CELLS (The Building Block of Life)
By the end of this unit, you should know...
Al. Describe the following cell structures and their functions:
Cell membrane, mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes,
Golgi bodies, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, and
chromosomes.
A2. identify the functional interrelationships of cell structures
A3. identify the cell structures in diagrams and electron micrographs
VOCABULARY
_____ ATP
_____ Cellular respiration
_____ Centriole
_____ Chromatin
_____ Cytoskeleton
_____ Endoplasmic reticulum
_____ Eukaryotic
_____ Flagellum
_____ Golgi apparatus
_____ Hydrolysis
_____ Hydrolytic enzymes
_____ Lipid manufacture
_____ Lysosome
_____ Mitochondria
_____ Nucleolus
_____ Nucleoplasm
_____ Nucleus
_____ Prokaryotic
_____ Protein synthesis
_____ Ribosomes
_____ Rough ER
_____ Saccule
_____ Smooth ER
_____ Vacuole
_____ Vesicle
INTERESTING FACTS
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The longest cells in the human body are the motor neurons. They can be up to _____
meters long and go from the spinal cord to the big toe
Every square inch of the human body has an average of _______ million bacteria on it.
Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about ________ pounds a
year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost _______ pounds of skin.
Humans shed and regrow outer skin cells about every _______ days - almost
__________ new skins in a lifetime
The largest cell in the human body is the female _____ cell. It is about 1/180 inch in
diameter. The smallest cell in the human body is the male _________. It takes about
____________ sperm cells to weigh as much as a single egg cell.
Three-hundred-million cells die in the human body every ___________
TYPES OF CELLS
There are two types of cells:
1. ____________ Cells
2. ____________ Cells
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
1.
2.
3.
4.
pro = __________
karyotic = ___________
These were the _____ cells.
They were primitive, small, had ___________________ (no nuclear membrane), and no
membrane bound cell organelles.
5. They have _____________
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
eu = ____________
karyotic = nucleus
These are modern cells.
They have a ____________ and membrane-bound __________.
They are much larger (up to _____________________).
EVOLUTION OF CELLS
Since life first appeared on Earth some 3.8 billion years ago, it has been estimated that more
than __________% of all species have gone extinct.
CELL THEORY
 All living things are made up of ________
 The cell is also the _________________
_____________
 All living cells come from
__________________________ cells
CELL STRUCTURE
The cell is the basic unit of life and contains
internal structures called ______________.
ORGANELLES
1. Plasma Membrane
This is a universal structure. It is the __________
in all organisms.
The cell membrane is composed of a
___________ _____________________ with
proteins embedded in it.
Most of the ____________ inside the cell
___________ ________ a bilayer membrane.
The model used to explain the cell membrane is called the
_________________________________.
a) ____________________________: Controls what comes ____
___________ of the cell. Does not let ____________________
______________________ things through.
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL: The _____________________, thus
allowing small non-polar molecules to slip through.
______________________________: Double layered membrane.
b) __________________: carbs attached to ________________.
Act as ______________ – receive info. from body to tell cell what to do.
c) __________________: carbs attached to _____________. Act as ________________
– receive info. from body to tell cell what to do.
d) _______________________: __________ specific larger and charged
__________________________________________ of the cell. Can act as ‘tunnels’ or
will change shape.
e) ____________________ PROTEINS: They only go through a part of the membrane, or
sit on top of another protein.
f) ____________________: _____________ membrane _____________ by reducing
phospholipid movement. Also stops the membrane from becoming ______________ at
room temperatures.
g) _____________________: A cytoskeleton acts as a framework that
_______________________. It also serves as a monorail to _____________
organelles around the cell.
2. NUCLEUS
1. Dark granule in the
________ of the cell.
2. Stores _________
information
3. _____________ cell
activities through
_________________
4. Controls _________
_______________
5. It is the site of _____
_________________
and transcription
3. NUCLEOLUS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
This is the dark stained area in the nucleus.
It is made up of __________.
It has no membrane
It makes ______ (ribosomal RNA), which then makes ____________.
4. NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE:
1. A double layer of cell membrane, which
contains ____________ ___________.
2. Pores allow ___________ ___________ in
and out of the nucleus.
