Final Exam Study Guide Western Civilization
Reformation
Why is the printing press important? (who invented it &when)
Erasmus
Luther’s beliefs & writings
95 theses
Salvation by faith alone
Bible authority
Priesthood of all believers
Diet of Worms: who was involved, outcome?
What does Calvin believe? What did he write?
What is the benefit of the sinless society?
Presbyterians
Huguenots
Henry VIII—why are break from Catholic Church?
Act of Supremacy
Enforcement of Anglicanism—how?
Catholic/Counter Reformation
Founder/Mission of Jesuits
Council of Trent
Index of Forbidden Books
Phillip II how & who did he fight for Catholicism?
France
Who is Catherine de Medici? How did she influence France?
What caused problems in France throughout the 16 th century?
What happened on St. Bartholomew’s Day?
Why is Henry IV important to French history?
What is the Edict of Nantes?
Who is Cardinal Richelieu? What did he see as important for France?
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
How did the 30 Years War start?
What faith were the Hapsburgs?
What did the Treaty of Westphalia do?
What did Europe look like at the end of the 30 Years War?
Monarchs
How did Elizabeth solve the religious problems & ease the financial problems in England?
Why is 1588 important to the empire of England and Spain?
How& why do Mary Queen of Scots and Philip II of Spain challenge Elizabeth?
What is James I contribution to English religion?
How did Charles I upset Parliament and the Puritans?
Who is Oliver Cromwell and who does he lead?
What happens to Charles I?
What is life like during the Commonwealth?
Who is restored to the throne?
What is habeas corpus?
What does James II do to upset Parliament?
Who replaced James II? Why is it called the Glorious Revolution?
What was accepted in 1688?
What was guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?
What is absolutism?
How did Richelieu help create absolutism?
Who is Cardinal Mazarin?
How did the Fronde effect Louis’ understanding of the future?
How did Colbert influence France? (numerous reasons)
Monarchs continued
Why is Versailles important to Louis’ reign?
Why was the balance of power important to Europe?
What was the war of Spanish succession and how did the treaty of Utrecht affect each of the
countries involved?
Peter the Great--accomplishments.
What characteristics make the Netherlands unique during the 1600’s?
Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment
During the scientific revolution:
What ideas & beliefs were challenged?
What new ideas and beliefs emerged to replace the old?
What impact did this change have on society?
Coperncius; Kepler; Galileo; Newton; Vesalius; Harvey
What are the ideas/achievements of the following?
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Rousseau
Adam Smith
What are Salons?
5 ideas of enlightenment
Diderot
French Revolution
How is the French Revolution inspired by the Enlightenment?
What year did the French Revolution start?
 The Old Regime
 3 Estates
 Tennis Court Oath
 National Assembly
 Bastille
 Great Fear
 Declaration of the Rights of Man
 Civil Constitution of the Clergy
 Legislative Assembly
 Radicals’
 Sans-culottes
 Guillotine
 Jacobins
 National Convention
 Committee of Public Safety
 Reign of Terror &“virtue & terror”
 The Directory
 Continental System
 Napoleonic Code
 meritocracy
 100 Days
Know the significance of the following people:
*Louis XVI
*Marie Antoinette
*Abbe Sieyes
*Robespierre
*Napoleon
*Nelson
*Marat
*Duke of Wellington
Questions:
*What are the long range causes of the French Revolution? Immediate causes?
*How did the revolutionaries attempt to destroy the power of the Old Regime?
*How did the Revolution betray its original goal?
*Why is the French Revolution significant to Western history?
*What led to Napoleon’s downfall?
*Was Napoleon a betrayer of the revolution or a believer?
19th Century/Industrial Revolution
Congress of Vienna
Conservative
Liberal
Radical
Legitimacy
Compensation
Balance of Powers
Nationalism
Carbonari-Young Italy
“Red Shirts”
Realpolitik
Zollverein
Junkers
People—(how did this individual influence the 19th century):
Metternich
Mazzini
Cavour
King Victor Emmanuel
Garibaldi
Bismarck
Kaiser Wilhelm
Which was more dominant in the 19th c., conservatism or liberalism?
What was significant about the year 1848?
How is Bismarck a Realpolitik? How is Cavour a Realpolitik?
Blood & Iron
Seven Weeks War
Franco-Prussian War
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? Why did it start there?
Why did the I.R. require better methods of transportation?
How did cities change because of the I.R?
What class tensions arose because the I.R.?
Maps:Europe 1815/ German Unification/ Italian Unification
World War I
MAI NIA
Triple Entente & Triple Alliance---who and why?
