually falls _____.
45 Mary has cut ____ all the pictures in this magazine!
46 They won't let you _____ if you aren't in evening dress.
47 I was cut ______ in the middle of my call because I had no more coins.
48 He let the rest of the team ______ by not turning up for the match.
49 Deaf people often feel very cut ____ from others by their disadvantage.
50 I'd like Jones to have the job, but if he doesn't accept we'll have to fall ______
_______ a less experienced man.
51 They set ______ on their camping trip with great enthusiasm.
52 They set ______ at six and reached their destination before dark.
53 She fainted but they brought her _______ by throwing cold water on her face.
54 The room needs doing _______; it's very shabby.
55 His final argument brought me ______ to his point of view.
56 We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets ______.
Grammatical Functions and Categories
59
57 These children are very polite; they have obviously been well brought _____.
58 She carried _______ with her work in spite of all interruptions.
59 Several new records were set ______ at the last Olympic Games.
60 At the committee meeting the question of repairs to the roof was brought _____.
61 He used to be very shy but he has grown ______ ______ it now.
62 The ammunitions factory was practically wiped ____ by the explosion.
63 They blew _____ the railway line to prevent the transport of enemy troops.
64 My nephew wants to be an explorer when he grows _______.
65 The house stood _______ in the dull street because of its red door.
66 I'll do the shopping if you see _____ the lunch.
67 I can see _______ her sudden friendliness.
68 Ring up the station and find ________ what time the train goes.
69 He doesn't like being seen ______. He prefers to go out to the station alone.
70 I'll see you _______. It's easy to get lost in this building.
2.E.29. Put each of the following phrasal verbs in its correct place in the sentences
below. Paraphrase them by simple verbs.
run down
fall out
rule out
go down
bear out
drop off
put forward
drop in
make up
break down
put off
fall off
let down
come up
leave out
hold on
1 The number of tourists visiting Britain is at its peak in July and August and begins to
_______________ in September.
2 The subject of higher salaries will probably _____________ at the meeting.
3 Don't get so nervous about your speech tonight. I'm sure it'll ___________ very well.
4 She's not a very strong person. I'm afraid she might _____________ when she hears
the news.
5 They haven't spoken to each other since that argument about the taxi fare. How silly to
_____________ over such a trivial thing.
6 I think we're going in the wrong direction. ______________, I'll look at the map.
7 I live at 32, Rutherford Street. _____________ if you're in the district.
8 The meeting was long and the room was hot. I was afraid I might ____________.
9 I'm depending on you to pay me back the money on Monday. Please don't
___________ me _________.
10 To cover his absence he decided to _____________ a completely false story about
being involved in a car accident.
11 If you think I'm wrong, check in the encyclopaedia. I'm sure it will ___________ me
________.
12 Because of pressure of work, he had to ____________ his summer holiday until
October.
13 We want to give younger players a chance in the team. That's why we've decided to
____________ you __________ of next Saturday's match.
14 They're very two-faced. They're very nice to her when she's there, but they
_______________ her behind her back.
15 I'd like to __________ a proposal. I suggest that we start production in May.
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Part 2: Verbs: Their forms and types
16 The government intend to take very serious measures against this interference in
their country's affairs. They do not ___________ the possibility of military action.
2.E.30. How many grammatical combinations can you make from the tables, i.e. by
adding it to an item from column A to an item from column B.
A
B
1 is
2 was
3 will
4 can
5 has
6Ø
7 didn't
8 shouldn't
a. move
b. moving
c. moved
d. moves
2.E.31. How many grammatical combinations can you make from the tables, i.e. by
adding an item from column A to an item from column B, and then adding
an item from column C.
A
B
1 had
2 didn't
3 will
4 to
5Ø
6 is
a. been
b. have
c. Ø
d. be
e. being
C
i. moving
ii. move
iii. moved
iv. moves
2.E.32. A part of each of the sentences is italicized. Indicate by which of the
following linguistic structures the underlined part is being realized:
a simple (one-word) finite verb phrase
c simple non-finite verb phrase
e finite clause
b complex finite verb phrase
d complex non-finite verb phrase
f non-finite clause
1 Fire can cause great damage to any city.
2 The Great Fire of London started in a bakery.
3 It burnt furiously for four days.
4 Peppys has given us a vivid account of it.
5 Who has given a vivid account of it?
6 The man who has just spoken is Benjamin Hall.
7 They suddenly decided to christen the bell Big Ben.
8 The idea occurred to them while Hall was speaking.
Grammatical Functions and Categories
61
9 Leaving us at the gate, they disappeared.
10 I never imagined that such a thing could happen.
2.E.33. Select one item from the left-hand column to replace each dash in the
sentences below, so as to produce meaningful and linguistically sensible
statements.
auxiliary 1 A simple verb phrase that is not a pro-form can consist only of a _______
form
verb. One that is a pro-form can only consist of an _____________.
function
inflection 2 The verb phrase must be seen contains three ___________s. The last has
item
the ____________ of a ______________ verb; the second has the
lexical
__________ of a _________________; the first, the ______________ of
member
a _____________.
modal
3 Whereas _____________ verbs are open-class ___________s, the
noun
____________ verbs are ____________ of a closed ___________.
primary
4 We know that work, in the sentence We work too hard, is a ____________
syntactic
because of its ______________ behaviour; and the same word in the
system
sentence beginning I have work... is a _____________ because it has no
verb
____________.
vowel
5 The lexical verbs WILL and CAN have the same __________, in the base
voiced
as the ______________ _____________ verbs WILL and CAN, but their
infinitive
________________ is different.
base
6 Regular verbs are _____________ verbs whose __________ ___________
consonant and _______________ ______________ can always ____________ from
defective
the ______________.
-ed
7 Modal auxiliaries are ____________ verbs in that they have no ________,
imperative ____________, ____________, _____________ or ______________.
inflection 8 An irregular verb is one whose ____________ ____________ and
-ing
___________ __________ cannot __________ from the _________.
lexical
9 BURN has two _____________ forms for V-ed, the difference between
participle
them being that the final ___________ in one, spelt -ed, is ____________,
past
while in the other it is __________.
phonological
predict
10 In BURN, there is no difference between Vbase and V-ed in the
present
_____________, whereas in DREAM the ______________
tense
changes. In V-ed, both verbs have an inflection
voiceless
which may be ___________ or voiced.
mood