Do Now:
1) Identify which element is found in all life? Carbon
Organic Chemistry: The study of carbon-based compounds
2) What makes propane (C3H8) different from butane (C4H10) or octane (C8H18)?
Look at hydrocarbons
Pro – 3 carbons, but – 4 carbons
Similar? – ane – alkane, CnH2n+2
Organic Chemistry
I. Hydrocarbons: molecules containing hydrogen and carbon, but with additional
functional groups
Prefixes: show number of carbons in longest chain
Suffix: bonds between carbons
A. Alkanes – used as fuels –
“Saturated” hydrocarbons because they have the maximum number of H’s
possible
B. Alkenes
C. Alkynes
C. Functional Groups: atoms or groups of atoms that replace H in a hydrocarbon and
give the compound distinctive chemical and physical properties (LOOK AT TABLE R)
List some of the differences between the effects, uses and characteristics of aspirin,
ibuprofen (advil) and acetaminophen (Tylenol):
Aspirin: reduces fever, thins blood, pain reliever, hurts stomach (polar and lipid soluble –
because of benzene ring)
Ibuprofen: better reduces fever, reduces swelling, pain reliever, side effects to liver(less
polar and more lipid soluble)
Tylenol: reduces fever, pain reliever – few side effects
Differences due to different structural groups and the way they block the production of
hormones associated with inflammation and fever
Commonality – benzene ring
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Acetaminophen
What is the difference in functional groups between natural progesterone (hormone
secreted during pregnancy to prevent ovulation) and synthetic progesterone
(norethynodrel)
Progesterone
(ketone)
Norethynodrel
(alcohol and alkyne)
2) FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
a. Halides: when halogens (Group 17 elements) replace an H
Ex: fluorocarbons/chlorofuorocarbons used in refrigerators, as pesticides
2,3-difluoropentane
2,3 indicate which carbons the fluorine atoms are attached to
di indicates 2 of them
pent indicates 5 carbon chain
ane indicates single bonded carbon chain
ex: name the following
1-chloro-1,2-dibromoethane
ex: name the following:
2,2,3-trichlorobutane
1,4-dichloroheptane
Halocarbons: formed by 2 types of processes
i. substitution: the replacement of one of more H atoms in a saturated
hydrocarbon with a halogen
ex:
C2H6
ii.
ex:
+
Cl2

C2H5Cl
+
HCl
addition: when 1 or more halogen atoms are added at a double or triple bond
C2H4
+
Cl2

C2H4Cl2
b. Alcohols: organic compounds in which 1 or more H atoms in a hydrocarbon
are replaced w/ and –OH group (hydroxyl group)
i. Naming: ends with an “ol”, di or tri indicates multiple hydroxyl groups
ex: 1-butanol
(primary alcohol – OH attached to C at end of chain, connected to only 1 C
atom)
ex: 2-butanol
(secondary alcohol – OH attached to C in chain, connected to 2 C atoms
ex: 2-methyl-2-propanol
(tertiary alcohols –OH attached to C connected to 3 C atoms)
ii. Common alcohols
1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol, used in cosmetics)
ex: 1,2-ethanediol (antifreeze)
iii. Fermentation: the chemical process in which yeast helps break down sugar
into an alcohol
ex: C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2
c. Carbonyl Groups: a C O group – makes scents of cinnamon, vanilla and
chocolate
ii. Aldehydes: when the C O is at the end of the chain
Naming: ends in “al”
ex: methanal (formaldehyde)
iii. Ketones: when the C O is inside the chain – looks like a key
Naming: ends in “one”
ex: 4-oxtanone
ex: cortisone
d. Ethers: Oxygen atoms singly bonded between C of a chain
ex: ethyl propyl ether
ex: methyl butyl ether
e. Organic Acids/Carboxylic acids: primary carboxyl and alcohol group
ex: formic acid (excreted by red ants when they bite)
methanoic acid (“oic” acid as suffix)
HCOOH
ex: vinegar/acetic acid
ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
f. Esters: secondary carboxyl and ether (formed from reaction between alcohol
and carboxylic acid) - extremely fragrant –
ex: apple / methyl butanoate
ex: pineapple / ethyl butanoate
WE WILL MAKE SOAP preview on p :
Ester + non organic base  soap + alcohol