14.0 Plant Growth
14.1 Plant Parts
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Leaves are important part of plants because they: (14.1)
a. site of photosynthesis
b. physically support plant
c. supply shade
d. absorb food from the soil
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Leaf support and transporting nutrients are the essential functions of the: (14.1)
Roots
Leaf
Stem
Vein
3. Which of the following parts of the leaf is responsible for transporting water and nutrients:
(14.1)
a. Petiole
b. Nodes
c. Veins
d. Blade
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Most of the water and minerals are absorbed by a plant through: (14.1)
the root cap
fibrous roots
the primary root
root hairs
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What part of the leaf cell contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis? (14.1)
Mesophyll
Epidermis
Petiole
Chloroplasts
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The ____ is an example of a plant that has corms. (14.1)
gladiolus
tulip
daffodil
peony
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The terminal bud on a plant stem is located at the (14.1)
bottom of the stem.
abscission layer.
top of the stem.
axillary bud.
8. The leaf petiole is (14.1)
a. the top of the leaf.
b. the bottom of the leaf.
c. the stem of the leaf.
d. the middle of the leaf.
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The blade of a leaf is broken down into three parts: (14.1)
the tip, margin, and base.
the tip, margin, and petiole.
the tip, midrib, and petiole.
the margin, petiole, and midrib.
10.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The ovary of a flower matures into(14.1)
a seed.
a fruit.
a vegetable.
a new plant.
11.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What part of the reproductive system of the plant develops into fruit? (14.1)
testes
anther
stem
ovary
12.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What part of the plant produces the pollen? (14.1)
pistil
anther
stamen
stigma
13.
a.
b.
c.
d.
In which ring of the woody stem are water and nutrients transported? (14.1)
pith
cambium
innermost ring
outermost ring
14. The most important difference between a plant and an animal cell is the cell wall. What is the
cell wall of a plant composed of? (14.1)
a. water
b. protein
c. starch
d. cellulose
TRUE/FALSE
15. Leaves are important to the plant for water absorption. (14.1)
FALSE
16. Root hairs absorb 95 % of water. (14.1)
TRUE
17. Adventitious roots develop below the ground. (14.1)
FALSE
18. Corms are stems that are thick, compact, and fleshy. (14.1)
TRUE
MATCHING
Matching the following plant definitions and terms.
A. food manufacturing part of plant
___B___ 19. root system
B. underground, anchor, supply water and nutrients
___D___ 20. stem or trunk
C. seed producing part of plant
___A___ 21. leaves
D. support system for rest of above ground parts
___C___ 22. flowers
Match the function to the plant part. (14.1)
A. contains seed
___C___ 23. flower
B. supports branches and transports food and water
___D___ 24. leaves
C. attracts insects
___A___ 25. fruit
D. manufactures food by photosynthesis
___F___ 26. seed
E. anchors the plant and absorbs and stores food and water
___B___ 27. stem
F. functions in sexual propagation of the plant
___E___ 28. roots
Match the sketch to the correct names. (14.1)
___B___
___F___
___G___
___A___
___D___
___E___
___C___
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
corm
tubers
non-tunicate bulb
true bulb
tuberous root
rhizomes
tunicate bulb
Match the definition with the correct leaf structure below. (14.1)
A. protects leafs and covers entire surface of leaf
___F___ 36. cuticle
B. contains structures called chloroplasts
___A___ 37. epidermis
38.
stoma
C. divided into two sublayers, between epidermal layers
___D___
D. allows passage of air into leaf and exiting of water vapor
___C___ 39. mesophyll
and oxygen
___B___ 40. palisade mesophyll E. contains xylem and phloem
F. outermost layer, consists of waxy material
___E___ 41. spongy mesophyll
Match the definition with the correct plant part below. (14.1)
A. waxy waterproof substance keeps inner tissues from
___D___ 42. epidermis
drying out
B. area for food storage and the phloem
___A___ 43. cork cambium
C. separates the phloem and xylem
___G___ 44. merisystematic cells
D. outer section which protects plant
___B___ 45. cortex
46.
sap
E. at center of woody stem
___F___
F. substance through which nutrients are conducted
___C___ 47. cambium
G. they divide and cause growth
___E___ 48. pith
SHORT ANSWER
49. Name the two types of root systems. (14.1)
taproot, fibrous roots
50. List seven parts of a flower. (14.1)
filament, anther, pollen, stigma, style, ovary, petals, and sepals
51. Briefly explain the difference between vegetables and fruits. (14.1)
A vegetable can be any part of a plant that is grown for its edible parts. It may be a
root, stem, leaf, or ripened flower. A fruit is a ripened or mature ovary and is a specific
plant part.
52. What are the two functions of leaves? (14.1)
manufacture and store food for the plant
53. Name the two basic parts of the leaf. (14.1)
blade and petiole
54. List four purposes the stem of the plant serves. (14.1)
support for the plant, conduct water and nutrients from the roots to the branches and
leaves, store food for use by the plant, and carry food
55. Name three types of specialized root systems. (14.1)
adventitious roots, aerial roots, aquatic roots
56. How are rings formed in a woody stem and what do they tell about the plant? (14.1)
Rings are formed around the stem by the xylem. The xylem carries water and nutrients
up into the plant from the roots. Each year a new ring is added and the old ring dies.
