MIT 11.701
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
FALL 2013
9:30-11:00 (T,TH)
CLASS ROOM: 9-450B
Professor Balakrishnan Rajagopal
braj@mit.edu
Office: 9-432
Office Hours: Tuesdays 4:00 – 6:00 PM and by appointment
TA: Devanne Brookins
devanneb@mit.edu
Office Hours: TBD and by appointment
Stellar class website:
Course Description
This introductory survey course is intended to develop an understanding of key issues and
dilemmas of planning in non-western countries. The issues covered in this course include the
history, concepts and theories of development planning, the emerging role of non-western
countries as global economic players, the most urgent issues of development planning in the nonwestern world that pose dilemmas for action and theory especially in the light of the current
global economic crisis, the scales at which development planning takes place and their interrelationship, and the key actors and institutions who shape the content of development planning.
The issues covered by the course include state intervention, governance, law and institutions in
development, privatization, participatory planning, decentralization, development-induced
displacement, poverty, urban-rural linkages, corruption and civil service reform, trade and
outsourcing and labor standards, post-conflict development and the role of aid in development.
Several themes run through the course. One such theme is the intimate link between planning,
power and legitimacy, chiefly embodied in the state. Planning involves many actors, but always
some governing authority with legitimacy. The approach to planning in this course involves the
state as a governing authority, with the legitimate power to make changes that affect many other
actors, in its unique role as the ‘rule-maker’ that determines the institutional framework for the
operation of all other actors, while recognizing the growth of other governing actors at the local
and global levels. Power also determines whether countries are able to plan, and if so, the kind
of planning that they are able to do in a contested global arena. The language of legitimacy
shapes how and by whom and in what form power can be exercised.
A major theme of the course is that planning in developing countries is much more impacted by
the ideas and actions of external actors, compared to planning in rich industrialized countries.
This in turn makes the process of planning – the actors and institutional processes as well
political sustainability – much more complex and unpredictable. The course also focuses on the
history of planning and development in non-western countries in order to better appreciate the
achievements and limitations of planning efforts in the past. The impact of colonialism and
imperialism on the political culture, institutional legacies, and economic prospects of developing
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countries needs to be understood. In focusing on this issue, the course would like to call
attention to the importance of historical analysis in planning in developing countries.
The course will illuminate current development challenges through published research in the
field. The literature is rich, and across many disciplines in the social sciences. Case studies and
real world examples through interaction with planning practitioners are drawn from around the
world. The readings marked ‘required’ must be read carefully prior to class. Students are
encouraged prepare short outlines based on reading notes before coming to class. The readings
marked ‘recommended’ are suggested to supplement, deepen and expand the issues raised by the
required readings. While students don’t have to read them all before class, they are strongly
encouraged to read what they can in order to fully realize the potential of this course.
Requirements
Grading will be based on the following components:
Component
Class discussion
2 short reaction papers
Group project presentation
Final paper/Memo
Due Date
Every class
As mentioned in syllabus
After October 20
As mentioned in the syllabus
Percentage
10%
30%
30%
30%
Class discussion
Students are asked to participate fully in class discussions on an ongoing basis, as the processes
of interactive deliberation and reflection on past experiences are considered essential to
appreciating the relationship between development theory and practice. Students may be called
upon to respond to particular readings and a lack of preparedness will influence the grade.
Students are expected to have read the readings marked ‘required’ while they may want to
consult the ‘recommended’ readings as interested or needed.
Irregular attendance or chronic delays in coming to class will also affect the final grade as it will
affect the student’s ability to effectively participate in class discussions and the learning
experience.
2 short reaction Papers
Each student will write 2 short reaction papers (3-4 pages each) to readings in two classes (pick
any one in September and any one in October) that make a short, cogent analysis of the readings
assigned for that day, in the light of the questions presented by the instructor. Merely
summarizing the readings is not what we are looking for. Instead, you should critically discuss:
1. The main issues raised by the topic under discussion;
2. How the readings address the questions raised;
3. How the readings differ with each other if they do and evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses;
4. Give some specific examples.
Group Project presentation
Students will be required to make a group presentation following the completion of roughly 50%
of the course. i.e. after October 3rd week. It can either be a group report in a traditional
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powerpoint format or a group project in the form of a video or multimedia presentation. In either
case, the groups will present their own proposed solutions to specific problems posed in specific
countries and at specific scales. The presentations will be judged on comprehensiveness,
creativity, and feasibility. Students typically divide themselves and form 3-4 groups.
The analysis and proposed solutions must be addressed to someone specific in an international
agency, government or an NGO and/or other actor. The presentation should outline the issues,
how they are of concern from a development perspective, and offer advice that is feasible and
that appeals to that actor’s abilities, interests and motives. You may wish to consult with the
instructor or the TA to ensure that you are addressing pertinent issues.
Final Paper
Each student will be required to write one final research paper or an Action Memo, not to exceed
20 double-spaced pages (excluding references). The paper will adhere to academic integrity and
reference standards. A quick guide to Chicago Manual of Style references can be found at:
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The Action Memo will be
addressed to decision makers in the government, private sector, international organizations, or
civil society, and will take a contemporary development policy such as the direction of MDGs
post-2015, or sanitation or water or land or industrial policy in a global context. The Memo will
also need to be based on the same standards of research and citation as the Paper.
Quality of writing is very important to effectively communicate the complex ideas in
development. For assistance with writing essays and the final paper, students are encouraged to
consult the staff of the Writing and Communication Center at MIT. Whether you are a
beginning writer or an experienced one, it always helps to have someone else read and comment
on style, grammar, structure and organization. You can find out more about the Center and make
an appointment at http://writing.mit.edu/wcc.
