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Chapter 1: Test Bank
TRUE/FALSE
1. Discretionary decisions lead to the development of the formal criminal justice process.
ANS: F
REF: 15
OBJ: 5
2. The most common form of criminal activity in the United States is property crime.
ANS: T
REF: 7
OBJ: 2
3. In 2010, both violent and property crime rates increased dramatically.
ANS: F
REF: 20
OBJ: 8
4. The consensus model assumes that a diverse group of people cannot have similar
morals and values.
ANS: F
REF: 5
OBJ: 1
5. The crime control model of criminal justice focuses on protecting individuals from the
power of the state.
ANS: F
REF: 18
OBJ: 7
6. State Police are responsible for the “nuts and bolts” of police work.
ANS: F
REF: 11
OBJ: 3
7. The United States has a dual court system, meaning that we have two independent
court systems, one at the federal level and one at the state level.
ANS: T
REF: 14
OBJ: 3
8. The top layer of the wedding cake comes closest to meeting our idealized standards of
justice.
ANS: T
REF: 16
OBJ: 6
9. The most frequent type of release from a jail or prison is probation.
ANS: F
REF: 14
OBJ: 4
10. Illegal drug use appears to be slowly declining in the United States.
ANS: F
REF: 21
OBJ: 8
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which model assumes that a diverse group of people can share the same morals?
a. Conflict model
b. Consensus model
c. Crime control model
d. Due process model
ANS: B
REF: 5
OBJ: 1
2. According to the conflict model, what is deemed criminal activity is determined by
a. the largest segment of the population
b. a mutual consensus among citizens
c. the most politically powerful segment of society
d. the segment of society comprised of criminal justice professionals
ANS: C
REF: 6
OBJ: 1
3. High-tech crimes include
a. robbery.
b. biometrics.
c. loan sharking
d. cyberstalking
ANS: D
REF: 8 - 9
OBJ: 2
4. Public order crime is sometimes referred to as
a. violent.
b. legal.
c. victimless crime.
d. felonies.
ANS: C
REF: 8
OBJ: 2
5. The fourth and largest layer of the wedding cake model of the criminal justice system is
comprised of
a. “celebrity” cases
b. high profile felonies
c. ordinary felonies
d. misdemeanors
ANS: D
REF: 17
OBJ: 6
6. The dual court system
a. refers to local and state court systems.
b. refers to federal and state court systems.
c. refers to criminal and civil court systems.
d. refers to adult and juvenile court systems.
ANS: B
REF: 14
OBJ: 3
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7. Trial by jury is relatively rare, only about ______of those arrested for felonies go to
trial.
a. 1%
b. 5%
c. 15%
d. 30%
ANS: B
REF: 17
OBJ: 6
8. Illegal gambling, prostitution, racketeering, and extortion are all examples of
a. victimless crime.
b. organized crime.
c. white collar crime.
d. public order crime.
ANS: B
REF: 8
OBJ: 2
9. Prisons are administered by
a. counties
b. municipalities
c. states and the federal government
d. courts
ANS: A
REF: 14
OBJ: 4
10. Fire marshals, alcohol beverage control officers, and fish, game and watercraft
wardens are all _________ level law enforcement personnel.
a. municipal
b. county
c. state
d. federal
ANS: C
REF: 12
OBJ: 3
11. Which term implies that a majority of citizens agree that certain activities should be
defined as crime?
a. Opinion agreement model
b. Consensus model
c. Survey consensus
d. Public forum
ANS: B
REF: 5
OBJ: 1
12. The taking of personal property from another through the use of force or fear is
a. larceny
b. theft
c. burglary
d. robbery
ANS: D
REF: 7
OBJ: 2
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13. The concept of public order crimes is linked to the
a. conflict model.
b. due process model.
c. consensus model.
d. deviance model.
ANS: C
REF: 8
OBJ: 2
14. The explosion in violent crime in the late 1980s and early 1990s was attributed to the
widespread sale and use of
a. crack cocaine.
b. heroin.
c. methamphetamine.
d. marijuana.
ANS: A
REF: 21
OBJ: 8
15. Violent crimes include all of the following except
a. murder.
b. sexual assault.
c. burglary.
d. robbery.