This ring is called the annual ring and is used in determining the age of the plant or
tree.
57. What are three purposes of the root system of a plant? (14.1)
The three purposes of the root system are: (1) to take water and nutrients from the soil
for use by the plant; (2) to serve as storage space for food manufactured by the plant;
and (3) to provide an anchor for the plant.
58. What are the two types of root systems and what is the difference? (14.1)
The two types of root systems are tap and fibrous roots. Tap roots have a strong central
root that grows downward into the soil. It grows quite large and stores plant nutrients.
The fibrous root system has no large central root but many branches of fine roots. This
large complex network of roots helps to hold soil in place to prevent soil erosion.
59. Which plastid in the cell contains the chlorophyll to make the plants green? (14.1)
chloroplasts
60. What is the name of the substance that helps give the cell wall strength in the softer plant
tissues such as leaves and fruit? (14.1)
pectin
61. Identify the three types of plastids within the plant cells and describe their functions. (14.1)
The three types of plastids are chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and chromoplasts. The
chloroplasts use energy from the sun to make carbohydrates. Leucoplasts provide
storage for the cell. They may contain starches, protein, or lipids. Chromoplasts
manufacture pigments that give fruit their color and leaves their brilliant color in the
fall.
14.2 Classifying Plants
MULTIPLE CHOICE
62. Plants which have male and female flowers on separate plants (like on pistachio trees) are
called____________________.(14.2)
a. monoecious
b. dioecious
c. separatists
d. fibrous
63.
a.
b.
c.
Plants which have male and female parts on the same plants are called: (14.2)
monoecious
dioecious
separatists
d. fibrous
64.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a monocot? (14.2)
has a single seed leaf
leaves have parallel veins
has two cotyledons
flowers in groups of three
65.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a dicot? (14.2)
leaves have network veins
have flowers in groups of three
have flowers in groups of four or five
have two cotyledons
66.
a.
b.
c.
d.
How many types of plants can share a scientific name? (14.2)
1
2
3
4
67.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What does the scientific name not tell you? (14.2)
how tall the plant will grow
who discovered the plant
where the plant is from
features of the plant
68. In which rank, of the last five categories of botanical classification, does the order follow?
(14.2)
a. kingdom; species; class; phylum; variety
b. order; family; genus; species; variety
c. class; family; genus; order; species
d. family; order; genus; class; species
69.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Scales are (14.2)
modified stems.
modified leaves.
modified roots.
modified shoots.
70.
a.
b.
c.
d.
A compound leaf is made up of (14.2)
more than one leaf.
a leaf that has divided into two halves.
a leaf that has divided into a whorled arrangement.
three to seven leaflets.
71.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Plants that host nitrogen-fixing bacteria are known as ____. (14.2)
legumes
trees
corn
grass
72.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following seeds is a dicot? (14.2)
corn
rice
wheat
alfalfa
73.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following seeds is a dicot? (14.2)
corn
rice
wheat
alfalfa
TRUE/FALSE
74. Mistletoe is a parasitic plant. (14.2)
TRUE
MATCHING
Match the following sketches of leaf arrangements to the name of the arrangement. (14.2)
___B___
___A___
___E___
___C___
___D___
___F___
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Pinnately compound
Palmately compound
Whorled
Bipinnately compound
Alternate
Opposite
Match the following terms to the correct meanings. (14.2)
___C___ 81. trees with needle-like leaves
A. deciduous
___A___
___B___
___E___
___D___
___G___
___F___
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
trees that shed needles or leaves
trees that do not shed needles or leaves
trees, shrubs, and plants
wood used for making fiber for paper
woody perennial plants with single stem
bushy woody plants with multiple stems
B. evergreen
C. conifers
D. pulpwood
E. forest
F. shrubs
G. Trees
Identification
Directions: Categorize the following plants as to vascular and non- vascular, place a (V) in front
of the vascular plants and a (N) for non-vascular. (14.2)
88. __N__ Fungi
89. __V__ Corn Plant
90. __ V _ Ferns
91. __ V _ Shrubs
92. __ N _ Algae
93. __ V _ Beans
94. __ V _ Bermuda Grass
95. __ N _ Lichens
96. __ N _ Mosses
97. __ V _ Tomato Plant
COMPLEATION
98. ___________________ is the taxonomic category between family and species. (14.2)
Genus
99. ____________________ is the subgroup under genus. (14.2)
Species
SHORT ANSWER
100.
What is the difference between a perfect and imperfect flower? (14.2)
A perfect flower has all its parts, has all the parts of the stamen and pistil while the
imperfect flower has one or more parts missing.
101.
Define taxonomy. (14.2)
Taxonomy is the science, laws, and principles of classifying organisms.
102.
Name the two classifications for seeds. (14.2)
dicotyledonous (dicot), monocotyledonous (monocot)
103.