Due dates are as follows: the first reaction paper is due September 27th, the second reaction
paper is due October 25th; the group projects are due on one of the class dates during
November; the final paper topic is due on November 15th and the final paper is due on
December 13th.
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Course Schedule
Course Overview
History: Colonialism and Imperialism
September 5
September 10
What is the relationship between colonialism and development, in terms of institutional legacies,
forms of representations and technologies of control? What is the correlation between colonial
experience and economic development?
Required:
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and
Third World Resistance, 2003, Cambridge University Press, chapter 3, pp.50-72.
Leonie Sandercock, Indigenous Planning and the Burden of Colonialism, Planning Theory &
Practice, vol.5, Issue 1, March 2004, pp.118-124.
Tim Mitchell, Colonizing Egypt, University of California Press, 1991, chapters 3 and 6.
Recommended:
Gavin Williams, “Imperialism and Development: A Critique” in World Development vol.6,
pp.925-936 (1978).
Alice Amsden, Escape from Empire: The Developing World’s Journey Through Heaven and
Hell, 2007, MIT Press, chapters 1 & 2, pp.1-38.
Daron Acemoglu et al, “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical
Investigation”, American Economic Review, vol.91, December 2001, pp.1369-1401.
History: Ideas and Ideologies of Progress and Modernization
September 12
Is progress a western notion, which emerged during the Enlightenment or, can we trace the
concept to earlier times, and to non-western political/social formations? Is it universal? What are
the differences between the concepts of progress, modernization, development and planning?
How did these concepts originate? How are they connected? Do different development planning
traditions draw on different aspects of the notion of Modernity? What is the relationship
between ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity’ in international development?
Required:
J. Friedmann, “Two Centuries of Planning Thought: An Over-View”, in Planning in the Public
Domain, 1985, Princeton University Press, pp. 51-85.
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B. Mazlish, “The Idea of Progress” in Daedalus, Vol. 93, Summer 1963, pp. 447-461.
Tim Mitchell, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity, 2002, University of
California Press, chapter 7.
Recommended:
J.M. Sibert, “Progress”, in The Development Dictionary, by W. Sachs, Zed Books, 1992, pp.
192-205.
E. Rothschild, “Psychological Modernity in Historical Perspective” in Rethinking the
Development Experience: essays provoked by the work of Albert O. Hirschman, L Rodwin and
D. Schon (Eds.), Brookings Institute, 1994, pp. 99-117.
C. Geertz, “Modernities”, in After the Fact: Two Countries, Four Decades, One Anthropologist,
Harvard University Press, 1995, pp. 136-168.
Concepts: Pro versus Anti-Development
September 17
What do we make of anti-development arguments? Are they utopian or nihilist or neither? Can
one be anti-development and still plan? What are the justifications for planning? Or is the
division between pro and anti too Manichean? Why certain types of anti-planning arguments
emerged at certain times? What was the historical context in which these criticisms emerged?
What explains the rise, fall and now the latest rise of anti-development arguments?
Required:
Immanuel Wallerstein, “After Developmentalism and Globalization, What?”, Social Forces,
March 2005: 83(3): 1263-1278
S. Marglin et al (Eds.), Dominating Knowledge, Oxford Press, 1990, pp. 1-28.
A. Escobar, Encountering Development, Princeton Press, 1995, Chapter 1.
R. Kolsterman; “Arguments for and Against Planning” in Readings in Planning Theory, S.
Campbell & S. Fainstein (Eds.), Blackwell, 2003, pp. 86-101.
Hirschman, A. 1986. “In Defense of Possibilism”. In Rival Views of Market Society. Viking
Press, 171-175.
Recommended:
H. W. Arndt, “Radical Counterpoint: The Left”, in Economic Development: The History of an
Idea, University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 115-147.
I. Berlin, “The Pursuit of the Ideal” in The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters on the
History of Ideas, I. Berlin & H. Hardy, Knopf, 1991, pp. 1-21.
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R. Jacoby, “On Anti-Utopianism: More or Less”, in Picture Imperfect. Utopian Thought for an
Anti-Utopian Age, Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 37-62.
J.C. Scott, “The High Modernist City: An Experiment and a Critique” in Seeing Like a State:
How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Conditions Have Failed, Yale University Press,
1998, pp. 103-145.
R. Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies,
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, pp. 81-95.
D. Harvey, “On Planning the Ideology of Planning” in R. Burchell and D. Listokin (Eds.)
Planning Theory in the 1980s: A Search for Future Directions, Rutgers, 1978, pp. 213-234.
Econ. Development Theories: Neoclassical and Dependency
September 19
What do the economists say about economic development? Is planning necessary in their
models? Are dependency theorists hostile to planning? Are there echoes of dependency
theorists in current day criticisms of global governance institutions such as the WTO and the
arguments for ‘policy space’?
Required:
Lewis, A. W. 1963. “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor” In The
Economics of Underdevelopment, A. N. Agarwala and S.P.Singh, eds. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Paul Baran, “The Political Economy of Growth,” in Agarwala and Singh, The Economics of
Underdevelopment, OUP, 1970.
Gunder Frank, Andre. "The Development of Underdevelopment," in Robert Rhodes, ed.,
Imperialism and Development, 1971, Monthly Review Press, pp. 4-16.
Amsden, Escape from Empire, ch. 5, “Gift of the Gods,”
Recommended:
Kenny, C. and D. Williams. 2000. “What Do We Know About Economic Growth? Or, Why
Don't We Know Very Much?” World Development 29 (1): 1-22.
Baran, Paul A. 1957. “On the Roots of Backwardness.” In The Political Economy of Growth.
New York: Monthly Review Press, 134-161.
Cardoso, Fernando H. and Enzo Faletto. 1979. Dependency and Development in Latin America.
Berkeley: University of California Press, Ch. 1-3, 6.