ANS: C
REF: 7
OBJ: 2
16. Discretion in criminal justice is vested in all of the following except
a. police.
b. judges.
c. prosecutors.
d. witnesses
ANS: D
REF: 15-16
OBJ: 5
17. Which of the following is not one of the goals of the modern criminal justice system?
a. To control crime
b. To prevent crime
c. To provide and maintain justice
d. To enforce society’s shared moral code
ANS: D
REF: 10
OBJ: 2
18. Which of the following is the most common correctional treatment?
a. Parole
b. Tethering
c. Probation
d. Incarceration
ANS: C
REF: 14
OBJ: 4
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19.
Generally, when crime rates are high, the public demands that politicians “get tough
on crime” and the __________ model dominates.
a. Crime Control
b. Consensus
c. Due Process
d. Homeland Security
ANS: A
REF: 19
OBJ: 7
20. Which of the following hold those convicted of minor crimes with relatively short
sentences?
a. Halfway house
b. Prison
c. Jail
d. Boot camp
ANS: C
REF: 14
OBJ: 4
21. Discretion is strongly associated with
a. the formal justice process
b. the informal justice process
c. assembly-line justice
d. the crime control model
ANS: B
REF: 15
OBJ: 5
22. How many independent judicial systems are in the United States?
a. Three
b. Fifty-two
c. Two
d. Four
ANS: C
REF: 14
OBJ: 3
23. The due process model
a. protects victims from the power of the state.
b. denies constitutional rights to the accused.
c. provides limitless police discretion.
d. protects individuals from the power of the state.
ANS: D
REF: 18
OBJ: 7
24. All of the following are considered psychoactive drugs, with the exception of
a. cocaine
b. heroin
c. alcohol
d. marijuana
ANS: C
REF: 21
OBJ: 8
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25. DNA evidence can be retrieved from all of the following except
a. fingerprints
b. blood
c. saliva
d. hair strands
ANS: A
REF: 22
OBJ: 8
26. How many people are killed by gunfire each year in the U.S.?
a. 110,000
b. 90,000
c. 70,000
d. 30,000
ANS: D
REF: 20
OBJ: 8
27. A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States is known as
a. Strategic policing
b. The homeland security movement
c. The intelligence model
d. Crime control
ANS: B
REF: 23
28. The _____________
OBJ: 8
model represents an obstacle course rather than an
assembly-line.
a. crime control
b. due process
c. integrated
d. consensus
ANS: B
REF: 18
OBJ: 7
29. The text refers to the judge, prosecutors, and defense attorneys in a criminal court as
the court’s
a. functional unit.
b. work group.
c. professional staff.
d. justice team.
ANS: B
REF: 14
OBJ: 3
COMPLETION
1. The conflict model means that the group that happens to be holding power has the
most influence on
ANS: criminal laws
.
REF: 5-6
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OBJ: 1
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2. Crimes against persons such as murder or sexual assault are called
crimes.
ANS: violent
REF: 7
OBJ: 2
3. High tech crime is directly related to the increased presence of
in
everyday life.
ANS: computers
REF: 8
OBJ: 2
4. An act that that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions is a __________
ANS: crime
REF: 5
5. The text defines
OBJ: 1
as the unlawful killing of a human being.
ANS: murder
REF: 7
OBJ: 2
6. Principles of right and wrong behavior, as practiced by individuals or by society are
ANS: morals
1111
REF:
5
OBJ: 1
7. The act of physically contacting another person with the intent to do harm is
_________.
ANS: battery
REF: 7
OBJ: 2
8. A
is a behavior that is punishable under criminal law as an offense
against society as a whole that can result in the loss of the offender’s liberty or life.
ANS: crime
REF: 5
OBJ: 1
9. The taking of cash or other goods from a person by force or fear is
.
ANS: robbery
REF: 7
10. Stealing of property not accomplished by force is
ANS: larceny
REF: 7
OBJ: 2
.
OBJ: 2
11. Illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations describes _______________.
ANS: organized crime
REF: 8
OBJ: 2
12. _________________ can be defined as the ability of individuals in the criminal justice
system to make operational decisions based on personal judgment.
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ANS: Discretion
REF: 15
13. A public order crime is sometimes referred to as a
ANS: victimless
REF: 8
OBJ: 5
crime.
OBJ: 2
14. A form of government in which a written constitution provides for a division of
powers between state and federal government is ______________________.
ANS: federalism
REF: 10
OBJ: 2
15. The chief law enforcement officer in most counties is the __________________--.
ANS: county sheriff
REF: 11
OBJ: 3
16. The bottom layer of the wedding cake model is comprised of _________________.
ANS: misdemeanors
REF: 16
OBJ: 6
17. The interlocking network designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from
criminal behavior is known as the
ANS: criminal justice system
18. The
.