What are the three most common arrangements of leaves on a stem? (14.2)
whorled, alternate, and opposite
104.
What does gymnosperm mean? (14.2)
Exposed seeds
Examples include pine, spruce, ferns, and conifer trees
105.
What does angiosperm mean and provide two examples? (14.2)
Produce and store seeds in an ovary
Examples include roses, elm trees, geraniums, and apple trees
106.
Which part of the scientific name comes first? (14.2)
Genus
14.3 Physiological Needs
MULTIPLE CHOICE
107.
What is the range of the pH scale? (14.3)
a. 0-16
b. 2-18
c. 0-14
d. 4-20
108.
What number is neutral on the pH scale? (14.3)
a. 14
b. 2
c. 6
d. 7
109.
Which one of the following items would have a low pH? (14.3)
a. Vinegar
b. Ammonia
c. Rain Water
d. Pure Water
110.
Which of the following numbers represents an acid? (14.3)
a. 5
b. 7
c. 14
d. 9
111.
What are two synonyms for basic? (14.3)
a. Alkaline and Salty
b. Alkaline and Acid
c. Acid and Salty
d. Neutral and Base
112.
What is the common pH range for Arizona Desert Soil? (14.3)
a. 6.2-7.2
b. 6.5-7.5
c. 8.3-9.3
d. 7.3-8.3
113.
Which is the following is NOT a common method of lower the pH soil in Arizona? (14.3)
a. Adding Lime
b. Adding Sulfur
c. Adding Gypsum
d. Adding Peat Moss
114.
Changes in the air quality, pH of the soil and impurities in the water can be caused by
which of the following? (14.3)
a. decreased population
b. increased rainfall
c. pollution
d. none of the above
115.
Air pollution can have an effect on plant growth by:(14.3)
a. reducing the amount of CO2 in the air
b. increasing the amount of CO2 in the air
c. increasing the amount of O2 in the air
d. decreasing the amount of O2 in the air
116.
pH is the measurement of the __________ concentration in a particular medium. (14.3)
a. carbon
b. hydrogen ion
c. oxygen
d. calcium
117.
As the pH changes it affects the availability of __________________to the plant. (14.3)
a. fire
b. water
c. nutrients
d. light
118.
The area of cell division on a root is at the (14.3)
a. apical meristem.
b. root hairs.
c. phloem.
d. xylem.
119.
____ is considered the reverse of photosynthesis. (14.3)
a. Exhalation
b. Expiration
c. Respiration
d. Perspiration
120.
In order for seeds to germinate, they must take in ____.(14.3)
a. oxygen
b. nitrogen
c. water
d. light
121.
Plant growth is controlled by substances called ____.(14.3)
a. pollinators
b. hormones
c. nutrients
d. tropisms
122.
One of the most effective means of preventing disease in plants is through the use of
disease ____ varieties. (14.3)
a. proof
b. absorbent
c. porous
d. resistant
123.
Any condition which causes the systems of a plant or animal not to function properly is a
____.(14.3)
a. weakness
b. pathogen
c. defect
d. disease
Match the photosynthesis or respiration with the activities listed below. (14.3)
Food is produced.
A. photosynthesis
___A___ 124.
It occurs in dark as well as light.
B. respiration
___B___ 125.
Energy is released.
___B___ 126.
Energy is stored.
___A___ 127.
Water is produced.
___B___ 128.
Water is used.
___A___ 129.
Carbon dioxide is used.
___A___ 130.
It occurs in cells that contain chloroplasts.
___A___ 131.
Food is used for plant energy.
___B___ 132.
Oxygen is used.
___B___ 133.
Oxygen is released.
___A___ 134.
It occurs in sunlight.
___A___ 135.
It occurs in all cell walls.
___B___ 136.
Carbon dioxide is produced.
___B___ 137.
COMPLETION
138.
The process that causes a seed to begin to grow into a new plant is
____________________.(14.3)
germination
139.
____________________ is necessary to preserve a seed for the proper time when
conditions are optimum for growth. (14.3)
Dormancy
140.
Commercially produced seeds usually have a germination rate above
____________________ percent. (14.3)
95
141.
The process of plants responding to the length of daylight and darkness is called
____________________.(14.3)
photoperiodism
142.
If a disease attacks the ____________________ of a plant, the plant may not be able to
reproduce or produce fruit. (14.3)
flower
143.
If a pathogen gains entry into a plant, the plant may secrete ____________________
which are toxic to pathogens. (14.3)
chemicals
SHORT ANSWER
144.
Name the process whereby plants lose water vapor.
Transpiration
145.
What gas must be monitored within a greenhouse to make sure it is not too high or too
low?
carbon dioxide
146.
Define photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a series of processes in which light energy is converted to chemical
energy in the form of a simple sugar. It is the conversion of carbon dioxide and water in
the presence of light and chlorophyll into glucose, oxygen, and water. Glucose, the
simple sugar, contains the building blocks for other nutrients.
147.
List the three major groups of hormones that control the growth of plants. (14.3)
auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins
148.