Econ. Development Theories: State Intervention and the East Asian Miracle September 24
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What is the neoliberal vision of the State? How does that differ from the role of the State in East
Asia? What is the role of civil society or labor or democracy in the East Asian experience?
What role, if any, does State intervention have in economic development theory? Consider this
in the context of new institutionalist theories in the next class.
Required:
Amsden, Rise of the Rest, ch 1.
Gerschenkron, A. 1962. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard Belknap Press, 5-30.
Chang, H. 2002. Kicking away the ladder: development strategy in historical perspective.
London: Anthem, 60-118.
World Bank, The East Asian Miracle, 1993, chs 1 and 2, Washington DC, World Bank.
Recommended:
Diane Davis. 2004. Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Economic Prosperity in
East Asia and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Ch. 1, 6.
Amsden, “Getting the Prices Wrong” in Asia’s Next Giant and Late Industrialization, ch. 6,
OUP, 1989.
Amsden, “A Theory of Government Intervention in Late Industrialization” in State and Market
in Development: Synergy and Rivalry, L. Putterman and D. Rueschemeyer (Eds.), Lynne
Riemer, 1992, pp. 53-84.
Bhagwati, J. 1988. “Export Promoting Trade Strategy: Issues and Evidence”. The World Bank
Research Observer 3(1): 27-57.
Myint, Hla. 1965. “Peasant Exports and the Growth of the Money Economy”. In The Economics
of the Developing Countries. London: Hutchison, Chapter 3.
Bates, Robert. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural
Policies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 81-95.
Baer, W. 1972. “Import Substitution and Industrialization in Latin America: Experiences and
Interpretations”. Latin American Research Review 7: 95-122.
Short reaction paper due on September 25th
Econ. Development Theories: New Institutionalism and Law
September 26
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What is the basis for the belief that law will lead to development? Is law a tool for development
or is a development goal in itself? What is the meaning of institutions – can one unbundle them
and if so, what is the role of law as an institution as opposed to other institutions, in
development?
Required:
Christopher Clague, “The New Institutional Economics and Economic Development”, in
Christopher Clague, Institutions and Economic Development: Growth and Governance in Less
Developed and Post-Socialist Countries (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp.13-36.
Mark Casson et al, “Formal and informal institutions and Development”, World Development,
vol.38(2), pp.137-141 (February 2010)
World Bank, “Introduction” and “The Judicial System” in World Development Report: Building
Institutions for Markets (2002)
Hernando De Soto, The Mystery of Capital (2000), chapter 6.
David Trubek and Alvaro Santos, The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical
Appraisal, 2006, Cambridge University Press, ch.1, pp.1-18.
Recommended:
The World Bank, “Legal and Judicial reform: Observations, experiences and approach of the
Legal Vice Presidency” (2002) available at http://www4.worldbank.org/legal/leglr/.
Edward L. Glaeser ; Andrei Shleifer, “Legal Origins”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
vol.117(4), pp.1193-1229 (November 2002)
Avinash Dixit, Lawlessness and Economics, Princeton University Press, 2004, p.1-24.
Simeon Djankov ; Rafael La Porta ; Florencio Lopez-De-Silanes ; Andrei Shleifer, “Courts”, The
Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol118(2), pp.453-517 (May 2003)
Evans, P. 2007. “Extending the Institutional Turn: Property, Politics and Development
Trajectories” in Institutions for Economic Development: Theory, History, and Contemporary
Experiences. Ha-Joon Chang (ed.) UNU-WIDER [also available as WIDER Research Paper No.
2006/113]
Evans, P. 2004. “Development as Institutional Change: The Pitfalls of Monocropping and
Potentials of Deliberation,” Studies in Comparative International Development. 38(4) [Winter]:
30-53.
Alternative Dev. Theories: Human Rights and Development
October 1
What is the added value of thinking about development as freedom? Will it help or hinder
development planning? What is the relationship between the definition of development as
freedom, and the move towards rights-based development planning? Who gets to exercise the
right to development?
8
Required:
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (1999), chapters 1 and 2.
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements, and
Third World Resistance, Cambridge University Press, 2003, chapter 7.
World Bank, Development and Human rights: The role of the World Bank (1998), pp.1-4, 11-13.
UNDP, Human Development Report: Human rights and Human development (2000), chapter 1.
Sengupta A., 'Realising the Right to Development', Development and Change Vol. 31 (2000),
553-78.
Recommended:
Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights (2002), chapter 2.
Declaration on the Right to Development, UN GA Res. 4 1/128, 23 February 1987.
Anne Orford, ‘Globalization and the Right to Development’ in P. Alston (ed.), Peoples’ Rights
(Oxford UP, 2001).
Steve Marks, “The Human Right to Development: Between Rhetoric and Reality”, Harvard
Human Rights Journal, vol.17 (spring 2004) 137.
Peter Uvin, Human Rights and Development (2004), chapters 1 and 6.
Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making (The Report of the World
Commission on Dams, Nov. 2000), chapter 1, 4 and 7, available at www.dams.org.
Development theories today in the context of global crisis
October 3
Does development have any core of agreed upon meaning today or has it become all-inclusive
and therefore meaningless? How can one think of success in development terms today and
which countries or communities would be role models? Is today’s global crisis one created by
too much markets or government or too little and if so what scale?