REF: 15
OBJ: 5
is responsible for the policing public highways and freeways.
ANS: highway patrol
REF: 12
OBJ: 3
19. ______________________ is the most common correctional sanction.
ANS: Probation
REF: 14
20. Probation and halfway houses are forms of
ANS: community-based
corrections.
REF: 14
21. The most frequent type of release from jail or prison is by
ANS: parole
OBJ: 4
REF: 14
OBJ: 4
.
OBJ: 4
22. In the crime control model _______________ must be counted on to control criminal
activity.
ANS: law enforcement
REF: 18
23. Illegal drug use appears to be _____________
OBJ: 7
in the United States, particularly
among young people .
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ANS: increasing
REF: 21
OBJ: 8
24. The
model places primary emphasis on the right of society to be
protected from crime and violent criminals.
ANS: crime control
REF: 18
OBJ: 7
25. The growing prison population is an unanticipated consequence of
laws.
ANS: tough sentencing
REF: 25
OBJ: 8
“get tough on crime”
26. To use or threaten violence to achieve political objectives is_____
ANS: terrorism
REF: 23
.
OBJ: 8
ESSAY
1. Describe the two most common models of how society determines which acts are
criminal. Which model do you feel best represents the process of criminalizing
behavior in the United States?
REF: 5-6
OBJ: 1
ANS:



The consensus model defines criminal behavior as those acts that conflict with the
values and beliefs of society as a whole.
The conflict model views criminal justice law as being determined by the groups that
hold economic, political, and social power in a community.
Student responses as to which model best presents the process of criminalizing
behavior in the United States will vary.
2. What is cyber crime? Discuss why cyber crime is a growing problem. Be sure to provide
specific examples of this form of criminal offending.
REF: 8-9
OBJ: 2
ANS:
 Cyber crime is a term used to describe criminal offending which occurs via the
Internet.
 There are approximately 1.5 billion users of the Internet worldwide, and an increasing
percentage of daily activities are taking place online.
 The dependence of businesses on computer operations has left them vulnerable to
cyber offending
 Examples of cyber crime include cyber fraud, hacking, cyberstalking, online
gambling, etc.

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3. List and describe the three levels of law enforcement.
REF: 12-13
OBJ: 3
ANS:
 Local law enforcement: On the local level, the duties of law enforcement agencies
are split between counties and municipalities.
 State law enforcement: Generally there are two types of state law enforcement
agencies, state police and highway patrols.
 Federal law enforcement: Federal law enforcement agencies are charged with
enforcing federal law.
4. Describe the three purposes of the criminal justice system.
REF: 9-10
OBJ: 1
ANS:
 There are three general purposes of the criminal justice system.
 By arresting, prosecuting, and punishing wrongdoers, the criminal justice system
attempts to control crime.
 The criminal justice system also attempts to prevent new crimes from occurring.
 The third goal is to provide and maintain justice. This can be difficult as justice is a
difficult concept to define.
5.
List and discuss the essential elements of the corrections system. Which form of
punishment is most common in the United States and why?
REF:
14
OBJ: 4
ANS:
 Once the courts system convicts and sentences an offender, he or she is delegated to
the corrections system. Depending on the seriousness of the offense, the offender
will be place on probation, incarcerated, or transferred to a community-based
corrections facility.
 The most common form of punishment in the United States is probation.
6.
Explain the difference between the formal and informal justice processes. What role does
discretion play in each process?
REF:
15
OBJ: 5
ANS:
 The formal criminal justice process is comprised of each step of the justice system
working as an assembly line.
 Individual decision making, though the use of discretion, leads to the development of
the informal criminal justice process.
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7.
Explain the wedding cake model of the criminal justice system.
How does it aid us in
understanding the system?
REF:
16-17
OBJ:
6
ANS:
 The informal criminal justice system creates a situation in which all cases are not
treated equally.
The wedding cake model illustrates the different treatment and
media attention that cases at the “top” of the cake receive compared with cases in its
lower layers.
8. Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.
REF: 18-19
OBJ: 7
ANS:
 The crime control model places primary emphasis on the right of society to be
protected from crime and violent criminals.
 The due process model places primary emphasis on the right of the individual to be
protected from the power of the government.
9. List the major issues facing the criminal justice system today. Which do you feel is
the most pressing issue for criminal justice professionals today? Why?
REF: 20-22
OBJ: 8
ANS:
 Student responses will vary.
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