Explain the effects of temperature in the germination of seeds. (14.3)
The proper temperature is essential for seeds to germinate. Most seeds go through a
period of cold before they will germinate. This helps prevent the seeds from sprouting as
soon as they mature and are dispersed. Seeds remain dormant in the winter until the
following spring when warm temperatures help start the germination process.
149.
Why is the depth seeds are planted important? (14.3)
The depth that seeds are planted is important because if seeds are planted too deeply,
they may not receive the proper amount of light and may not have enough oxygen. If
they are planted too shallow, they may have too much light.
150.
What are the three types of growth that take place when plants grow? (14.3)
The three types of growth that occur when plants grow include: 1) the increase in the
size of the plant cells, 2) the increase in the number of plant cells and cell differentiation,
and 3) cell differentiation is the converting of cells to perform the different functions of
the plant.
151.
Explain the function of hormones in plant growth. (14.3)
Hormones are chemical substances found in plants and animals that control or
influence the activities of organs or tissues. The proper balance of the hormones
produced by the plant is essential to keeping the plant growing and functioning
properly. Plant hormones function together to stimulate or inhibit plant growth.
152.
Explain the effects of light on plant growth. (14.3)
Plants respond to light in many ways. Plants grow toward the light. If the light comes to
the plant at an angle, the plant will grow in an arch toward the sun. Light also affects
the time when plants bloom, shed their leaves, and go into dormancy.
153.
Define geotropism. (14.3)
Geotropism is the movement of the plant toward gravity. The stem grows upward and
the roots grown downward. The cause of this effect is the influence of gravity on plant
growth.
154.
What do the xylem and phloem conduct within the plant? (14.3)
Xylem brings water from the roots to the leaves. The phloem carries the products of
photosynthesis to the other parts of the plant.
155.
Besides providing our food, what other purposes do plants serve? (14.3)
Plants convert energy from the sun into energy for animals in the form of food. Plants
stabilize the soil by preventing erosion. Plants replenish the earth's oxygen supply by
giving off oxygen and using carbon dioxide. Plants provide beauty for our world.
156.
Define photosynthesis. (14.3)
Photosynthesis is the process where the leaf makes food for the plant. In the mesophyll
layer of the leaf are structures called chloroplasts. These hold chlorophyll and are the
sites of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll captures light energy from the sun and allows
this energy to be used for the chemical reaction of photosynthesis. The chemical
reaction takes carbon dioxide and water and converts it to sugar and oxygen.
157.
What problem may occur if a disease attacks a plant’s root system? (14.3)
The plant may not be able to take in water and other nutrients to help it produce food
and grow.
158.
Explain the two types of covering a plant may have on its surface to protect itself from
pathogens. (14.3)
Plant hairs, called pubescence, help in collecting the pathogens before they reach the
surface of the plant. Also, the cuticle, a thick waxy covering, prevents the penetration of
the pathogens.
159.
Name two common signs that a diseased plant may show. (14.3)
look wilted; have brown spots on the leaves, fruit, or other parts
14.4 Plant Reproduction
MULTIPLE CHOICE
160.
Fertilization occurs in the ____________of the female plant. (14.4)
a. Style
b. Stigma
c. Ovary
d. Filament
161.
A flower is called complete when it: (14.4)
a. contains more than one color
b. has an uneven number of petals
c. has both male and female parts
d. is not capable of pollination
162.
When pollination occurs, pollen is released by the anther and comes in contact with the:
(14.4)
a. filament
b. stigma
c. ovary
d. style
163.
____ is the union of the pollen and the stigma. (14.4)
a. Flower
b. Style
c. Pollination
d. Pagination
164.
In plant breeding, what is removed from the plant to prevent natural pollination? (14.4)
a. anther sac
b. Petals
c. Style
d. Stigma
165.
In terms of reproduction, plants are completely different from most animals because they
can ____ an entire plant from a severed part of the parent plant. (14.4)
a. preplant
b. aftplant
c. reincarnate
d. regenerate
166.
What layers should match exactly for a proper graft to take place? (14.4)
a. cambium
b. Pith
c. callus
d. anther
167.
A hybrid plant is obtained by: (14.4)
a. halfbreeding
b. crossbreeding
c. inbreeding
d. Line breeding
168.
The union of a small piece of bark with a bud and a rootstock is called ____ grafting.
(14.4)
a. spud
b. Root
c. Seed
d. Bud
169.
What is the first step in seed germination? (14.4)
a. absorption of water
b. light presence
c. infusion of oxygen
d. increased heat
170.
In this unit, you have seen a picture of the tops of plants covered with paper bags. The
paper bag does what? (14.4)
a. Protects the top of the plant from a hard rain or hail.
b. Identifies each individual plant in the scientist’s test plot.
c. Stops any photosynthesis from occurring at the top of the plant.
d. Prevents cross-pollination so the plant breeder can select the pollen.
171.
It generally takes how many years to breed a new variety of a grass, like sorghum, to
resist the changing individuals of a given pest? (14.4)
a. 3 to 10 years
b. 8 to 11 years
c. 5 to 10 years
d. 2 to 4 years
172.