Required:
Charles Sabel and Sanjay Reddy, “Learning to Learn: Undoing the Gordian Knot of
Development Today”, Challenge, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., vol. 50(5), pages 73-92, October 2007,
available at http://ideas.repec.org/a/mes/challe/v50y2007i5p73-92.html
Timothy Shaw “China, India and (South) Africa: what international relations in the second
decade of the twenty first century?” in Fantu Cheru and Syril Obi eds., The Rise of China and
India in Africa (2010)
9
J. Stiglitz, “The Current Economic Crisis and Lessons for Economic Theory”, Eastern Economic
Journal, forthcoming (President Address at the 2009 Eastern Economic Association Conference,
New York, February 2009, available at http://www2.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/Crisis.cfm
Stiglitz, “Regulation and the Theory of Market and Government Failure”, in New Perspectives
on Regulation, D. Moss and J. Cisternino, eds., Tobin Project, forthcoming, available at
http://www2.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/Crisis.cfm
Actors: State
October 8
What is the role of the State in development planning? Is the ‘Third World State’ expected to
behave differently from the ‘First World’ State in its relation to industry, private sector, financial
markets and social programs? What is the impact of globalization on the State? What
distinguishes a State from other actors in planning?
Required:
J. Tendler, Good Government in The Tropics, Johns Hopkins Press, 1997, pp. 1-20.
H. Joon Chang, “Institutions and Economic Development: Good Governance in Historical
Perspective” in Kicking Away the Ladder: Policies and Institutions for Development in
Historical Perspective, Anthem Press, 2002, pp. 61-81 and 99-123.
K. Annan, “The Role of the State in the Age of Globalization”, in The Globalization Reader,
Blackwell: Oxford UK, 2004, pp. 240-243.
P. Evans, “The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization”, in
World Politics, Vol. 50, October 1997, pp. 62-87.
Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition
Have Failed (Yale UP, 1999). Introduction & Chap1-2, 10 (pp. 9-53)
Recommended:
A. Sen, “Public Action and the Quality of Life in Developing Countries”, Oxford Bulletin of
Economics and Statistics, 43(4), November 1981, pp. 287-316.
T. Killick, “Rethinking the Role of the State” in A Reaction Too Far, Overseas Development
Institute, 1989, pp. 21-33.
P. Streeten, “Markets and State: Against Minimalism”, World Development, 21(8), pp. 12811298.
D. Rueschemeyer and P. Evans, “The State and Economic Transformation: Towards an Analysis
of the Conditions Underlying Effective Interventions” in Bringing the State Back In, P. Evans et
al. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 44-77.
Actors: Markets and Marketization
October 10
10
How are market institutions different from the state? What do you need to know about market
institutions if you want to work with them? How can you work jointly within different types of
organizations and what are the challenges you might face by doing that? How does
marketization – the process of creating markets - happen and what mistakes should it avoid?
Required
Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (1944), chapters 5 and 6.
A.O. Hirschman, “Does The Market Keep Us Out of Mischief Or Out of Happiness” in A
Propensity to Self-Subversion. Harvard University Press, 1995, pp. 213-320.
P. Starr, “The Meaning of Privatization”, in Yale Law and Policy Review, Vol. 6, 1988, pp. 641.
Birdsall, Nancy and John Nellis. 2003. “Winners and Losers: Asssessing the Distributional
Impact of Privatization”. World Development 31(10): 1617-1633.
Kim, Annette. 2008. Learning to be Capitalists: Entrepreneurs in Vietnam’s Transition
Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Ch. 1.
F. Salvucci, “Reconstructing a Tragedy”, in Boston Globe, July 21, 2006.
Shirley Williams, “The Seeds of Iraq’s Future Terror”, The Guardian, October 28, 2003.
Recommended
P. Evans, “Development Strategies across the Public-Private Divide”, World Development, Vol.
24, 1996, pp. 1033-1037.
P. Bennell, “Privatization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Progress and Prospects During the 1990s”,
World Development, 25(11), 1997, pp. 1785-1803.
James T. Gathii, “Foreign and Other Economic Rights Upon Conquest and Under Occupation:
Iraq in Comparative and Historical Perspective”, University of Pennsylvania Journal of
International Economic Law, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 491, Summer 2004, especially pp. 525-553.
No class on October 15 – Columbus Day – Monday schedule of classes to be held
Short reaction paper due on October 18th
Actors: Civil Society: NGOs and Social Movements
October 17
There is no doubt about the mission of NGOs for promoting development. How good are NGOs
as development agents? In what circumstances are they more effective as agents of
development? What are their limitations? What is the role of other civil society actors in
11
development such as social movements? What is the boundary of civil society as an actor in
particular development contexts?
Required
Roy, Ananya. 2009. Civic Governmentality: The Politics of Inclusion in Beirut and Mumbai.
Antipode 41, no.1: 159-179.
William Fisher, Doing Good? The politics and antipolitics of NGO practices, 26 Annual Review
of Anthropology 451 (1997)
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements, and
Third World Resistance, Cambridge University Press, 2003, chapter 8.
B. Sanyal and V. Mukhija, “Institutional Pluralism and Housing Delivery: A Case of Unforeseen
Conflicts in Mumbai, India”, World Development, Vol. 29(12), 2001, pp. 2043-2058.
Recommended
Giugni, Marco, “How Social Movements Matter: Past Research, Present Problems, Future
Developments” in Marco Giugni, Doug McAdam, and Charles Tilly (eds.). How Social
Movements Matter. 1999, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. xiii-xxxiii.
Michael Walzer, “The civil society argument” in Dimensions of Radical Democracy (Chantal
Mouffe ed., 1992), pp.89-107.
M. Carmen de Mello Lemos, “The Politics of Pollution Control in Brazil: State Actors and
Social Movements Cleaning up Cubalas”, World Development, Vol. 26(1), 1998, pp. 75-87.
R. Wade, “The Management of Common Property Resources: Collective Action as an
Alternative to Privatization or State Regulation”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 11,
1987, pp. 95-106.
E. Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action,
Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 88-104 and 207-216.
R. Abers, “Reflections on What Makes Empowered Participatory Governance Happen”, in
Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, A.