June, 28 1914 & Franz Ferdinand
July Crisis
Ultimatum
Blank Check
The War:
Schlieffen Plan
Battle of the Marne---results
What new weapons
Un-restricted Sub warfare
How did the mood of the Europe change?
Gallipoli---purpose & outcome
What did the Turks do to the Armenians?
What eventually happens to Russia?
Zimmerman Note
What reason did Wilson give for the U.S. joining the war?
armistice?
Wilson’s 14 pts.?
How is Wilson different from George & Clemenceau?
What are the conditions of the peace treaty for?
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
How will WWI help lead to WWII?
Know the Maps of Europe in 1914 & 1918
Russian Revolution
Marx & Engels: The Communist Manifesto
Proletariat
Bourgeois
Steps to true Communism (or Marxism or Utopia)
What problems did Russia face at the beginning of the 20 th century?
Bloody Sunday & the revolution 1905
Czar Nicholas’s concessions after 1905 revolution
How did WWI trigger the Russian Revolution?
Feb. Revolution (provisional government)
Kerensky
Oct. Revolution (Bolshevik revolution)
Lenin
Bolsheviks v. Mensheviks
NEP
USSR
Trotsky
Stalin
Rise of Totalitarian States/Fascism
What is Totalitarianism?
Ideology (Communism vs. Fascism)
Which is on the left?
Which is on the right?
What are the characteristics of a true communist society? (goals of communism)
What are the characteristics of a fascist society?
Which 3 nations were fascists?
How is fascism different from an absolute monarchy?
How is fascism different from communism?
Mussolini:
Hitler:
What circumstances helped him into power?
Who are the Black Shirts?
What is the March on Rome & what was it’s result?
What did Hitler say about the Versailles Treaty?
Mein Kampf
Who are the Brown Shirts?
What two factors helped Hitler into power?
Why did Hindenburg appoint Hitler chancellor?
GRASP
WWII & the Holocaust
How did the League of Nations/collective security failed to stop Fascist aggression of:
Japan
Italy
Germany
What is lebensraum? And how does it relate to the Austria/Sudetenland/Poland?
What is appeasement?
Munich Conference/Neville Chamberlain
Who signed the Non-aggression Pact? Why was it signed?
When & why did WWII start in Europe?
Who made up the Axis powers?
Who made up the Allied powers?
What is Vichy France?
Blitzkrieg
“the Blitz”
Winston Churchill
Battle of Britain; Luftwaffe vs. RAF
Who was Goering?
Operation Barbarossa
Siege of Leningrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Kursk
Pearl Harbor---when and result?
“soft underbelly”
Patton/Montgomery vs. Rommel
Invasion of Normandy---when and results
Battle of the Bulge
Dresden Firebombing
Big Three---who and decisions at Tehran & Yalta
V-E Day
Nuremberg Laws
ghetto
Final Solution
Wannsee Conference
What were some forms of resistance?
Who was Himmler?
Genocide
Death Camps
Who, other than Jews, were victims & why were they killed?
KEEP IN MIND…..ARE WE GETTING BETTER?
Study Groups for Final; Western Civilization
We will be reviewing for 2 days our mid-term exam on Jun. 9th, 10th or 11th. During
those two days you & your group will be leading the review session for the rest of the
class. Groups will be based on different time periods that have been covered in the
second semester.
The review session your group is to provide, must be at least 15 minutes long, but can be
as long as 20 minutes.
You review session will provide the following (though not necessarily in this order)
1. Major terms (i.e. absolutism, divine right)
2. Major events (i.e. wars, treaties)
3. Major people (i.e. military leaders, Philosophes)
4. Important concepts, philosophies, accomplishments
5. discussion of the values of the time period
6. Note cause & effect phenomenon throughout the time period.
You do not have to be exceptionally organized as a group, but you should try to divide
the material so that one person is not left with the burden of doing all the work.
Remember, your review session will be for the benefit of everyone in class, so you want
to try and provide a pretty thorough review.
Additionally, I will add to every review session and be able to clear up any confusion.
All groups will hand in an outline of the information above to me by Jun. 6th, to ensure
that the class will receive a good review for each particular topic.
Please NOTE: all students are still responsible for all the material covered this
semester. Do not only study the topic your group is responsible for. The groups are
simply leading the review…but all students are expected to have studied other material as
well.
Groups:
Chapter 16: Reformation & Scientific Revolution
Chapter 18 & 19: Monarchs
Chapter 20: Enlightenment
Chapter 21: French Revolution
Chapter 23 & 24 (Chapter summary packets) 19th century
Chapter 27: World War I
Chapter summary: Russian Revolution
________________________________________________________________________
Chapter summary: Years between the Wars
Chapter 31: World War II