On a commercial level, an example of massive cloning in the field is (14.4)
a. wheat.
b. Corn.
c. the potato.
d. the gladiolus.
173.
The “seed potato” farmer selects cultivars that are resistant to disease and pests by (14.4)
a. identifying superior plants in the field and using them.
b. leaving it up to the biotechnology industry.
c. growing only three different cultivars at a time in any one season.
d. observing and recording which cultivar germinates first.
174.
Many plants reproduce by cloning through processes known as ____ reproduction. (14.4)
a. asexual
b. vegetative
c. sexual
d. a and b above
175.
Through a process of ____ breeding, scientists have developed several varieties of
seedless grapes. (14.4)
a. cross
b. selective
c. ind. none of the above
TRUE/FALSE
176.
The “Scion” is the twig or bud that you graft onto the desirable
rootstock. (14.4)
TRUE
177.
Taking plant tissue or cells from a parent plant and growing them on or in a sterile,
artificial medium to produce a plantlet with its own leaves, stems, and root system is referred
to as tissue culture. (14.4)
TRUE
178.
Stem cuttings can only be made using stems of an herbaceous plant. (14.4)
FALSE
179.
Corn is an example of a dioecious plant. (14.4)
FALSE
180.
Stem cuttings, grafting, and tissue culture are all examples of sexual reproduction. (14.4)
TRUE
181.
The embryo is always located in the same location, regardless of the type of seed. (14.4)
FALSE
182.
Seed potatoes are cut into pieces for planting. (14.4)
TRUE
183.
American farmers grow more than 200 varieties of wheat. (14.4)
TRUE
184.
There are more than 100 different varieties of cotton. (14.4)
FALSE
185.
There are at least 200 varieties of soybean. (14.4)
TRUE
186.
Hybrid seed is produced by crossbreeding two different varieties of the same species.
(14.4)
TRUE
187.
In very general terms, it takes 12 to 18 days for common flowers and vegetables to
germinate. (14.4)
FALSE
188.
In asexual reproduction the new plant is not identical to the parent plant. (14.4)
FALSE
189.
Producing plants from seed and sexual reproduction is more efficient than through
vegetative means. (14.4)
FALSE
COMPLETION
190.
____________________ is the name of the food storing mass of cells that surround the
seed? (14.4)
Endosperm
191.
Because of their brightly colored flowers and nectar used as food, some plants are
fertilized by the action of ____________________.(14.4)
insects
192.
____________________ and ____________________ are the two methods for obtaining
new plants from specialized plant parts. (14.4)
separation, division
193.
Gladiolus and garlic are examples of plants that propagate through
____________________.(14.4)
corms
194.
The procedure of tissue ____________________ involves using a small amount of tissue
from a plant to grow a new plant. (14.4)
culture
195.
Tissue culture should take place inside of a ____________________ chamber to prevent
contamination. (14.4)
Transfer
196.
Sexual propagation is a good way to avoid passing on ____________________.(14.4)
diseases
197.
Plant breeders use two methods of propagation, one using both the male and female parts
of the flower or plant called ____________________ reproduction and the second method
that basically clones one parent plant called ____________________ reproduction. (14.4)
sexual, asexual
198.
Work areas should be cleaned with ____________________ bleach solution. (14.4)
10%
199.
Contamination of ____________________ or bacteria could kill the plant tissue. (14.4)
fungus
200.
The ____________________ technique is important to use when propagating a plant
using tissue culture because it will help prevent contamination. (14.4)
aspectic
MATCHING
Match the definition with the correct plant term below. (14.4)
receptacle
A. colorful head of the flower
___D___ 201.
202.
calyx
B. colorful structure that emerges when flower opens
___F___
corolla
C. receives the pollen
___B___ 203.
perianth
D. where the flower is attached to the stem or stalk
___A___ 204.
carpels
E. pollen-bearing organ of flower which consists of
___G___ 205.
filament and anther
stigma
F. protects the developing flower bud
___C___ 206.
stamen
G. female organs within the flower
___E___ 207.
Match the definition with the correct pollination term below. (14.4)
self-pollinated
A. plants that pollinate themselves
___B___ 208.
cross pollinated B. pollination takes place from flowers on the same plant
___C___ 209.
self fertile
C. pollination is by pollen from another plant
___A___ 210.
self sterile
D. plants that cannot pollinate themselves
___D___ 211.
Match the term stamen or pistil with the male or female part of a flower. (14.4)
stigma
A. stamen
___B___ 212.
anther
B. pistil
___A___ 213.
filament
___A___ 214.
ovary
___B___ 215.
style
___B___ 216.
ovules
___B___ 217.
pollen
___A___ 218.
SHORT ANSWER
219.
Name four specialized parts of plants that are used for vegetative propagation. (14.4)
Any four of the following: bulbs, corms, tubers, stolons, rhizomes, crowns
220.
Cuttings for propagation can be taken from what part of the plant? (14.4)
Any of the following: leaves, stems, roots, buds
221.
What is the best season for hardwood cuttings to be taken? (14.4)
dormant
222.