Fung, E.O. Wright, R. Abers (Eds.), Verso Press, 2003, pp. 200-207.
Fung, Archon. 2003. Associations and Democracy: Between Theories, Hopes, and Realities.
Annual Review of Sociology 29, no. 1: 515-539.
Actors: Informal Economy and Illegality
October 22
Most poor people in developing countries – which means the majority – live in informal
settlements which are also often illegal in many ways. How does informalization happen? What
is the relationship between the informal and formal economy? Who plans for outcomes in
informal economies? Is formalization – of tenure arrangements etc. – the answer?
12
Required:
Hernando De Soto, The Mystery of Capital (2000), chapter 6.
J.Heyman and A.Smart, “States and illegal practices: An overview” in J.Heyman (ed.) States and
Illegal Practices (Oxford, 1999).
Edesio Fernandes and Ann Varley, “Law, the City and Citizenship in developing countries: An
introduction” in Edesio Fernandes and Ann Varley (eds.), Illegal Cities: Law and Urban Change
in Developing Countries (Zed Books, 1998).
Saskia Sassen, “The informal economy: Between new developments and old regulations”, in
Saskia Sassen, Globalization and its discontents (The New Press, 1998), pp.153-174.
Peattie, Lisa. "What Is to be Done With the Informal Sector? A Case Study of Shoe
Manufacturing in Colombia." In Towards a Political Economy of Urbanization. Edited by Helen
Safa. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press, 1982, pp. 208-232
Recommended:
Hernando De Soto, The Other Path: The economic answer to terrorism (1989), preface and
chapter 5.
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, “Limits of law in counter-hegemonic globalization: The Indian
Supreme Court and the Narmada valley struggle” in Law and Globalization from Below:
Towards a Cosmopolitan Legality (Boaventura de Sousa Santos and César A. RodríguezGaravito eds, Cambridge University Press, 2005)
Saskia Sassen, “Service employment regimes and the new inequality”, in Saskia Sassen,
Globalization and its discontents (The New Press, 1998), pp.137-152.
Actors: Global Actors and Institutions
October 24
What is the scale at which global institutions operate these days? What kinds of economic, legal,
political and cultural resources do they deploy and from where, to effect development? What is
a useful typology of global actors and institutions in development today? How does the
‘development agenda’ emerge from dominant global actors?
Required:
Rajagopal, Balakrishnan. 2003. “From Resistance to Renewal: Bretton Woods Institutions and
the Emergence of the ‘New’ Development Agenda”. In International Law from Below:
Development, Social Movements, and Third World Resistance. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
The UN-Habitat Strategic Vision (May 2003)
“Investment, Sovereignty and the Environment: The Metalclad and NAFTA’s Chapter
11” in Confronting Globalization (Timothy Wise, et al eds, 2003)
13
Vision Mumbai: Transforming Mumbai into a World-Class City (McKensey Report
2003)
Recommended:
Recommendations of the UN Commission of Experts on the Reform of the International
Financial and Monetary System, March 2009, available at
http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/financial_commission.shtml
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, “A new opportunity in Cancun’s failure” and “A Floundering
WTO”, available at http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/index.jsp
UN-Habitat, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium
Development Goals. New York, 2005
Stacy Lozner, “Diffusion Of Local Regulatory Innovations: The San Francisco CEDAW
Ordinance And The New York City Human Rights Initiative”, 104 Colum. L. Rev. 768
(April 2004)
Key Issues: Governance of complexity in a globalized world
October 29
What has been the impact of globalization on Planning Capacity of governments? In particular,
are city planners more or less vulnerable to fluctuations in the global economy? How should
local planners reap the benefits of globalization and protect against its adverse effects? What is
the governance agenda and who is driving it? What is good governance and the stakes of
introducing it in development planning? Is failure of governance a cause or consequence of
globalization?
Required:
Thomas G. Weiss, “Governance, Good Governance and Global Governance: Conceptual and
Actual Challenges” in 21(5) Third World Quarterly, pp.795-814 (2000)
D. Rodrik, “Governance and Economic Globalization”, in J.S. Nye and J.D. Donahue (Eds).
Governance in a Globalizing World, Brookings Institute, 2000.
Bob Jessop, “The rise of governance and the risks of failure: the case of economic development”,
International Social Science Journal 50 (155), 29-45 (1998).
J.E. Stiglitz, “The Promise of Development”, in Making Globalization Work, W.W. Norton and
Company, New York, 2006, pp. 25-60.
Daniel Kaufmann et al, “Governance matters: From measurement to action”, 37 Finance &
Development (June 2000)
Recommended:
Grindle, Merilee. 2007. “Good Enough Governance Revisited”. Development Policy Review 25,
no. 5: 533-574.
14
World Bank, “Political institutions and governance” in World Development Report: Building
Institutions for Markets (2002)
IMF, Good governance: The IMF’s role (1997), pp.1-10.
World Bank, Governance: The World Bank’s experience (1994), pp.xiii-xix; 37-54.
UNDP, Reconceptualizing Governance (Discussion paper, 1997), pp.1-20.
P. Evans, “Looking for Agents of Urban Livability in a Globalized Political Economy” in
Livable Cities, University of California Press, 2002, pp. 1-30.
A. Sen, “How to Judge Globalism”, in The Globalization Reader, Blackwell: Oxford UK, 2004,
pp. 16-21.
Ackerman, John. 2004. Co-Governance for Accountability: Beyond "Exit" and "Voice". World
Development 32, no. 3 (March): 447-463.
Key Issues: Urban-Rural linkages and tradeoffs
October 31
What do we make of the urban bias thesis in development? Should countries focus more on
linkages that strengthen urban or rural development? What’s the impact of industrial growth on
class formation and urbanization?
