ENVI 121 Midterm #3 Review Sheet:
Chordates:
1) What are the 4 general characteristics all chordates share?
2) What are the general characteristics of sea squirts? Where do they live? What do
they resemble, and how do they differ? What do they eat? What is different
between the larvae and the adult?
3) What are the general characteristics of salps? Where do they live?
4) What are the general characteristics of larvaceans? Where do they live? How do
they feed? What is their mucucs house used for? How does it work?
5) What are the general characteristics of lancets? Where do they live?
Fishes:
1) What are the characteristics of vertebrates?
2) What are the characteristics of Class Agnatha (Jawless fish)? Give examples and
some of their characteristics.
3) What are the general characteristics of chondrichthyes? What type of jaws, fins
and scales do they have?
4) What are most sharks adapted for? What is their body shape? What is their cadual
fin like? What type of gills do they have? What do they eat? What are they
exploited for? What are the sensory organs like, particularly their sense of smell,
lateral line, and sense of electrical fields? How do they reproduce?
5) How do skates and rays differ from sharks? What type of body shape do they
have? What are tails of stingrays like? What do stingrays eat? What are electric
rays? Why are manta rays different?
6) What are rat fishes and how do they differ?
7) What are the general characteristics of bony fish, and how do they differ from
chondricthyes?
8) What are different body shapes of fishes, and what are the lifestyles connected
with these shapes?
9) What are the different color patterns of fish, and what are they for?
10) How do fish move? What are the differences between chondrichthyes and bony
fish in terms of locomotion? What fins are used in locomotion?
11) What do sharks and bony fish eat? What are different ways they feed?
12) What is the circulatory system of fish like?
13) What is the respiratory system of fish like? How do they irrigate gills? What is the
gill structure like? What are the parts of the gill? How does gas exchange on gills
work? What is countercurrent exchange and how does it work? Why is it used?
14) What are the differences in how chondricthyes and bony fish regulate their
internal environments?
15) What are the sense of smell and taste like on fish?
16) What are lateral lines and how do they work?
17) How does the inner ear work on fish? What are they called?
18) What is schooling? Is it common? Why do fish school? What is migration in
fish? What are the two types, and what is different about them?
Marine Reptiles:
1) Where did reptiles originate?
2) What are some characteristics that come from this?
3) What is their skin like?
4) What are their eggs like?
5) What does it mean to be ectotherms?
6) What are the general characteristics of sea turtles?
7) How are the legs of sea turtles modified?
8) How many species are there?
9) In what general areas are they found? Why?
10) What are examples of what sea turtles eat?
11) What are their teeth and jaws like?
12) What are the major predators for adult sea turtles?
13) Where do sea turtles lay their eggs? How so they know where to go?
14) What is the general process for their reproduction?
15) How does temperature impact the sex of hatchlings?
16) What are some concerns for hatchlings and eggs while buried and when leaving
their nests?
17) About how old are turtles when they reach sexual maturity?
18) How does development impact sea turtle populations?
19) What are sea turtle eggs and meat used for?
20) How are they killed in nets and what is being done to prevent this?
21) What is the shape of sea snakes?
22) How are they adapted to spend long times under water? How long can they stay
under water?
23) What is meant to be ovoviviparous? Do some lay their eggs on the beach?
24) What so they eat?
25) Are they venomous? Are they dangerous to humans? Why or why not?
26) What are their predators?
27) Where are marine iguanas found?
28) Where do they spend most of their time? Why?
29) How are males different than females (besides the obvious reason)?
30) What do they eat? How long can they dive?
31) Are they good swimmers? Why or why not?
32) Where are salt water crocodiles mainly found? (Both geographically and what
habitats?)
33) What do they eat?
34) Are the aggressive?
35) How big do they get, and about when do they reach sexual maturity?
Marine Birds:
1) What makes a bird a seabird?
2) Where did birds evolve from?
3) What adaptations do almost all birds have and why do they help? (Feathers,
bones, eggs and nesting)
4) What are endotherms? How is this difference from other animals we have talked
about? What are the advantages and disadvantages to this?
5) How do penguins differ from most birds and why?
6) What are some basic characteristics of albatross? What type of lifestyle do they
have?
7) Give some general characteristics on pelicans, cormorants, frigate birds, gulls and
terns. Understand the diversity of birds and their lifestyles.
8) How does beak shape relate to lifestyle and diet of seabirds?
9) Give some examples of types of prey capture for seabirds.