List the four conditions for plant cuttings to grow properly. (14.4)
temperature, moisture, air movement, light
223.
Name the cells that a wound in the plant stimulates to grow. (14.4)
callus
224.
What are the upper and lower parts of a graft called? (14.4)
upper is rootstock and lower is scion
225.
What are two advantages of tissue culture? (14.4)
Two advantages of tissue culture are: (1) only a very tiny portion of the parent plant is
used, so the potential of growing a large number of genetically identical plants is greatly
increased and (2) the new plants are free from disease-causing organisms.
226.
Identify the two ways in which plants reproduce and describe the difference. (14.4)
Two ways in which plants reproduce are sexually and asexually. With sexual
reproduction there must be two gametes the sperm and the egg. With asexual
reproduction, the plant can be created without the joining of the egg and sperm but
reproduce by using a part of the parent plant to start a new plant.
227.
What is the difference between a complete flower and a pistilate flower? (14.4)
A complete flower has sepals, petals, a stamen, and a pistil. The pistilate flower has no
stamen.
228.
How is pollen carried from flower to flower by insects? (14.4)
Pollen is caught on legs or body parts of insects as they go from flower to flower
collecting nectar. As they travel around, some pollen is dropped into the next flower
while more is picked up, moving the pollen from flower to flower.
229.
Identify two reasons why plants are reproduced vegetatively. (14.4)
One reason for vegetatively reproducing plants is the time factor. Plants propagated
from seed must undergo the entire cycle of life. If the new plant is grown from a part of
the parent plant, it can be produced without going through all the cycles. Another
reason is that seedless plants can be grown. This is especially helpful for the food
producer.
230.
What is plant propagation by layering? (14.4)
Plant propagation by layering is where the plant is covered with soil or other material
and the growth of roots is stimulated while still attached to the parent plant.
231.
Identify four disadvantages of tissue culture. (14.4)
1. Initial cost of the lab is high.
2. Requires greater skill.
3. Tissue culture produces clones that do not have genetic variation.
4. It is possible that one disease could wipe out all the plants.
5. Not all plants can be tissue cultured.
232.
What are the two types of plant propagation? (14.4)
sexual, asexual
233.
List the four primary methods of asexual propagation. (14.4)
cuttings, layering, grafting, tissue culture
234.
What is rooting hormone? (14.4)
Rooting hormone is a chemical that reacts with the newly formed cells and encourages
the plant to make roots faster.
235.
What conditions are necessary for successful grafting? (14.4)
For successful grafting the scion and rootstock must be compatible, each must be at the
right stage of growth, the cambium layer of each section must meet, and the graft union
must be protected from drying out until the wound has healed.
236.
What is cloning? (14.4)
Cloning generates multiple, genetically identical offspring from the nonsexual tissues of
a parent plant.
14.5 Plant Tissue Culture Techniques
MULTIPLE CHOICE
237.
When transferring materials into tissue culture tubes, one of the most important
objectives is to(14.5)
a. transfer quickly and in a clean environment.
b. keep the culture tubes from falling over.
c. wash the plant material longer than the protocol advises to keep the plant clean.
d. transfer slowly and deliberately so that the plant material has time to adjust to the new
environment.
238.
____ is a grass that is propagated by rhizomes. (14.5)
a. Fescue
b. Bluegrass
c. Bermuda
d. Wheat
239.
What is the name of the tissue that is removed for tissue culture? (14.5)
a. foreplant
b. explant
c. preplant
d. aftplant
240.
Hardwood cuttings grow best if taken during the ____ season. (14.5)
a. summer
b. spring
c. dormant
d. rainy
241.
A humidity range from ____ to ____ percent is generally considered ideal for rooting
most cuttings. (14.5)
a. 20; 40
b. 40; 50
c. 50; 60
d. 60; 80
242.
____ is used to propagate large house plants such as the rubber plant. (14.5)
a. Tip layering
b. Mound layering
c. Air layering
d. Root cutting
243.
Tissue culture began in ____ during the mid-1960s. (14.5)
a. England
b. France
c. China
d. South America
244.
Callus sales are those sales that are ____. (14.5)
a. stems
b. unfertilized
c. undifferentiated
d. none of the above
TRUE/FALSE
245.
Plant cloning is one of the oldest examples of biotechnology. (14.5)
TRUE
246.
Plants can be cloned to produce desired characteristics and uniform quality. (14.5)
TRUE
247.
The differences in plant and animal cells make cloning animals easier than cloning plants.
(14.5)
FALSE
248.
When a plant cutting is being rooted, a high rate of photosynthesis is highly desirable.
(14.5)
FALSE
249.
A high relative humidity is needed when rooting cuttings. (14.5)
TRUE
250.
To properly root, plant cuttings need intense light. (14.5)
FALSE
251.
Layering is not a labor-intensive method of propagation. (14.5)
FALSE
252.
Tissue culture helps solve problems caused by diseases contracted during shipping of
seeds and plants. (14.5)
TRUE
253.
An advantage of tissue culture is that it requires great skill. (14.5)
FALSE
254.