Required:
World Bank, “Dynamic Cities as Engines of Economic Growth,” in Entering the 21st
Century: World Development Report, 1999-2000, pp. 126-138.
G. Jones and S. Corbridge, “The Continuing Debate about Urban Bias: The Thesis, its
Critics, its Influence, and its Implications for Poverty Reduction Strategies,” in Progress
in Development Studies, Vol. 9 (2009).
Tacoli, C. 1998. “Rural-urban interactions: A Guide to the Literature”. Environment and
Urbanization 10(1): 147-166.
Recommended:
Topher L. McDougal (2011), “Insurgent Violence and the Rural-Urban Divide: The Case of
Maoist India”, in Raul Caruso (ed.) Ethnic Conflict, Civil War and Cost of Conflict
(Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, Volume 17),
Emerald Group Publishing, pp.69-98
Diane Davis. 2004. Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Economic Prosperity in
East Asia and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Ch.4 and 5.
Mukherjee, Anit and Xiabao Zhang. 2007. “Rural Industrialization in China and India: Role of
Policies and Institutions”. World Development 35(10): 1621-1634.
15
Key Issues: Migration and Development
November 5
How is migration related to development? To what extent are remittances the “new development
mantra”? What role can states play in promoting the migration-development nexus? How can a
scalar approach help us in identifying the development impacts of transnational migration? How
does a transnational optic help us understand and uncover the links between development and
migration?
Required:
de Haas, Hein. 2007. Remittances, migration and social development: a conceptual review of the
literature. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Faist, Thomas. 2008. Migrants as transnational development agents: an inquiry into the newest
round of the migration-development nexus. Population, Space and Place 14, no. 1: 21-42.
Levitt, Peggy. 1997. Transnationalizing community development: The case of migration between
Boston and the Dominican Republic. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 26, no. 4: 509526.
Iskander, N. 2005. Innovating State Practices. Migration, Development, and State Learning in
the Moroccan Souss. MIT IPC Working Paper: IPC-05-009.
Recommended:
Orozco, Manuel, B. Lindsay Lowell, Micah Bump, and Rachel Fedewa. 2005.
Transnational Engagement, Remittances and their Relationship to Development in Latin
America and the Caribbean. Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown
University. http://isim.georgetown.edu/Publications/LindsayPubs/Rockefeller%20Report.pdf.
Kapur, Devesh., United Nations Conference on Trade and Development., and Group of TwentyFour. 2004. Remittances : the new development mantra? G-24 discussion paper series, no. 29.
New York; Geneva: United Nations.
Levitt, Peggy, and Nadya B. Jaworsky. 2007. Transnational Migration Studies: Past
Developments and Future Trends. Annual Review of Sociology. 33: 129.
Fox, Jonathan, and Xochtil Bada. 2008. Migrant Organization and Hometown Impacts in Rural
Mexico. Journal of Agrarian Change 8, no. 2-3: 435.
Goldring, Luin. 2008. “Migrant Political Participation and Development: Re-politicizing
development and re-socializing politics”. Paper Presented at SSRC Migration and Development
Conference. New York, NY: Social Science Research Council, 28 February-1 March.
Key Issues: Development-induced displacement
Guest speaker: Miloon Kothari
November 7
Required:
16
Anthony Oliver-Smith, Development & Dispossession: The Crisis of Forced Displacement and
Resettlement (2009), chapter 1.
Basic principles and guidelines on development-based evictions and displacement in Annex I of
the report of the Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing, A/HRC/4/18 at:
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/housing/evictions.htm
W. Courtland Robinson, “Risks and Rights: The Causes, Consequences, and Challenges
of Development-Induced Displacement”, An Occasional Paper, The Brookings Institution-SAIS
Project on International Displacement (May 2003).
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, The violence of development, Opinion, August 8, 2001, The
Washington Post.
Dolores Koenig, “Enhancing Local development in Development-induced Displacement and
Resettlement Projects” in Development-Induced Displacement: Problems, Policies and People
(Chris de Wet ed. 2005).
NO CLASSES ON NOVEMBER 12TH AND 14TH – CANCELLED
Key Issues: Security and post-conflict development
November 19
What is the nature of the relationship between development interventions before, during and after
conflict, and the factors that drive conflict itself? Does the rise of new global powers like China
portend a transformation of the development-security agenda as conventionally practiced? Does
it make sense of push for more and more convergence of security and development?
Required:
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, The Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Rebuilding: A Critical Examination,
49(4) William and Mary Law Review 1345 (2008)
Andersen R., 'How Multilateral Development Assistance Triggered the Conflict in Rwanda',
Third World Quarterly Vol. 21 (3) (2000), 441-56.
Bello, Walden. “The Rise of the Relief and Reconstruction Complex.” Journal of International
Affairs 59 (Spring 2006): 281-298.
Kwesi Aning, “China and Africa: Towards a new security relationship”, in Fantu Cheru and Syril
Obi eds., The Rise of China and India in Africa (2010)
Natsios, Andrew S. “The Nine Principles of Reconstruction and Development.” Parameters 35
(Autumn 2005): 4-21.
Van Gennip, Jos. “Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development.” Development 48 (September
2005): 57-62.
17
Davis, Diane E. 2009. Non-State Armed Actors, New Imagined Communities and Shifting
Patterns of Sovereignty and Insecurity in the Modern World. Contemporary Security Policy 30,
no. 2: 221-245.
Recommended:
Schadlow, Nadia. “Root’s Rules: Lessons from America's Colonial Office.” American Interest 2
(January-February 2007): 92-102.
“From Nation-Building to State-Building.” Special issue. Third World Quarterly 27 (February
2006): entire issue.