5. CHROMATIN:
1. ________________________ wrapped
around ____________ proteins.
2. Contains the _______________ for all
proteins in the body
3. Is condensed into ____________________
before cell replication.
6. NUCLEOPLASM:
1. This is the ______________ _____________.
2. It ___________ & ____________ the contents of the nucleus.
7. MITOCHONDRIA:
1. This is the ______________ of the cell.
2. It has a double membrane. Inner membrane is
very folded = ________ (increased surface area).
3. Mitochondria have their ___________.
4. Mitochondria are used to ____________
________________________________
5. Mitochondria performs
_________________________:
8. RIBOSOME
1. These are small dark granules made of _________________
2. Ribosomes are the site of ___________ _________________.
3. They ensure the _______________ of amino acids in the
protein chain.
4. Usually attached to the _______________, so proteins
produced can be __________________ (sent out of the
cell).
9. ______________________:
1. Join up to make many copies of the same protein.
2. Polysomes produce proteins to be used
__________________.
10.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
1. This is an extensive network of internal ________________ ______________. The
ER connects the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. It is a
______________________
2. There are two types:
a) ____________________________
b) ____________________________
______________ ER:
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Has attached _______________.
Usually _________________ with the nuclear membrane.
Ribosomes make proteins and then place them in the rER
Proteins are sometimes __________________ here
The rER ___________________ in a vesicle and sends them to the
_____________________.
_________________ ER:
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Has _______ attached ________________.
Makes ______________________.
Also __________________ harmful material or waste products
You’ll find a lot of sER in ____________ and ____________ that make hormones.
11. GOLGI APPARATUS
1. These are made up of ___________
_____________________, which are
stacked loosely on top of each other.
2. One side faces the _____ and the other
faces the _________________.
3. There are usually ______________ at the edges of the Golgi.
4. Their function is to receive, _______, and temporarily ____________ proteins and
fats from the rough and smooth ER.
5. These proteins are ________________________________ which pinch off from the
edges, and are distributed within the cell or shipped to the cell membrane for
excretion.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ORGANELLES WE’VE TALKED
ABOUT SO FAR…
12.
VESSICLES
1. These are the ________________ of the cell membrane.
2. Vesicles are ____________ and are formed by
_________________ (cell drinking) at the plasma membrane,
or are made by the Golgi body.
3. They are used to _____________ substances around the cell
that need to be separate from the cytoplasm.
4. Stores _______________________ ______________.
13.
VACUOLE
1. Vacuoles are ____________ and are
formed by ________________ (cell
eating).
14.
LYSOSOME
1. These are double membraned vacuoles with _________________
(digestive) _____________.
2. Made by the ____________.
3. They are also known as ‘___________________’.
LYSOSOME – HYDROLYSIS:
1. They attach to ______________ and ___________ their contents.
2. They also destroy __________ or malfunctioning _____________.
3. They are capable of destroying ________________.
15.
CYTOSKELETON
1. This gives the cell its __________ __________. It
___________ and supports the cell ______________.
2. It also serves as a monorail to ______________
organelles around the cell.
3. There are two components to the cytoskeleton:
a) _________________
b) _________________
16.
MICROTUBULE
1. These are ___________ than microfilaments.
2. They are ________________ and made of a coiled protein called _____________.
3. Along with making up the cytoskeleton, they are used to make
______________________ __________ and spindle fibres.
Cilia & Flagella:
1. These are _________ projections, which use energy to produce
_________/locomotion
2. They move as the pairs of tubules __________________ each other.
3. Cilia are __________ and there are many of them. Flagella are long
and few.
4. They are made of ‘_________________’ (‘________’).
5. Anchored to cell by a _______________ (‘________’)
Centriole:
1. A __________________ (microtubules) that grow ____________________
2. They attach to and move ____________________ during mitosis.
3. These are found in _______________ only.
17.
MICROFILAMENTS
1. They are ________ and extremely __________ protein fibres that occur in bundles
made of 2 proteins called Actin and Myosin.
2. _______________________ around the cytoplasm with the help of these.
18.
CYTOPLASM
1. This is a ‘_____________’ that contains mainly water with dissolved salts, proteins
and other organic compounds.
2. Its functions are to ____________________ organelles and to provide water for all
of the cells _______________.