A disadvantage of tissue culture is that it creates an infinite number of plants from one
original specimen. (14.5)
FALSE
255.
95% ethanol solution is used to sterilize equipment. (14.5)
TRUE
256.
A plant created through tissue culture is genetically identical to the original. (14.5)
TRUE
MATCHING
Match the following descriptions with the correct types of cuttings. (14.5)
stem tip cuttings
A. leaf cut without petiole
___C___ 257.
heal cuttings
B. stem cut 1/2 inch above and below same node, plant
___F___ 258.
___H___ 259.
___A___ 260.
cane cuttings
leaf cuttings
___I___
261.
leaf petiole cuttings
___E___
___B___
___D___
262.
263.
264.
stem section cuttings
single eye cuttings
double eye cuttings
___J___ 265.
___G___ 266.
split vein cuttings
leaf section cuttings
has alternate leaves
C. end of stem or branch, includes terminal bud
D. stem cut 1/2 inch above and below same node, plant
has opposite leaves
E. section of stem used in middle or behind tip cutting,
cut above nodes on both ends
F. used with woody stem plants, shield shape cut
G. leaves cut into sedges each containing one vein
H. stems cut into sections with one or two eyes or
nodes, nodes face upward in medium
I. cut leaf used with petiole
J. veins are slit on lower surface of leaf
Match the following layering definitions: (14.5)
simple layering A. Stem is girdled with two cuts 1 inch apart, bark is
___B___ 267.
removed, wound dusted with rooting hormone and damp
sphagnum moss put around, then plastic around moss and
tied at both ends
tip layering
B. Stem is bent to the ground and covered with medium,
___C___ 268.
last 6-10 inches of stem is left exposed
air layering
C. tip of shoot is placed in hole in medium which grows
___A___ 269.
downward then turns upward, roots form at bend
COMPLETION
270.
Another word for micropropagation is ____________________. (14.5)
Tissue culture
271.
Plant ____________________ by tissue culture is one of the most widely used
biotechnologies. (14.5)
cloning
272.
____________________ is material that the plant is placed into to root. (14.5)
Media
273.
The reproduction of cells is controlled in a large part by plant hormones called
____________________.(14.5)
auxins
274.
____________________ involves the use of a small amount of tissue from a plant to
grow a new plant. (14.5)
Tissue culture
275.
In ____________________ tissue, the cells are still undifferentiated. (14.5)
meristem
276.
Tissue culture is the process of ____________________ plants from a single cell. (14.5)
regenerating
SHORT ANSWER
277.
Why is cloning so advantageous to producers? (14.5)
Because the cloned plant is genetically identical to the parent and retains all of its
superior qualities
278.
List four important environmental conditions that are important for rooting cuttings.
(14.5)
Proper temperature, moisture control, air movement, and light
279.
Why must the container used for in vitro culture be sterile? (14.5)
Because the solution is an ideal environment for the growth of microorganisms and the
new plant must be disease free.
280.
What is the first requirement for tissue culture? (14.5)
a very clean environment
281.
How long from beginning to a successfully growing plant, is the process for tissue
culture? (14.5)
from three to six weeks
282.
Scientists have successfully spliced firefly genes into what organism? (14.5)
Tobacco plant
14.6 Careers with Biotech
MULTIPLE CHOICE
283.
One of the four areas of biotechnology is research, which of the following jobs would fall
into that category? (14.6)
a. Veterinarian
b. plant technician
c. cancer research scientist
d. materials manager
284.
A quality control analyst is responsible for testing samples at the end of production,
which area of biotechnology would this be under? (14.6)
a. research
b. development
c. production
d. management and marketing
285.
The three basic technologies that make up the biotechnology industry are; genetic
engineering, diagnostic technologies, and: (14.6)
a. plant research
b. materials management
c. cell and tissue techniques
d. animal research
286.
Diagnostic technologies are essential in the: (14.6)
a. equine industry
b. livestock industry
c. human medicine
d. all of the above
287.
In today’s society the primary source used when conducting a career search is the: (14.6)
a. school counselor
b. internet
c. newspaper
d. yellow pages
288.
Biotechnology is a part of most areas of ____ science. (14.6)
a. physical
b. mechanical
c. biological
d. medical
289.
The only limits to advancements in biotechnology are ____.(14.6)
a. level of education
b. interests
c. determination
d. all of the above
290.
Most scientists have earned a(n) ____ degree in a specialized area such as genetics,
nutrition, or microbiology. (14.6)
a. Ph.D.
b. M.S.
c. B.S.
d. associate’s
291.
In practically all scientific research, the data almost always has to be analyzed using ____
tools. (14.6)
a. mechanical
b. electronic
c. expensive
d. statistical
292.
A lab assistant position in biotechnology requires at least a(n) ____ degree in science.
(14.6)
a. associate’s
b. B.S.
c. M.S.
d. Ph.D.
293.
A ____ is responsible for implementing plans for mating various lines and strains of plant
genetics. (14.6)
a. lab assistant
b. plant breeder
c. research analyst
d. production assistant
294.