U.S. Joint Forces Command. Military Support to Stabilization, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction Operations Joint Operating Concept (JOC). Suffolk, VA: U.S. Joint Forces Command, 2006. 45pp. (U260 .J741 2006) http://www.dtic.mil/futurejointwarfare/concepts/
sstro_joc_v10.doc
World Bank, Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The Role of the World Bank (1998 April).
Key Issues: Participatory development
November 21
What are the ways in which participation can be achieved? What’s the measure of participation
and how must one judge it? Can the tension between participation as a goal and as a method be
resolved and if so how? What were the structural factors that made participation such a key
element in development strategies?
Required:
B. Dalal-Clayton, D. Dent and O. Dubois, “Approaches to Participation in Planning,” in
B. Dalal-Clayton, D. Dent and O. Dubois, eds., Rural Planning in Developing Countries
(London: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2003), pp. 90-132.
Sousa Santos, Boaventura de. 1998. “Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Toward a
Redistributive Democracy,” Politics & Society, 26:4 (December).
G. Mohan and K. Stokke, "Participatory Development and Empowerment: The Dangers
of Localization," Third World Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2000), pp. 247-268.
A. Krishna, “Partnerships between Local Governments and Community-Based
Organizations: Exploring the Scope for Synergy,” Public Administration and
Development, Vol. 23 (2003), pp. 361-371.
International Council on Human Rights, Local Self-Rule: Decentralization and Human
Rights, pages 1-35 (2002)
Recommended:
J. Midgley, “Community Participation: History, Concepts and Controversies,” in J.
Midgley, Community Participation, Social Development and the State (London:
Methuen, 1986), pp. 13-44.
18
R. Chambers, “The Origins and Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal” in World
Development, 1994, Vol. 22(7), pp. 953-969.
N. Webster, “Democracy, Development and the Institutionalized Participation of the Poor
for Poverty Reduction,” In P. Collins, ed. Applying Public Administration in
Development (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2000), pp. 315-328.
R. Charlick, “Popular Participation and Local Government Reform,” Public
Administration and Development, Vol. 21 (2001), pp. 149-157.
Adrian Gurza Lavalle, Arnab Acharya, and Peter P. Houtzager.
Beyond Comparative
Anecdotalism: How Civil and Political Organizations Shape Participation in São Paulo, Brazil,
World Development 33:6 (2005), 951-961.
Grindle, Merilee. 2007. Going Local: Decentralization, Democracy, and the Promise of Good
Governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, Ch. 1, 6, 7, 8.
Tendler, Judith. 1997. “Decentralization, Participation, and Other Things Local”. In Good
Governance in the Tropics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 142-163.
Key Issues: Corruption and reform of public institutions
November 26
Is corruption-free development ever possible? How does one understand claims of Asian
distinctiveness about corruption – the ‘grease the wheel’ thesis – against the Asian successes in
rooting out corruption as in Hong Kong? What does corruption signify about the State, its
legitimacy and the ensemble of techniques through which development interventions occur?
Required:
James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development”, Depoliticization and Bureaucratic
Power in Lesotho, 1994, University of Minnesota Press, pp.1-22, 251-278.
R. Wade, “How to Make Street Level Bureaucrats Work Better: India and Korea”, IDS Bulletin,
1992, 23(4), pp. 51-55.
G. Cheema, “Strengthening the Integrity of Government: Combating Corruption
through Accountability and Transparency,” in Rondinelli and Cheema, Reinventing Government
for the 21st Century (2003), pp. 99-199.
M. Grindle, "The Good, the Bad, and the Unavoidable: Improving the Public
Service in Poor Countries," in John D. Donahue and Joseph S. Nye, For the
People: Can We Fix the Public Service? (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2003), pp.
90-113.
Mireille Razafindrakoto and Francois Roubaud, “Are International Databases on Corruption
Reliable? A Comparison of Expert Opinion Surveys and Household Surveys in Sub-Saharan
Africa”, World Development, vol. 38(8), pp.1057-69 (2010)
19
Virginie Vial and Julien Hanoteau, “Corruption, Manufacturing Plant Growth, and the Asian
Paradox: Indonesian Evidence”, World Development vol.38(5), pp.693-705 (2010)
Recommended:
R. Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption, University of Chicago Press, 1988, pp. 1-50.
S. Paul, “Accountability in Public Service: Exit, Voice, and Control”, World Development,
20(7), July 1992, pp. 1047-1060.
R. Wade, “Politics and Graft: Recruitment, Appointment, and Promotions to Public Office in
Italy”, in Corruption, Development and Inequality: Soft Touch and Hard Graft, P.M. Ward (Ed.),
New York: Routledge, 1989, pp. 73-109.
E.C. Banfield, “Corruption as a Failure of Governmental Organization”, in Ethics in Planning,
M. Wachs (Ed.), New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Policy Research, 1985, pp. 143-161.
A. Ehrenhalt, “The Paradox of Corrupt yet Effective Leadership”, The New York Times, 30
September 2002, p. A25.
Michael Rock and Heidi Bonnett, “The Comparative Politics of Corruption: Accounting for the
East Asian Paradox in Empirical Studies of Corruption, Growth and Investment”, World
Development Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 999–1017, 2004
J. Davis, “Corruption in Public Service Delivery: Experience from South Asia’s Water and
Sanitation Sector”, World Development, 32(1), January 2004, pp. 53-71(19).
S. Rose-Ackerman, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform,
Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 39-68 and 225-228.
Cheryl Gray and Daniel Kaufmann, “Corruption and Development”, Finance and Development,
March 1998, p.7.
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, “Corruption, legitimacy and human rights: The dialectic of the
relationship”, 14 Connecticut Journal of International Law 495 (1999)
Pratap Bhanu Mehta, “Corruption as empowerment”, The Hindu, August 11, 2001.
NO CLASS ON NOVEMBER 28 – THANKSGIVING
Key Issues: Trade, Outsourcing, and labor standards
December 3
Is openness to trade directly co-related to economic growth? What does the historical record say
so far? Is the increasing shift to bilateral and regional trade arrangements compatible with the
possibility of international trade, and with increasing commitment to labor rights? What doe we
make of the economic development strategies of emerging powers like China and India in terms
of trade openness and commitment to labor standards? Who monitors labor standards?
Required:
20
Sebastian Edwards, “Openness, Trade Liberalization and Growth in Developing Countries,”
XXXI Journal of Economic Literature, September 1993 pp. 1358-1393
Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective,
London: Anthem Press, 2002. Introduction.
Martin Khor, “Bilateral and Regional Free Trade Agreements: Some Critical Elements and
Development Implications”, December 2007, available at http://www.twnside.org.sg/pos.htm
Freeman, R., A., “Are Your Wages Set in Beijing?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (3),
Summer 1995.
Suri, Navdeeep. 2007. "Offshore outsourcing of services as a catalyst of economic development:
the case of India," in E. Paus Global Capitalism Unbound. Winners and Losers from Offshore
Outsourcing. New York and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 163-180.
Kaplinsky, Raphael, Dorothy McCormick, Mike Morris. 2007. "The Impact of China on SubSaharan Africa," IDS Working Paper 291. November, available at
http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0002953/index.php
Recommended:
ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, 1998 available at
http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgilex/pdconv.pl?host=status01&textbase=iloeng&document=2&chapter=26&query=(%23docno%
3D261998)+%40ref&hightlight=&querytype=bool&context=0
Philip Alston, "Core Labour Standards and the Transformation of the International Labour
Rights Regime" European Journal of International Law. Vol. 15, No. 3 (Jun 2004):457.
Fran Ansley, “Local contact points, global divides: labor rights and immigrant rights as sites for
cosmopolitan legality”, in Boaventura de Sousa Santos and Cesar Rodriguez-Garavito eds., Law
and Globalization from Below: Towards a Cosmopolitan Legality (Cambridge University Press,
2005).
Chrine Briening-Kaufman, “The right to food and trade in agriculture” in in Thomas Cottier et
al, Human Rights and International Trade, 2005, at 341-381
UNCTAD. (25 June 2004). Sao Paulo Consensus, TD/410, paras. 1-11 at
http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/td410_en.pdf
Vandana Shiva, Water Wars: Privatization, pollution and profit (2002), introduction, chapter 1
Cesar Rodriguez-Garavito, “Global Governance and Labor Rights: Codes of Conduct and AntiSweatshop struggles in Global Apparel factories in Mexico and Guatemala”, Politics & Society,
vol33, No.2, June 2005: 203-233.
Ronen Shamir, “Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case of Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony”
in Boaventura de Sousa Santos and Cesar Rodriguez-Garavito eds., Law and Globalization from
Below: Towards a Cosmopolitan Legality (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
21
Hensman, Rohini. "Can Labor Standards Improve Under Globalization? International Labor
Standards: Globalization, Trade, and Public Policy." British Journal of Industrial Relations. Vol.
42, no. 4 (Dec 2004):761-763.
Kucera, D. "Core Labour Standards and Foreign Direct Investment." International Labour
Review Vol. 141, no. 1-2 (2002).
Palley, Thomas. "The economic case for international labour standards." Cambridge Journal of
Economics.Vol. 28, no. 1 (Jan 2004):21-36.
Locke, Richard, Fei Quin, and Alberto Brause. "Does Monitoring Improve Labor Standards?
Lessons from Nike." Industrial Relations Research Review 61 (October 2007): 1-29.
Key Issues: Aid and development
December 5
Is aid necessary for development and should one make a distinction between short-term and
long-term aid? Is Easterly overly dismissive of aid? And is Sachs guilty of the opposite sin
besides being unrealistic in this economic climate? What does one make of the transformation of
aid in the light of evolving security agendas – like counter-insurgency – and the centrality of
development aid in those efforts? Is there a moral case for aid and if so what is it? How does
one judge the effectiveness of aid?
Required:
William Easterly, The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have
Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (2006), chapters 5 and 11.
Jeffrey Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for our Time (2005), chapters 13 and
15.
‘Smart Power in the Name of Security’, The Hill, By Rep. Joseph Crowley (D-N.Y.), Rep.
Adam Smith (D-Wash.) and Claude Fontheim, 07/27/09
Recommended:
Camelia Minoiu and Sanjay Reddy, Development Aid and Economic Growth: A Positive LongRun Relation, June 2009, IMF Working Paper No. 09/118
Abhijit Banerjee, “Making Aid Work” (and the responses), Boston Review, July/August 2006
Key Issues: Global Poverty
December 10
How has development come to be associated popularly with poverty alleviation? What do we
make of techniques of poverty alleviation such as microfinance, in terms of the theories of
economic development? Is it possible to focus on poverty successfully in a global economy
characterized by hyper-capitalism? Are the techniques for measuring poverty, and the goalsetting exercised like MDG, satisfactory?
22
Required:
Ananya Roy, Poverty Capital: Microfinance and the Making of Development (2010), chapter 1.
Camelia Minoiu and Sanjay Reddy, “Has World Poverty Really Fallen?” Review of Income and
Wealth, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 484-502, September 2007
Antoine Heuty and Sanjay Reddy, “Global Development Goals: The Folly of Technocratic
Pretensions”, Development Policy Review, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 5-28, January 2008
Mahadevia, Darshini. “NURM and the Poor in Globalising Mega Cities”, Economic and
Political Weekly, August 05, 2006
Recommended:
Camelia Minoiu and Sanjay Reddy, “Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: What's
Wrong with Existing Analytical Models?”, Harvard Center for Population and Development
Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2006)
23