Who is responsible for growing and caring for plants in a greenhouse? (14.6)
a. HVAC technician
b. Plant breeder
c. Greenhouse assistant
d. Lab technician
TRUE/FALSE
295.
As research in biotechnology increases, the need for well-trained individuals will also
increase. (14.6)
TRUE
296.
To become a research scientist, you will need several years of education beyond a basic
four-year college degree. (14.6)
TRUE
297.
Today, plant breeders work only indoors. (14.6)
FALSE
298.
Technical writers write reports to be distributed among scientists. (14.6)
FALSE
299.
To become a biostatistician usually requires at least a master’s degree in statistics. (14.6)
TRUE
300.
A field of lessening importance is that of social science in biotechnology. (14.6)
FALSE
301.
A customer sales representative sometimes has to answer questions about new
technology, thus a Bachelor of Science degree in a technical or scientific field is required.
(14.6)
TRUE
302.
Careers in biotechnology are limited to scientists and researchers. (14.6)
FALSE
303.
If you are good at math and enjoy solving complex problems, you might enjoy a career as
a biostatistician. (14.6)
TRUE
304.
Jobs in manufacturing and production of biotechnology products require a wide range of
experiences from business to electronics. (14.6)
TRUE
COMPLETION
305.
A ____________________ can compute statistical tests and tell a scientist the probability
that the difference in the results of a scientific experiment happened by chance. (14.6)
biostatistician
306.
Once the research has been conducted and product approval received, it is up to the
_________________________ to make the product commercially available. (14.6)
manufacturing industry
SHORT ANSWER
307.
What is the outlook for jobs in biotechnology? (14.6)
The field is steadily growing.
308.
What is the mission of agriculture education? (14.6)
To teach people about agriculture, which includes biotechnology
14.7 Plant Biotech & Sustainability
MULTIPLE CHOICE
309.
Using living organisms to “eat” or degrade pollutants found in soil is called?
a. phytoremediation
b. bioremediation
c. bacteriamediation
d. plantmediation
310.
The use of plants to clean up environmental pollutants is called: (14.7)
a. phytoremediation
b. bioremediation
c. bacteriamediation
d. plantmediation
311.
What is being used to micropropagate many of the trees grown by lumber
paper companies. (14.7)
a. selected reproduction
b. tissue culture
c. genetic engineering
d. both b & c
312.
(14.7)
Biotechnology aids in the economic profitability by: (14.7)
a. growing replacement trees more efficiently
b. protect plants from insect damage
c. reducing need for pesticides
d. all of the above
and
313.
Sustainable agriculture systems have three goals; environmental health, economic
profitability, and: (14.7)
a. Lower cost
b. economic loss
c. social and economic equity
d. higher cost of products
314.
An example of social and economic equity may include: (14.7)
a. making our environment safer due to less pesticides at the same time saving
cost of pesticides
b. bioremediation
c. phytoremediation
d. none of the above
315.
Bacillus thuringiensis, or B.t. B.t. is a: (14.7)
a. naturally occurring microorganism
b. protein that is indigestible to target insects
c. harmless to other living things
d. all of the above
316.
It is estimated that ____ percent of the world’s supply of food is lost to pests, diseases,
and spoilage. (14.7)
a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50
317.
Since the mid ____, the yearly yield rates for rice and wheat have been decreasing. (14.7)
a. 1960s
b. 1970s
c. 1980s
d. 1990s
318.
Today, there are over ____ people in the world. (14.7)
a. 6 billion
b. 7 billion
c. 8 billion
d. 9 billion
319.
The Green Revolution began during the ____.(14.7)
a. 1960s
b. 1970s
c. 1980s
d. 1990s
320.
During the Green Revolution, the greatest increase came about in what two crops? (14.7)
a. Rice and wheat
b. Rice and beans
c. Wheat and potatoes
d. Rice and corn
321.
Most scientists today say that the future of agriculture is in ____.(14.7)
a. biology
b. physics
c. biotechnology
d. new machines
322.
In 2001, U.S. farmers grew ____ million acres of genetically engineered crops. (14.7)
a. 58
b. 68
c. 78
d. 88
TRUE/FALSE
323.
Biotechnology can offer genetically altered crops that can be resistant to insect damage.
(14.7)
TRUE
324.
Weeds compete with plants for nutrients and space. (14.7)
TRUE
325.
Currently, there are very few acres of genetically altered crops produced in the world.
(14.7)
FALSE
326.
There is still hunger in the world today. (14.7)
TRUE
COMPLEATION
327.
Projections are that by the year ____________________ the world’s population will
approach 10 billion people. (14.7)
2050
328.
The greatest impact of biotechnology has come in the area of
_________________________.(14.7)
plant agriculture
329.
A failed tomato that was more costly than consumers were willing to pay because of the
research investment was the ____________________ tomato. (14.7)
flavr-savr
SHORT ANSWER
330.
BT, bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacteria is spliced into plants for what purpose? (14.7)
to help control insects
331.
What are the two main advantages of breeding insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant
plants? (14.7)
Producing biodegradable industrial raw material, cleaning up the environment